植被恢复对干热河谷退化土壤改良的影响

土地退化和土壤恶化是我国干热河谷主要环境问题。树种筛选及树种与土壤关键限制因子间的相互作用是生态恢复的基础和前提。对比研究了干热河谷地区植被恢复22年间不同时期(1991、1997、2005和2013年)5种人工林(新银合欢Leucaena leucocephala,苏门答腊金合欢Albizia kalkora,大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis,印楝Azadirachta indica和赤桉Eucalyptus camaldulensis)和1种自然恢复样地中土壤主要物理、化学和微生物性质。结果表明植被恢复处理和取样时间对土壤性质有显著影响。在22a的植被恢复期内,土壤物理性质提高幅度为3.0%—20.2%,远不及土壤微生物和化学性质。通过自然恢复机制改良的退化土壤,其改良率(63.6%)高于印楝(54.9%)、苏门答腊金合欢(54.3%)和赤桉(53.2%)人工林,但改良率不及新银合欢(68.2%)和大叶相思(67.3%)人工林。研究得出造林树种类型决定干热河谷土壤改良进程。与自然恢复相比,人工植被恢复(如造林)并不一定能加速退化土壤改良。新银合欢和大叶相思适合作为改良干热河谷退化土壤的先锋树种,而生态系统自然恢复也可作为改良干热河谷退化土壤的一种适宜方式。     

澳门九澳山海滨群落特征分析与生态恢复建议

采用群落生态学的方法研究了澳门九澳山海滨经人工抚育后恢复的植物群落特征。通过对其群落种类组成及多样性、空间结构和优势种年龄结构分析表明:1200 m2样地内共有维管束植物44科76属82种;藤本及中、小、矮高位芽植物占优势(86.59%),而大高位芽植物缺乏;群落优势种为豺皮樟(Litsea rotundifolia var.oblongifoli)、亮叶柃(Eurya nitida)、鸭脚木(Schefflera heptaphylla)和假苹婆(Sterculia lanceolata),均为增长型种群;九澳山海滨经人工抚育后恢复的植物群落植株高度较低。九澳山海滨土壤为赤红壤,其植被恢复策略可为赤红壤海滨的植被生态恢复提供参考。为促进海滨地带性植被的建设,我们还选择出海滨适生乡土树种29种,构建了多层次多树种的空间结构,并建议在九澳山海滨现有植被群落的基础上适当引种乔木树种、增加草本层植物种类。     

混交比例对桉树-乡土树种混交林优势树种叶片资源获取性状的影响

桉树-乡土树种混交林在提高林分生产力和生态系统功能等方面具有较大潜力。该研究以南亚热带4种桉树-乡土树种混交林(桉树与乡土树种混交比例分别为5:5、6:4、7:3、8:2)和桉树纯林为研究对象,研究了3种优势乡土树种华润楠(Machilus chinensis)、阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)和速生树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)的叶片生理、结构和化学性状在不同比例混交林中的差异。结果表明,4优势造林树种的叶片性状存在明显的种间差异,其中灰木莲的比叶面积(SLA)、光合磷利用效率(PPUE)、单位质量叶片最大光合速率(A_mass)和蒸腾速率(T_mass)以及叶片养分含量最高,说明灰木莲采取资源获取型的生态策略;尾叶桉的SLA、A_mass、T_mass及叶片养分含量最低,但具有最高的PPUE,说明尾叶桉兼顾了资源获取型和保守型的物种特征。灰木莲与尾叶桉在SLA、A_mass、T_mass     

粤港澳大湾区不同恢复模式植物群落结构与生态系统健康的动态变化

基于长期定位监测数据,量化揭示了红锥纯林（Castanopsis hystrix）、10种与30种乡土树种混交林等3种乡土人工林植物群落的生物量、物种多样性、生物热力学健康水平（eco-exergy）和土壤理化性状在种植后13年内的发展动态,并与尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）纯林,以及自然恢复系统（灌草坡）进行了比较。结果表明：（1）研究期间,5种恢复模式的植物群落生物量均呈现波动上升趋势,但在发展节率上有所差异。13龄时的尾叶桉纯林与两种乡土树种混交林生物量显著高于其各自1龄时的水平,且显著高于自然恢复灌草坡;相较于其他人工林,红锥纯林生物量增长缓慢,但快于灌草坡;（2）5种恢复模式植物群落的物种多样性（物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数）在6至13龄间均呈下降趋势,且30种乡土树种混交林下降趋势最为显著。13龄时,两种混交林Shannon-Wiener指数略高于两种纯林,显著高于灌草坡;10种乡土树种混交林的Pielou均匀度指数略高于红锥纯林与30种乡土树种混交林,显著高于尾叶桉纯林与灌草坡。（3）4种人工林的植物群落生物热力学健康水平皆在6至13龄间显著增加;13龄时两种乡土混交林群落生态显著高于两种纯林,两种纯林显著高于灌草坡,且该差异主要源自于乔木层生态的差异。（4）不同植被恢复模式中,10种乡土树种混交林土壤养分的累积效果最佳,13龄时其土壤总氮含量显著高于红锥纯林和自然恢复灌草坡,但与30种乡土树种混交林和尾叶桉纯林无显著差异。（5）冗余分析结果显示,研究期间植被与土壤间的相关关系逐步建立,土壤理化性状对地上植被结构变化的解释度由1龄时的73.3%逐步上升至13龄时的82.0%,但只有土壤有机碳含量在13龄时与地上植被结构的相关性达到显著水平。上述结果表明,乡土种人工林与外来种人工纯林群落结构、生物热力学健康水平、及植被与土壤间关系的发展规律相似,且相对而言,混交林优于纯林,纯林优于自然恢复灌草坡。植被恢复的起始物种丰富度并不是越高越好;发展到13龄时,10种乡土树种混交林在植被结构与土壤改良方面均优于30种乡土树种混交林。植被与土壤间相关关系的建立是一个长期的过程,不同植被恢复模式对土壤理化性状的差异性影响难以在短期内有所显现。     

广州市鸭脚树星室木虱调查及其防治药剂筛选

以广州市糖胶树上的鸭脚树星室木虱为对象,调查其发生和为害特点,并选用0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒、3%啶虫脒和20%吡虫啉共4种低毒高效农药进行室内毒力试验和防治试验。结果表明,广州市鸭脚树星室木虱发现普遍、危害严重。0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒和3%啶虫脒对鸭脚树星室木虱若虫的室内杀虫效果较好,20%吡虫啉则较差。林间施药0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒和3%啶虫脒20d后,鸭脚树星室木虱若虫的死亡率均达63%以上。结合害虫综合治理和环境生态保护的实际情况,建议使用0.5%印楝素对鸭脚树星室木虱若虫进行防治。     

尾叶桉与窿缘组树种间杂交种的生长特征

选定组配树种对桉树杂交种的特性起决定作用,但不同种间杂交种的生长表现常常不容易预测。为掌握华南地区桉树重要树种间杂交种的生长特征,促进桉树杂交育种的精准化,该文以父本为混合花粉的人工杂交种为遗传材料,以尾叶桉×巨桉为对照,进行了尾叶桉与桉树窿缘组树种(布拉斯桉、细叶桉、钝盖赤桉、昆北赤桉)的4种组配杂交种的生长特征研究。结果表明:在材积生长量上,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种低于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其内部树种间差异显著(P0.05),其中尾叶桉×昆北赤桉具有显著优势;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的树高、胸径均显著小于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其高径比显著大于尾叶桉×巨桉(P0.05);尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种具有高的和一致的保存率,且在不同组配间、家系间(组配内)均无显著差异,5年生值为84.4%～89.6%;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的5年生材积的平均变异系数约为64%,组配间、家系间差异大,都大于尾叶桉×巨桉。尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的速生性、树形等与尾叶桉×巨桉间存在显著差异,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的组配、家系间具有显著的生长差异,可为桉树遗传改良提供丰富的多样性。     

顺德"青山工程"森林植被改造的群落学特征

以比较样地法对佛山市顺德区“青山工程”森林植被改造前后的群落学特征进行了研究,结果表明：该市以湿地松、隆缘桉、台湾相思、尾叶桉等人工林分为多,种类较单一,优势种明显,各群落种群重要值多集中于少数几个物种,导致生物多样性指数偏低,同时林分的胸径和树高结构大都不合理,影响了森林的生态效益和群落更新。通过林分改造,优化了群落结构,提高了多样性指数。在改造中不宜将上层乔木全伐,以保留郁闭度0．3为佳。     

炼山飞播造林后华山松林主要种群资源利用研究

巫溪县红池坝地区于1972年采用炼山造林的生态恢复措施对退化森林植被进行了恢复与重建,现已形成了多种类型的华山松(Pinusarmandii)针阔混交林群落.采用Petraitis生态位普遍重叠和特定重叠指数,研究了巫溪县红池坝地区华山松群落中10个主要乔木种群的资源利用状况.结果表明,华山松与大多数乡土树种都具有较大的生态位宽度,种间普遍重叠值为0.728,表明种群能够充分、有效地占有和利用生境资源.华山松对乡土树种的种间特定重叠值很小,而乡土树种对华山松的特定重叠值大,华山松对资源利用和竞争能力不及乡土树种,在竞争中处于劣势.乡土阔叶树种间特定重叠值普遍很小,在资源利用上生态位分化有明显优势,因此,乡土树种的生态位特征应作为植被生态恢复与重建实施过程中的有益参照.另外,本文还对Petraitis的重叠测度指数的可用性和优缺点进行了初步探讨.     

亚热带季风常绿阔叶林植被恢复Ⅱ．──木本豆科植物的气体交换

测定了几种木本豆科植物和乡土树种如木荷、桂西荷的叶片光合速率月变化,并在７和１２月测定了几种乡土树种、木本豆科植物和亚热带常绿阔叶树的气体交换量．结果表明,乡土树种在５月或９月光合速率达最大值,而在５—９月之间由于太阳辐射强烈和气温较高,光合速率降低;但木本豆科植物绢毛相思和大叶相思光台速率则较高,说明木本豆科植物在华南夏季能适应当地酷热条件,保持较高光合速率．在７月,阴香日同化量为８．５９９·ｍ－２,马占相思为５．６９９·ｍ－２,乡土树种木荷达７．４６９·ｍ－２．由此可见,乡土树种或常绿阔叶树种与木本豆科植物的阔叶混交林有助于提高太阳辐射能利用和增加光合同化产物,从而有利于亚热带常绿阔叶林植被的恢复．     

东江林场20个乡土阔叶树种拟木蠹蛾为害调查

拟木蠹蛾Arbela spp.是华南地区严重影响人工林质量和稳定性的一类钻蛀害虫。本研究以广东省东江林场20个乡土阔叶树种人工幼林为研究对象,调查分析拟木蠹蛾对不同树种的为害状况及其与林木生长的关系。结果表明:7 a生时共有5个树种受到拟木蠹蛾为害,分别为西南桦Betula alnoides、海南红豆Ormosia pinnata、山杜英Elaeocarpus sylvestris、翻白叶Potentilla fulgens和楝叶吴茱萸Evodia glabrifolia,8 a生时新增1个受害树种——秋枫Bischofia javanica;受害树种生长表现和感虫情况均差异显著(P0.05),但种内感虫个体生长表现与未感虫个体差异不显著(P0.05);这些受害树种的虫口高度分布范围不同,生长较快的翻白叶和西南桦,其虫口主要分布在树冠以下,生长速度中等的海南红豆和山杜英的虫口分别集中在树冠下缘附近和树冠下缘上部,生长较慢的楝叶吴茱萸和秋枫的虫口则分别多在树冠下缘附近及其下部和树冠下缘及其上部,据此初步提出以枝下高作为主要参考指标分析其虫口高度分布特征。研究结果补充完善了拟木蠹蛾发生规律和为害特征方面的资料,且为该区域营建混交林的树种选择提供参考。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.