五种蝌蚪口器及舌鳃骨的结构比较

采用体视显微镜和骨骼双染色法对5种不同栖息环境的无尾两栖动物蝌蚪的口器和舌鳃骨的形态结构特征进行了观察。5种蝌蚪口器由唇齿行、唇乳突和角质颌等组成。舌鳃骨是由关联骨Ⅰ、关联骨Ⅱ、角舌骨、舌鳃骨盘和角鳃骨等骨骼组成。蝌蚪的梅氏软骨若较发达,其摄食方式可能为刮食;蝌蚪的舌鳃骨发达,其摄食方式则可能为滤食。角质颌、唇齿以及角鳃骨上鳃耙的出现显著增强了蝌蚪主动摄食能力和对食物与非食物的主动选择性。     

云南昆明地区4种蝌蚪形态比较研究

作者比较了采自昆明东北郊的滇蛙Rana pleuraden、昭觉林蛙Rana chaochioensis、华西蟾蜍eufo andrewsi和云南小狭口蛙Calluella yunnanensis的蝌蚪。结果表明,4种蝌蚪口部形态、尾形、出水孔和肛管开口位置在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期稳定。滇蛙蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ：1—1／1—1：Ⅱ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部右侧,尾末端尖、短。昭觉林蛙蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ：2—2／1—1：Ⅲ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部右侧,尾末端为尖、短。华西蟾蜍蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅱ／Ⅲ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部正中,尾末端钝,几乎呈半圆。云南小狭口蛙蝌蚪无唇齿及唇乳突,口位于吻端,口缘膜状,口部马蹄形,出水孔位于腹部后端中线处;肛管开口于下尾鳍基部正中;尾末端尖,细长。肛管在下尾鳍基部的开口位置可作为蝌蚪分类特征。     

桓仁林蛙蝌蚪胚后发育的初步观察

本文对桓仁林蛙蝌蚪胚后发育的过程和形态特征进行了观察、测量和描述,并与中国林蛙和昆嵛林蛙进行了比较.胚后发育可分为19期,对其后肢芽、趾、前肢的发育,唇齿的变化过程,口、鼻、眼的位置与形状,以及肛管与尾的变化等方面做了系统的描述.     

昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口器结构的研究

本文对昆嵛林蛙(Rana kunyuensis)的蝌蚪口部外形和口咽腔形态结构进行了观察,并与长肢林蛙进行了比较。结果表明它们有着基本相似的形态特征,但也存在明显的差别:昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪的上唇齿比长肢林蛙少一行;昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口腔内突起数量明显少于长肢林蛙;昆嵛林蛙腺区不明显,而长肢林蛙腺区明显。     

山东省的长肢林蛙种组物种

前人报道天津和山东有日本林蛙的分布,但也有学者表示怀疑。本文报道采集于山东徂徕山的该类物种。从成体量度和蝌蚪唇踟式来看,与现报道的镇海林蛙和峨眉林蛙有一定差异。该物种体型大小与峨眉林蛙相近似,唇齿式为1：2-2／111     

中国蛙类一新种(无尾目,蛙科)

描述了1种采自广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的蛙类1新种,模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学自然博物馆.猫儿山林蛙,新种Rana maoershanensis sp.nov.(图1～17)正模:SYNU 06020120,雄性成体,李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月采集自广西壮族自治区猫儿山国家级自然保护区,海拔1 980 m.配模:SYNU 06020091,SYNU 06020122和SYNU06020124,雄性成体;SYNU06020121,SYNU06040153,SYN 0604154和SYNU 06040155,雌性成体.李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月和4月采集,采集地点与正模相同.蝌蚪:SYNU0602001和SYNU 0604001系列,采集信息与配模标本相同.新种具有如下主要鉴别特征:1)体略大;2)头宽略大于头长;3)背侧褶明显且略弯曲;4)胫跗关节前达眼角;5)雄性婚垫2团,无内声囊,腹部无雄性线;6)蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1,少数为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅳ.新种在头型上与中国林蛙相似,在体形上与昭觉林蛙相似.但与已知林蛙均有明显不同.新种的背侧褶略显弯曲,这一特点明显不同于主要分布于中国北方的黑龙江林蛙种组Rana amurensis group和中国林蛙种组R.chensinensis group的成员.新种与长肢林蛙种组R.longicrus group的镇海林蛙R.zhenhaiensis在背侧褶的弯曲特点上相似,但前者有别于后者的主要特点有:头型较宽扁,雌蛙后腿相对较长,蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1.新种与长肢林蛙种组的其他林蛙不仅在背侧褶和头型等方面明显有别,而且蝌蚪唇齿式也显著不同.通过对四川、贵州和云南的昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis成体和蝌蚪标本(包括地模标本)的核查和比较,新种的胫跗关节前达眼角,皮肤光滑,缺乏疣粒,雄性腹侧无雄性线,蝌蚪下唇乳突排列规则,中央无缺刻;而昭觉林蛙胫跗关节前达鼻孔或超过吻端,体侧和背部有圆疣或长疣,雄性背腹侧均有雄性线,蝌蚪下唇中央乳头排列稀疏或有缺刻.     

角蟾科三亚科蝌蚪角质颌的显微结构比较(两栖纲,无尾目)

采用扫描电镜技术研究了角蟾科8种蝌蚪角质颌的显微结构特征和形态特点,阐述了角质颌对蝌蚪觅食方式的影响。实验结果表明:角蟾科蝌蚪的角质颌属于两个不同的类型。拟髭蟾亚科和掌突蟾亚科的蝌蚪具有相似的显微结构特征:角质颌呈厚重的U型,角质化程度高。颌鞘呈基部宽、顶端尖的圆锥形;角蟾亚科的蝌蚪角质颌呈纤弱的弓型,角质化程度低。颌鞘呈基部窄、长而顶端略弯曲的象牙型。进一步的分析发现,8种蝌蚪的颌鞘直径和密度呈显著负相关。这种显微结构的变化趋势也反映出蝌蚪对栖息环境和觅食方式的适应性。     

山东昆嵛山蛙属林蛙群一新种(两栖纲:无尾目:蛙科)

在山东省胶东半岛昆嵛山采集到林蛙类及其蝌蚪标本,与中国林蛙Raha chensinensis具背侧褶弯曲等特征极相似,但有以下主要区别;无声囊,无雄性线,雄性第1指婚垫分2团,蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅲ,少数为Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅱ：1-1。此蛙与已知林蛙其它种有明显区别,故定为新种,即昆嵛林蛙Rana kunyuensis sp.nov。     

温度对中国林蛙卵孵化和孵出热耐受性的影响

为了解中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)卵的孵化率、发育起点温度、发育有效积温、孵化后蝌蚪的成活率和蝌蚪的热耐受性,将当天产出的中国林蛙卵采集回实验室,分别置于5个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下孵化,观察和测量记录卵的孵化率、孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率、全长及每个温度下卵的发育历期。利用温度梯度装置观察记录孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度。光照周期设为14L∶10D,湿度设为85%。结果表明,温度对中国林蛙卵的孵化率影响显著;孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率随着温度的升高而降低,30℃下孵化的蝌蚪在2d之内全部死亡;温度对中国林蛙卵孵化3d后蝌蚪全长的影响极显著,蝌蚪的全长随着温度的升高而增加;应用直线回归法和直接最优化法计算中国林蛙卵的发育起点温度和有效积温,分别为0.51℃、65.29日度和0.38℃、65.52日度,直接最优化法优于直线回归法。经过4个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃)孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度分别为(13.2±1.6)℃、(15.7±1.9)℃、(17.3±2.1)℃和(19.5±2.3)℃;逃避温度分别为(28.8±1.4)℃、(30.2±1.6)℃、(31.6±1.3)℃和(33.1±1.8)℃;致死温度分别为(32.9±1.7)℃、(33.8±1.5)℃、(35.2±1.2)℃和(36.7±0.9)℃。经过不同温度孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度都存在显著差异。     

大蟾蜍蝌蚪与中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的温度效应

将大蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）蝌蚪及中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis）蝌蚪分别饲养在5℃、15℃、25℃3个不同的温度条件下,通过定时定量喂食及测量其全长、体长、体宽的变化,分析温度对蝌蚪生长发育的影响。实验结果表明：（1）在5℃下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的全长和中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长及体长的增长速率最快;在25℃下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的体长、体宽和中国林蛙蝌蚪的体宽的增长速率最快。（2）在不问温度条件下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的全长和体长与时间都呈指数关系,而体宽的生长发育与时间呈一种对数增长关系;中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长和体长与时间都呈对数关系,而体宽的生长发育与时间呈一种线形关系,并且相关系数尺都在0．75以上。（3）在相同时间内,25℃的温度条件下大蟾蜍蝌蚪和中国林蛙蝌蚪的变态率最高;在5℃的温度条件下,两种蝌蚪都不能完成变态发育过程,温度对大蟾蜍蝌蚪和中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育有显著影响,生长发育速度随生长温度的升高而加快。     

Different pathways are involved in the early development of the transient oral apparatus in anuran tadpoles (Anura: Leiuperidae)

The oral apparatus of anuran tadpoles is a unique structure composed of soft and keratinized parts surrounding the mouth. Among the many variations, a common oral apparatus involves a dorsal gap in the marginal papillae, keratinized jaw sheaths, and two upper and three lower rows of labial teeth. In Leiuperidae, besides this generalized morphology, four configurations are distinguished by the arrangement of the lower marginal papillae and the number of lower tooth rows. Study of the early oral ontogeny in 12 species representing these five configurations shows variations in the development of the lower marginal papillae and the third lower labial tooth row. Similar configurations may result from similar pathways (e.g. Physalaemus cuvieri group and Pseudopaludicola falcipes) or different pathways (e.g. generalized oral discs of Pleurodema and Physalaemus). Different oral configurations may result from overlapping trajectories ending at different stages (e.g. Physalaemus riograndensis and Ph. biligonigerus) or different trajectories (e.g. Ph. henselii and Ph. gracilis). Further studies are needed to interpret the role that heterochrony has played in evolutionary change within this family. The unsuspected variation occurring in this transient structure highlights its evolutionary potential and might be insightful in studies of anuran phylogenies that are largely based on adult characters. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 330–345.     

The oral apparatus of tadpoles of Rana dalmatina, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, and Bufo viridis (Anura)

The morphology and development of the larval oral apparatus of Rana dalmatina, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, and Bufo viridis are described and compared using scanning electron microscopy. The species show different arrangements of the mouthparts. The small oral apparatus of R. dalmatina larvae has three labial tooth rows on the upper labium, while there are four tooth rows on the lower labium with a medial gap in row proximal to the mouth. The margins of the oral apparatus are defined by papillae that encircle the lower labium. B. variegata tadpoles have two upper labial tooth rows and three lower labial tooth rows that are uninterrupted, unlike the ones of R. dalmatina. The mouth is encircled by papillae that are larger than those of R. dalmatina. The oral discs of tadpoles of both B. bufo and B. viridis are similar. They are defined by two upper labial tooth rows (the second of which is interrupted by a medial gap) and by three lower tooth rows that differ in lengths in the two Bufo species. Both species develop papillae on the mouth angles and in two rows on the upper labium. Some morphological differences among the oral discs of R. dalmatina, B. variegata, B. bufo, and B. viridis tadpoles can be attributed to phylogenetic differences, but most can be related to their varying feeding habits and/or to their dietary specializations.     

Caudal Papillae in Romanomermis culicivorax

Distribution of caudal papillae in adult Romanomermis culicivorax was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Ninety eight caudal papillae, each containing one pore, were present in males but absent in females. Papillae were arranged in three longitudinal rows, one ventral, two ventrolateral; the middle ventral row bifurcated anterior to the spicule. The appearance of the papillae was different anterior and posterior to the spicule. The role of the caudal papillae in mediating copulatory behavior was discussed.     

Oral disc muscles of anuran tadpoles

The presence and configurations of the small, extrinsic muscle fibers of the M. mandibulolabialis superior in the upper labium and the M. inferior in the lower labium are described for 24 species in 9 families. Although several species possess only the M. inferior, or both the M. inferior and superior, none has only the M. superior. Some species without tooth rows possess the M. inferior, and microhylid tadpoles have a single-stranded muscle different than the M. mandibulolabialis in each oral flap. The extrinsic oral muscles insert near the bottom of the inter-row valleys behind each tooth ridge and the bases of marginal papillae lateral to the ends of tooth rows. Muscles do not extend to marginal papillae beyond the most distal row of teeth. Muscle contraction is presumed to rotate the teeth distally so that they contact the substrate at the proper working angle. This action probably occurs at full extension of the oral disc just before disc closure starts.     

Sequence of ontogenetic development and atrophy of the oral apparatus of six anuran tadpoles

The development of the oral structures of six species of anuran tadpoles with four different types of mouth parts and the metamorphic atrophy of these structures in two species with different mouth parts are described. The oral labia of typical tadpoles, oral flaps of microhylids, and lateral oral folds of Rhinophrynus are assumed to be homologous. We also suggest that the barbels of the tadpoles of Rhinophrynus are homologs of the marginal papillae of species with an oral disc. Developmental patterns and sequences of the oral structures of all tadpoles examined follow a common pattern: stomodeal invagination, oral pad development, jaw sheeth delimitation, tooth row ridge development, jaw sheath keratinization, and labial tooth keratinization. Developmental patterns remain constant, while interspecific differences are apparent because of truncations of ontogeny at specific stages. Metamorphic atrophy of oral structures occurs roughly in the reverse order of development, although the procedure is rapid and more haphazard than development.     

The tadpole of Hypsiboas leptolineatus (Braun and Braun, 1977), a species in the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade (Anura; Hylidae).

The larval morphology of Hypsiboas leptolineatus was studied. The tadpole has an ovoid body in lateral view, wider than deep; snout rounded with dorsal reniform nostrils; spiracle sinistral with lateral wall attached to body; anal tube dextral; tail fins convex with acuminate tip; oral disc ventral; labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1); moderately developed beaks with serrated jaw sheaths. These external oral features are compared with those of the known tadpoles in the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade. The oral cavity was studied using an electron microscope. Life history aspects are commented.     

Comparative skeletogenesis of the Oriental Tree Frog Hyla orientalis (Anura: Hylidae)

The ontogeny of skeletal development of the Oriental Tree Frog, Hyla orientalis (Bedriaga, 1890), is followed from tadpole to froglet and compared with four other hylid species i.e., Hypsiboas lanciformis, Hypsiboas pulchellus, Phyllomedusa vaillanti and Pseudis platensis. Our analysis and comparison is based on cleared and double-stained specimens. The parasphenoid is the first skeletal element that ossified in Hyla orientalis is followed by the exoocipital, prootic, axial and appendicular skeletal elements, frontoparietal, nasal, upper jaw, squamosal, pterygoid, lower jaw, vomer and quadratojugal. Ossification initiated at early Stage 33 in Hyla orientalis whereas in other hylids it begins after Stage 37. Major transformations of the larval jaw were visible after Stage 42. Cranial ossifications were completed after appendicular and axial ossifications of Hyla orientalis. All skeletal elements ossified before the end of the metamorphosis, a unique feature of Hyla orientalis in comparison to the other hylids studied here.     

Making teeth to order: conserved genes reveal an ancient molecular pattern in paddlefish (Actinopterygii)

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are the dominant vertebrate group today (+30 000 species, predominantly teleosts), with great morphological diversity, including their dentitions. How dental morphological variation evolved is best addressed by considering a range of taxa across actinopterygian phylogeny; here we examine the dentition of Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish), assigned to the basal group Acipenseriformes. Although teeth are present and functional in young individuals of Polyodon, they are completely absent in adults. Our current understanding of developmental genes operating in the dentition is primarily restricted to teleosts; we show that shh and bmp4, as highly conserved epithelial and mesenchymal genes for gnathostome tooth development, are similarly expressed at Polyodon tooth loci, thus extending this conserved developmental pattern within the Actinopterygii. These genes map spatio-temporal tooth initiation in Polyodon larvae and provide new data in both oral and pharyngeal tooth sites. Variation in cellular intensity of shh maps timing of tooth morphogenesis, revealing a second odontogenic wave as alternate sites within tooth rows, a dental pattern also present in more derived actinopterygians. Developmental timing for each tooth field in Polyodon follows a gradient, from rostral to caudal and ventral to dorsal, repeated during subsequent loss of teeth. The transitory Polyodon dentition is modified by cessation of tooth addition and loss. As such, Polyodon represents a basal actinopterygian model for the evolution of developmental novelty: initial conservation, followed by tooth loss, accommodating the adult trophic modification to filter-feeding.