巴山冷杉针叶精油化学成分的研究

应用毛细管气相色谱标准样品叠加法和色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术分析了巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii Franch. )针叶精油的化学成分。从气相色谱分离出的225个色谱峰中,初步鉴定出43个组分,占精油总量的94.15%,主要成分为α-蒎烯(13.25%)、柠檬烯(10.82%)、石竹烯(10.75%)、莰烯(10.40%)、乙酸龙脑酯(6.9%)、γ-杜松烯(6.28%)、α-蛇麻烯(3.97%)、檀烯(3.52%)、芳萜醇(3.02%)、α-依兰油烯(2.76%)、β-甜没药醇(2.56%)及α-橙花叔醇(2.54%)等。     

资源冷杉与元宝山冷杉针叶精油成分的比较

为比较极小种群野生植物资源冷杉(Abies ziyuanensis)和元宝山冷杉(A. yuanbaoshanensis)针叶精油化学组成成分,该文利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油,采用GC-MS分析确定其精油化学物质成分,并基于峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量。结果表明:分别从资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中鉴定出化学物质21种和22种,其中15种为两种冷杉共有成分;烯烃类物质是资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中含量最高的组分,占比分别为95.94%和95.02%。两种冷杉共有成分中β-蒎烯、1-石竹烯、莰烯、α-石竹烯和异松油烯具有较大开发利用价值;非共有成分方面,资源冷杉中α-松油醇和α-蒎烯以及元宝山冷杉中α-依兰油烯和叶醇均具有较大开发利用价值。以上结果为开发利用两种冷杉针叶精油提供了理论依据。     

云南切梢小蠹对初侵害云南松挥发物的电生理和行为反应

云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanensis(Kirkendall and Faccoli)是一种蛀害云南松Pinus yunnanensis的本土害虫.为深入了解其寄主选择机制,用顶空动态法和浸提法分别提取了初侵染云南松针叶和松脂的挥发性化合物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、气相色谱-昆虫触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)、生测法鉴定和筛选了对云南切梢小蠹具有活性功能的成分.结果表明:云南松针叶和松脂中共有18种化合物,均为萜烯类物质,但两者化学成分的构成有显著差异.针叶中单萜类占99.98％,主要是 α-蒎烯(80.82％)、β-蒎烯(8.78％)、D-柠檬烯(4.77％)、莰烯(2.86％)和β-月桂烯(1.42％),而松脂以单萜类和双萜类为主,前者以α-蒎烯(21.38％)、3-蒈烯(21.42％)和异松油烯(2.78％)为主要成分,后者仅有长叶松酸(51.13％)一种.云南切梢小蠹对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、γ-萜品烯和4-烯丙基苯甲醚有触角电位反应,其中α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和γ-萜品烯具引诱作用,4-烯丙基苯甲醚和β-蒎烯则为驱避功能.研究可为开发植物源引诱剂或与性信息素结合进行种群监测和诱杀提供科学依据.     

油松萜烯成分变化与红脂大小蠹的反应特性

采用顶空采样方法,比较健康油松、人工损伤油松以及抗性油松在单萜烯成分组成上的差异。GC-MS分析表明,在自然状况下,油松树干释放的萜烯类成分很少,以α-蒎烯占绝对优势(>97%);人工损伤后,油松萜烯类成分明显增多,除α-蒎烯为主要成分外,还包括β-蒎烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、萜品油烯、β-水芹烯、长叶烯等;而抗性油松萜烯类成分更为复杂。对3类油松主要单萜类成分的相对含量方差分析表明,α-蒎烯的相对含量呈显著降低;3-蒈烯在损伤寄主中相对含量最高,在抗性寄主中相对含量与自然状态下没有差异。柠檬烯、莰烯、萜品油烯在抗性寄主中相对比率显著增加。而β-蒎烯、月桂烯、β-水芹烯相对含量在3个处理中变化不大。在此基础上,比较红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte对油松主要单萜类成分的触角电位及嗅觉行为反应。结果表明,室内触角电位、嗅觉试验与先前林间试验结果相一致,即红脂大小蠹对(+)-3-蒈烯表现出最强的电生理和行为反应。对R-(+)-α-蒎烯和S-(-)-α-蒎烯研究发现,红脂大小蠹对α-蒎烯2个对映体的触角电位、嗅觉行为无显著不同。结合油松单萜类含量变化特点与红脂大小蠹行为反应,认为3-蒈烯相对含量上升可能作为易感寄主特点;而柠檬烯、莰烯、萜品油烯相对比率增加则代表了抗性或者非适合寄主的特征。     

中国特有植物银杉叶精油成分的研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪,分离了银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)叶精油主要成分26个,鉴定了19个化合物,并测定了含量。其中主要成分有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-龙脑烯醛、反式-松香芹醇、桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烯酮和石竹烯氧化物等。     

乐东拟单性木兰花部挥发油的化学成分及其抑菌活性

采用GS－MS技术分析了乐东拟单性木兰花部挥发油的化学组成,共鉴定了57种成分的化学结构与相对含量,占总含量地85．59％。其中,β－ 蒎烯（12．85％）、D－柠檬烯（7．78％）、石竹烯（4．89％）、十氢－4a－甲基－1－亚甲基－7－（1－甲基乙烯基）－萘（4．70％）为主要成分。此外,醇类中α-杜松醇（3．61％）、1氢－[1,3]环戊并[1,2]环戊并[1,2]环丙并－苯（3．52％）、倍半萜含氧衍生物石竹烯氧化物（3．33％）和α－蒎烯（3．22％）也占有较大比例。体外对4种供试病原菌的抑菌实验表明,该挥发油对大肠杆菌和伤寒杆菌有一定的抑制或杀灭能力。     

光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油烯烃部分化学成分的研究

利用毛细管气相色谱和毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术,对光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油的烯烃部分进行了分离和鉴定。十二个单萜烃为:α-(艹守)烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯、桧烯、β-蒎烯、香叶烯、α-松油烯、对繖花烃、柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯-y、β-水芹烯和萜品油烯;九个倍半萜烃为:α-荜橙茄烯、α-(王古)王巴烯、α-雪松烯、β-石竹烯、v-杜松烯、l-香木兰烯、α-葎草烯、β-红没药烯和δ-杜松烯。并测得了各化合物的含量。     

不同杂交兰品种花朵挥发性成分分析

采用顶空–固相微萃取技术,分析杂交兰不同品种、不同花期和花器官不同部位的花香成分。结果表明,杂交兰花香的主要成分为萜烯类化合物。不同品种间花香释放量差异明显,‘K24’以桉油精(23.91%)和正己醇(13.74%)为主,‘K21-1’以反式–橙花叔醇(30.39%)和环己烷(22.99%)为主;‘红美人’以α-法呢烯(43.50%)和芳樟醇(34.52%)为主;‘K18’以石竹烯(43.57%)和α-香柑油烯(19.59%)为主,‘黄金龙’以β-月桂烯(25.23%)和α-香柑油烯(15.45%)为主;‘十八格格’以β-石竹烯(42.99%)和α-法呢烯(19.65%)为主;‘汉城公主’以β-石竹烯(52.40%)和α-法呢烯(9.99%)为主。‘K18’释放量和化合物数量在盛开期最高。在花器官不同部位中,花瓣和萼片主要释放β-石竹烯,唇瓣主要释放β-罗勒烯。     

益母草挥发油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取益母草的挥发油,并用气相色谱．质谱联用分析鉴定了其中62个化学成分。其主要化学成分是：1-辛烯-3-醇(18．96％)、吉马烯-D(10．78％)、α-蒎烯(9．57％)、β-石竹烯(7．31％)、双环吉马烯(3.37％)和芳樟醇(2．32％)。通过对益母草挥发油含量和有效成分的分析和评价,为更好的开发和综合利用益母草资源提供了部分科学依据。     

香料资源的开发利用(续)

四、α-松油醇分子式C_(10)H_(18)O 分子量154.24 [来源]α-松油醇α-Terpineol存于华北及内蒙地区野生的华麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf挥发油中,含量约0.15％及长江流域地区生长的杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook的木材挥发油中,含量39.4％。另外,在华北、西北、东北、四川等地区生长的油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr中及陕西地区生长的连翘Forsytha suspensa Vahl种子中也都含多量可做为合成α-松油醇的原料的成分蒎烯。在油松挥发油中含蒎烯90％,在连翘挥发油中含蒎烯76％。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.