三种胚胎移植技术方法比较

以近交系FVB、DBA／2小鼠作为供体胚小鼠,封闭群CD-1小鼠作为受体小鼠,对实验小鼠胚胎移植的三种方法进行比较,即：对小鼠受精卵1细胞期胚(或2细胞期胚)经由受体小鼠输卵管口移植、经由受体小鼠输卵管壁移植及对小鼠进行子宫移植(8细胞期胚)的方法进行了实验研究,并对各方法适用于使用的动物对象、实验要求、产仔率、优势与不足等做了进一步探讨,为今后的实验动物提供参考依据。结果表明,输卵管壁移植优于输卵管伞口移植和子宫移植。     

小鼠左肺原位移植模型的建立

目的通过显微外科技术建立小鼠原位肺移植模型,为肺移植研究提供动物模型。方法采用C57BL/6小鼠作为供、受体,行同基因小鼠原位左肺移植,使用Cuff套管法进行气管及血管吻合。术后7、14、21、28 d取移植肺及原肺,行HE染色,评价肺移植后效果。结果学习曲线后,共30例小鼠移植,手术成功率89%,小鼠成活率100%。供体手术时间:(35.2±9.81)min,受体手术时间:(24.6±7.42)min,冷缺血时间是:(46.6±8.92)min,热缺血时间是:(17.2±3.08)min。同基因移植物大体及病理无明显改变,病理显示与原肺无差别。结论本技术能够方便快捷建立小鼠肺移植模型,成功率高,可重复性强,符合原位肺移植临床生理,是研究肺移植发病机制和治疗的良好动物模型。     

不同手术方法对小鼠同种异基因移植皮片存活的比较

目的采用不同手术缝合方式观察小鼠移植皮片存活及生长情况,以建立一种简单易行、快速经济的小鼠同种异基因皮肤移植方法.方法 受体BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组(Z组、J组和T组),每组20只,通过背-背法进行供体C57BL/6的皮片移植,Z组、J组和T组分别采用四周缝合、对角缝合和粘贴固定的皮片缝合方法.每天监测小鼠体重变化及生长状态,观察26天,实验第3、7、15和26天观察各组受体移植皮片存活情况,其中皮片变硬、结痂脱落或坏死判定为移植排斥.第26天取小鼠皮肤移植组织以及肝脾组织进行病理检测.结果 各组小鼠移植物平均体重变化趋势类似,第6天达到最低水平,移植皮片病理检测结果显示,各组均见移植皮片真皮内淋巴细胞浸润,3组病理结果类似,肝脾病理检测发现淋巴细胞大量浸润,说明造模成功.实验26天后,Z组、J组和T组小鼠皮片分别有7、5和3只受体小鼠皮片仅观察到炎症反应.结论 3种手术方式建模均成功,但采用粘贴固定方式进行小鼠背部皮肤移植具有手术方式简单有效、对皮肤损伤小的优点,是一种较好的小鼠同种异基因皮肤移植手术方法.     

小鼠脊髓损伤模型的建立及神经干细胞移植后运动功能恢复情况的研究

目的制作小鼠脊髓损伤打击模型,观察神经干细胞(NSCs)移植对脊髓损伤小鼠运动功能恢复及Nestin表达的影响。方法将50只小鼠随机分为空白组(5只)、模型组(15只)、对照组(15只)、治疗组(15只),运用改良Allen's法制备小鼠T10脊髓损伤模型并立即在损伤节段进行NSCs移植,于损伤后1、3、7、14、21d进行BBB评分,并通过免疫荧光法及荧光定量PCR检测Nestin的表达情况。结果所有脊髓打击后小鼠均出现双后肢瘫痪,但随时间延长运动功能可有不同程度恢复,NSCs移植14d后治疗组较模型组及对照组BBB评分显著增高(P0.05),且治疗组Nestin表达量也高于模型组及对照组。结论成功建立了小鼠脊髓损伤打击模型;移植的外源性神经干细胞在脊髓损伤处存活并促进损伤后小鼠运动功能的恢复。     

人脂肪来源间充质干细胞植入受损耳蜗后定向归巢到并分化为毛细胞样细胞

目的：通过将人脂肪来源间充质干细胞（human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,hAD-MSCs）移植到受损小鼠,探讨hAD-MSCs替代缺失/受损毛细胞的可行性。方法：将hAD-MSCs经尾静脉移植入药物致聋后的小鼠体内,用免疫染色及RT-PCR等方法检测移植后hAD-MSCs在耳蜗内的归巢和分化。结果：移植的hAD-MSCs能够定向归巢到受损耳蜗内,并至少存活2周,未观察到对移植细胞的免疫排斥反应。有少量细胞定位于耳蜗感觉上皮并表达毛细胞特异性抗体myosin 7a。结论：hAD-MSCs移植入药物性致聋小鼠后,能够定向归巢到耳蜗内,并分化为内耳毛细胞样细胞,是一种针对内耳损伤及退变性疾病治疗的潜在细胞来源。     

移植部位对小鼠睾丸移植效果的影响

目的比较不同的移植部位对睾丸移植效果的影响,以探索建立疾病模型小鼠安全保存的新方法。方法按移植部位的不同分为3组:背部皮下组,睾丸白膜内组和肾包膜下组。移植后处死受体鼠回收移植物。测试和分析受体精囊的重量,移植物存活率,回收物增重的倍数和生殖细胞的分化情况。结果不同实验组移植睾丸的生殖细胞分化差异显著。睾丸白膜内组的分化情况最好与假移植对照组相似;背部皮下移植组睾丸的分化率为29.2%;肾包膜下组未见分化。结论睾丸白膜内移植最利于精子的发生;背部皮下移植是睾丸移植的次优选择;肾包膜下睾丸移植不适合用于小鼠雄性生殖器官的安全保存。     

小鼠脐血移植模型研究进展

脐血中含有丰富的原始造血干细胞,由于免疫细胞发育不成熟,抗原表达和功能活性低下,移植物抗宿主疾病发生率低。脐血来源丰富、不易受病毒及残留肿瘤细胞的污染,越来越多地作为造血干细胞的优质来源在临床上广泛应用。通过建立小鼠脐血移植模型,对临床多种疾病尤其是对恶性血液病的造血干细胞移植研究提供有效途径,可以对脐血的生物学功能、植入过程、移植疗效做进一步研究,不断优化的小鼠移植模型对我们解读人类疾病的发病机理、疾病进程起到推动作用,本文将从小鼠种属的选择、移植模型的构建及脐血移植模型新进展等方面对进行综述。     

不同品系小鼠胚胎玻璃化冷冻保存的比较研究

目的　研究甘油作为冷冻保护剂、不同基因型小鼠对胚胎玻璃化冷冻的影响。方法　采用 6 5mol L的甘油作为冷冻保护剂 ,采用二步法对CBA、NOD、C57BL 6J、ICR及CD1小鼠 3 5d的胚胎进行玻璃化冷冻 ,并比较了不同品系小鼠胚胎的复苏率及移植受孕率。结果和结论　CBA、NOD、C57BL 6J,ICR及CD1的复苏率分别为 5 7 6 %、4 8%、31 3%、86 5 %及 88% ,移植受孕率为 2 1%、2 3 5 %、11%、38%和 35 5 % ,封闭群小鼠的胚胎复苏率、移植受孕率均显著高于近交系小鼠。这提示胚胎的复苏率及移植受孕率可能与小鼠的不同基因型有关。五个品系中 ,桑椹胚及早期囊胚的体外复苏率均显著高于扩张囊胚。这说明不同基因型及胚胎的不同发育阶段对胚胎玻璃化冷冻效果有影响     

雄性受体小鼠性腺对移植卵巢卵母细胞生长发育的影响

目的探索雄性受体性腺对移植卵巢卵母细胞生长发育的影响。方法将1日龄小鼠卵巢移植入成年雄鼠肾囊下,将雄性受体小鼠分为性腺摘除组和性腺在位组,于21d回收移植卵巢,以评价雄性小鼠性腺对新生小鼠卵巢移植体卵母细胞生长发育的影响。结果移植后21d,性腺摘除组和性腺在位组卵巢回收率分别为80.0%和92.9%,移植体生长增大;每个卵巢平均回收卵母细胞数分别为(30.4±4.3)和(42.4±11.1)个,两者差异不显著(P0.05);性腺摘除组回收的均为GV期卵母细胞,性腺在位组大部分为GV期卵母细胞,有的达到MII期。结论雄性受体小鼠能够支持移植卵巢卵母细胞的生长发育,雄性受体的性腺对其影响不明显。     

同种异体宫内移植小鼠嵌合模型的建立

干细胞宫内移植是一种很有前途的产前治疗方式。为深入研究干细胞移植后的细胞行为,采用宫内移植的方法建立同种异体的嵌合小鼠模型。将雄鼠骨髓单核细胞宫内注射到胎鼠腹腔,在受体鼠出生后检测雌性受体鼠外周血细胞。应用PCR检测外周血是否存在雄性鼠的DNA,并采用定量PCR技术确定其嵌合量;同时用荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术直观观察外周血中雄性来源的细胞。结果表明：共获得4只阳性外周血嵌合小鼠,其中3只稳定嵌合达到6个月以上。应用宫内移植成功建立了外周血中存在异源细胞的小鼠嵌合模型。     

Frequent,independent transfers of a catabolic gene from bacteria to contrasted filamentous eukaryotes

Even genetically distant prokaryotes can exchange genes between them, and these horizontal gene transfer events play a central role in adaptation and evolution. While this was long thought to be restricted to prokaryotes, certain eukaryotes have acquired genes of bacterial origin. However, gene acquisitions in eukaryotes are thought to be much less important in magnitude than in prokaryotes. Here, we describe the complex evolutionary history of a bacterial catabolic gene that has been transferred repeatedly from different bacterial phyla to stramenopiles and fungi. Indeed, phylogenomic analysis pointed to multiple acquisitions of the gene in these filamentous eukaryotes—as many as 15 different events for 65 microeukaryotes. Furthermore, once transferred, this gene acquired introns and was found expressed in mRNA databases for most recipients. Our results show that effective inter-domain transfers and subsequent adaptation of a prokaryotic gene in eukaryotic cells can happen at an unprecedented magnitude.     

Exploring the mechanism of DNA polymerases by analyzing the effect of mutations of active site acidic groups in Polymerase β

Elucidating the catalytic mechanism of DNA polymerase is crucial for a progress in the understanding of the control of replication fidelity. This work tries to advance the mechanistic understanding by analyzing the observed effect of mutations of the acidic groups in the active site of Polymerase β as well as the pH effect on the rate constant. The analysis involves both empirical valence bond (EVB) free energy calculations and considerations of the observed pH dependence of the reaction. The combined analysis indicates that the proton transfer (PT) from the nucleophilic O3′ has two possible pathways, one to D256 and the second to the bulk. We concluded based on calculations and the experimental pH profile that the most likely path for the wild‐type (WT) and the D256E and D256A mutants is a PT to the bulk, although the WT may also use a PT to Asp 256. Our analysis highlights the need for very extensive sampling in the calculations of the activation barrier and also clearly shows that ab initio QM/MM calculations that do not involve extensive sampling are unlikely to give a clear quantitative picture of the reaction mechanism. Proteins 2016; 84:1644–1657. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Progress in gene transfer by germ cells in mammals

Use of germ cells as vectors for transgenesis in mammals has been well developed and offers exciting prospects for experimental and applied biology, agricultural and medical sciences.Such approach is referred to as either male germ cell mediated gene transfer (MGCMGT)or female germ cell mediated gene transfer(FGCMGT)technique.Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT),including its alternative method,testis-mediated gene transfer(TMGT),becomes an established and reliable method for transgenesis.They have been extensively used for producing transgenic animals.The newly developed approach of FGCMGT,ovary-mediated gene transfer(OMGT) is also a novel and useful tool for efficient transgenesis.This review highlights an overview of the recent progress in germ cell mediated gene transfer techniques,methods developed and mechanisms of nucleic acid uptake by germ cells.     

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of electron transfer flavoproteins from human and Paracoccus denitrificans.

Mammalian electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) is a soluble, heterodimeric flavoprotein responsible for the oxidation of at least nine primary matrix flavoprotein dehydrogenases. Crystals have been obtained for the recombinant human electron transfer flavoprotein (ETFhum) by the sitting-drop vapor diffusion technique using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 at pH 7.0 as the precipitating agent. ETFhum crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit cell parameters a = 47.46 angstrum, b = 104.10 angstrum, c = 63.79 angstrum, and beta = 110.02 degrees. Based on the assumption of one alpha beta dimer per asymmetric unit, the Vm value is 2.69 angstrum 3/Da. A native data set has been collected to 2.1 angstrum resolution. One heavy-atom derivative has also been obtained by soaking a preformed crystal of ETFhum in 2 mM thimerosal solution for 2h at 19 degrees C. Patterson analysis indicates one major site. The analogous electron transfer flavoprotein from Paracoccus denitrificans (ETFpar) has also been crystallized using PEG 8000 at pH 5.5 as the precipitating agent. ETFpar crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell parameters a = 79.98 angstrum, b = 182.90 angstrum, and c = 70.07 angstrum. The Vm value of 2.33 angstrum 3/Da is consistent with two alpha beta dimers per asymmetric unit. A native data set has been collected to 2.5 angstrum resolution.     

Design principles of photo‐bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae

The present hype in microalgae biotechnology has shown that the topic of photo‐bioreactors has to be revisited with respect to availability in really large scale measured in hectars footprint area, minimization of cost, auxiliary energy demand as well as maintenance and life span. This review gives an overview about present designs and the basic limiting factors which include light distribution to avoid saturation kinetics, mixing along the light gradient to make use of light/dark cycles, aeration and mass transfer along the vertical or horizontal main axis for carbon dioxide supply and oxygen removal and last but not least the energy demand necessary to fulfil these tasks. To make comparison of the performance of different designs easier, a commented list of performance parameters is given. Based on these critical points recent developments in the areas of membranes for gas transfer and optical structures for light transfer are discussed. The fundamental starting point for the optimization of photo‐bioprocesses is a detailed understanding of the interaction between the bioreactor in terms of mass and light transfer as well as the microalgae physiology in terms of light and carbon uptake kinetics and dynamics.     

细菌胞际电子转移及其生态生理学意义研究进展

胞际电子转移是指细胞内电子以间接或直接的方式传递到细胞外,最终到达细胞周围电子受体的过程.胞际电子转移普遍存在于自然界,尤其存在于电子受体相对匮乏的环境中.胞际电子转移可分为间接和直接胞际电子转移.间接胞际电子转移(胞际基质转移)是主要借助氢、甲酸以及其他代谢产物的电子传递;而直接胞际电子转移则由胞内电子转移偶联胞外电子传递实现.胞际电子转移促进了细胞的基质代谢活性,拓展了细胞的作用空间,具有重要的生理意义.胞际电子转移产生了电流,实现了菌间能源共享,驱动了胞外物质(如重金属、腐殖质)转化,具体重大的生态意义.本文总结相关文献,对细菌胞际电子转移的过程、特点、机理及其生态生理学意义作了系统的分析和探讨.     

Production of identical twins by separating two-cell rat embryos

Rat identical twins were produced from two-cell embryos. In the presence of cytochalasin B, rat two-cell embryos could be separated efficiently into two blastomeres by micromanipulation. Isolated blastomeres, embedded in agar cylinders and cultivated in ligated rat oviducts for 3 days, developed to the morula or blastocyst stage. After removing the agar, pairs of developed one-half embryos were transferred into Day 1 oviducts or Day 4 uteri of pseudopregnant rats. The percentage of embryos, separated either in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B, that developed into live fetuses was higher in cases of uterine transfer than in cases of oviduct transfer (38% vs. 18%, 31% vs. 15%, respectively). Throughout the present experiment, nine pairs of identical twins were successfully produced. This is the first report of the production of identical rat twins by separating two-cell embryos.     

Progress in gene transfer by germ cells in mammals

Use of germ cells as vectors for transgenesis in mammals has been well developed and offers exciting prospects for experimental and applied biology,agricultural and medical sciences.Such approach is referred to as either male germ cell mediated gene transfer(MGCMGT) or female germ cell mediated gene transfer(FGCMGT) technique.Sperm-mediated gene transfer(SMGT),including its alternative method,testis-mediated gene transfer(TMGT),becomes an established and reliable method for transgenesis.They have been exten...     

Exploring the terminal region of the proton pathway in the bacterial nitric oxide reductase

The c-type nitric oxide reductase (cNOR) from Paracoccus (P.) denitrificans is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes NO reduction; 2NO + 2e⁻ + 2H⁺ → N₂O + H₂O. It is also capable of catalyzing the reduction of oxygen to water, albeit more slowly than NO reduction. cNORs are divergent members of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily (HCuOs) which reduce NO, do not pump protons, and the reaction they catalyse is non-electrogenic. All known cNORs have been shown to have five conserved glutamates (E) in the catalytic subunit, by P. denitrificans numbering, the E122, E125, E198, E202 and E267. The E122 and E125 are presumed to face the periplasm and the E198, E202 and E267 are located in the interior of the membrane, close to the catalytic site. We recently showed that the E122 and E125 define the entry point of the proton pathway leading from the periplasm into the active site [U. Flock, F.H. Thorndycroft, A.D. Matorin, D.J. Richardson, N.J. Watmough, P. Ädelroth, J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 3839-3845]. Here we present results from the reaction between fully reduced NOR and oxygen on the alanine variants of the E198, E202 and E267. The initial binding of O₂ to the active site was unaffected by these mutations. In contrast, proton uptake to the bound O₂ was significantly inhibited in both the E198A and E267A variants, whilst the E202A NOR behaved essentially as wildtype. We propose that the E198 and E267 are involved in terminating the proton pathway in the region close to the active site in NOR.