创新模式 加快医学研究成果转化应用——访教育部“长江学者”特聘教授李校堃

正《生物产业技术》:转化医学是近年来国际医学健康领域出现的新概念,您如何看待转化医学的发展?李校堃:转化医学是近年来国际医学健康领域出现的新概念,作为一种医学发展新模式,为基础研究和临床应用搭建了高效的沟通平台,目的就是要缩短基础与临床之间的距离,让科技成果     

研究型医院研究生培养的几点想法

研究型医院是指以完成临床医疗工作为基本任务,以培养优秀人才为突出优势,以创新性科学研究为重要使命,以制定和修定临床医学标准和规范为水平标志的大型综合型医院。其是我国医院管理界的新生事物。要走研究型医院快速、持续发展之路,提高医院的整体诊治水平,就必须大力培育复合型人才。研究生培养作为研究型医院优秀人才培养的重要组成部分,在培养过程中必然需要新的培养方式。建立与研究型医院发展相适应的研究生培养机制,诱导研究生国际视野,培养研究生创新意识,激发研究生求知欲望,训练研究生专项特长,树立研究生转化医学思维,才能培养出适应研究型医院发展需要的研究生。本文就研究型医院研究生培养的几点想法与同行共享。     

组学在转化医学中的应用进展

作为当前医学科学研究领域的热点方向,转化医学(translational medicine)是指以患者为中心,从临床应用的实际需求出发,将基础研究成果快速有效地转化为临床技术的过程,并通过临床数据的深入分析进一步指导基础研究,以循环的方式不断高效促成医疗水平的提升与完善,从而更好地服务于人类健康。作为转化医学的重要研究手段,基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学和代谢组学等技术平台为其高速发展提供了强劲的动力。文章对转化医学及其相关组学平台的应用进行了阐述,并对其发展趋势进行了探讨。     

浅谈转化医学

正1992年Science杂志首次提出bench to bedside (从实验台到病床旁)的概念,1994年开始出现转化型研究(translational research),1996年The Lancet杂志上的一篇文章"Adenomatous polyposis coli and translational medicine"首次出现转化医学这一新名词。转化医学(translational medicine)是医学研究的一个分支,试图在基础研究与临床医疗之间建立更直接的联系,倡导实     

中医药防治病毒性肝炎转化医学模式初探

目的 以转化医学模式申报、管理、应用中医药防治病毒性肝炎科研项目,实现基础科研和临床应用的双向联通。 方法 以承担国家“十一五”重大科技专项课题为契机,组建转化医学研究团队,统筹管理科研项目分配和申报,共享科研仪器设备和医学生物标本及生物信息库,通过科学的运行机制实现中医药防治病毒性肝炎科研成果向临床应用进行转化。 结果 近2年,实施转化医学模式的医院在研国家级项目达4项,天津市局级项目4项;2年来培养中西医结合人才3人,选派4人攻读医学硕士、博士研究生,3人取得硕士学位。 结论 以转化医学模式,组织管理中医药防治病毒性肝炎科学研究,能够打破传统医学研究的分隔,重建中医药防治病毒性肝炎医学研究体系,实现实验室与临床的双向转化,不失为从人才培养到学科建设等各方面的中医药转化医学模式的有益探索。

     

转化医学信息

转化医学作为医学研究的一个分支,从其概念的提出到现在十多年间发展迅速,广泛引起了世界各国学者的关注和重视。转化医学的核心是将医学生物学基础研究成果迅速有效地转化为可在临床实践中应用的理论、技术、方法和药物,并在实验室与病房之间架起一条快速通道,实现基础研究与,临床研究的双向转化,是沟通基础医学与临床医学的桥梁,     

转化医学信息

转化医学作为医学研究的一个分支,从其概念的提出到现在十多年间发展迅速,引起了世界各国学者的广泛关注和重视。转化医学的核心是将医学生物学基础研究成果迅速有效地转化为可在临床实践中应用的理论、技术、方法和药物,并在实验室与病房之间架起一条快速通道,实现基础研究与临床研究的双向转化,是沟通基础医学与临床医学的桥梁,也是当前医学研究的热门话题。     

国内医院转化医学发展动态分析

从机构建设和科学研究两个角度分析国内医院转化医学发展现状。机构建设方面,美国转化医学中心的依托单位多为大学,组织架构较完善。但国内的依托单位多为医院或临床中心,较为分散,多为自发成立,缺乏国家层面的规划部署,难以形成比较高效的转化医学研究体系。但机构建设的迅速发展带来了转化研究成果的增多。国内转化医学研究多为从基础医学的角度探索疾病的致病机制和干预措施,如将实验室技术、细胞生物学、生物化学与分子生物学、药理学、应用生物技术等和临床问题的整合,特别是肿瘤、心血管病、内分泌与代谢病、消化系与腹部疾病等临床领域的转化研究受到了国内较多的关注。最后提出国内医院转化医学发展的策略和建议。     

元基因组学及其在转化医学中的应用

微生物群落遍布于人体的每个角落,与人共生并对人体健康产生重要和深刻的影响。与人类共生的全部微生物的基因组总和称为“元基因组”或“人类第二基因组”。研究人体微生物群落及相关元基因组数据,对转化医学领域的基础研究和临床应用具有重要的价值。通过对生物医学相关的高通量元基因组数据进行分析,不仅能为基础医学研究向医学临床应用转化提供新思路和新方法,而且具有广阔的应用前景。基于新一代测序技术产生的数据,元基因组分析技术和方法能够弥补以往人体微生物先培养后鉴定方法的缺陷,同时能有效鉴定和分析微生物群落的组成及功能,从而进一步探究和揭示微生物群落与机体生理状态之间的关系,为解决许多医学领域的难题提供了全新的切入角度和思维方法。文章系统介绍了元基因组研究的现状,包括元基因组的方法概念和研究进展,并以元基因组在医学研究中的应用为着眼点,综述了元基因组在转化医学方面的研究进展,进一步阐述了元基因组研究在转化医学应用领域中具有的重要地位。     

转化医学信息

转化医学作为医学研究的一个分支,从其概念的提出到现在十多年间发展迅速,引起了世界各国学者的广泛关注和重视。转化医学的核心是将医学生物学基础研究成果迅速有效地转化为可在临床实践中应用的理论、技术、方法和药物,并在实验室与病房之间架起一条快速通道,实现基础研究与临床研究的双向转化,是沟通基础医学与临床医学的桥梁,也是当前医学研究的热门话题。鉴于此,本刊推出"转化医学信息"栏目,对该领域相关报道内容进行介绍,希望对相关科研和医疗工作者有所启发。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418