湖北四湖泊营养类型与轮虫群落的关系

对湖北梁子湖水系不同营养类型(中营养型、富营养型)4个湖泊中轮虫的群落结构和物种多样性进行了周年研究,分析比较了不同营养类型湖泊的轮虫种类组成、分布、优势种组成、密度、生物量和多样性指数。结果表明：轮虫的种类数、物种多样性与营养水平呈负相关关系,轮虫密度大体上随营养水平提高而增大,富营养化引起轮虫空间异质性降低,受污染湖泊与非污染湖泊轮虫种类数、寡污性种类数及分布差异尤为明显。用多样性指数评价湖泊营养状态与TLIc方法一致。     

南亚热带湖泊-星湖后生浮游动物群落特征研究

星湖位于广东省境内,是一个南亚热带浅水自然湖泊,由5个子湖组成,是典型的富营养化湖泊。为了解这一典型南亚热带富营养湖泊的后生浮游动物群落特征,于2002年对该湖的轮虫和浮游甲壳动物进行了研究。星湖的后生浮游动物基本上为广温种类,兼具一些嗜暖种。轮虫在种类数、数量和生物量上均占优势,其优势种为臂尾轮虫。在4个子湖中,波海湖的臂尾轮虫数量最高,与该子湖营养水平较高相对应。桡足类为第二优势类群,在数量上以无节幼体和桡足幼体为主,并且在7、8月份数量较高,优势种为温中剑水蚤和台湾温剑水蚤;枝角类优势种则是长额象鼻溞和颈沟基合溞。两类浮游甲壳动物成体的数量均比较低。与20世纪90年代相比,星湖后生浮游动物的数量和生物量均下降,两类甲壳动物均向小型种类演替。和我国北亚热带的富营养化湖泊相比,星湖后生浮游动物的数量和生物量都明显偏低,这可能反映了南亚热带浅水湖泊的特征。     

白洋淀轮虫群落结构特征

选取白洋淀8个采样点于2005年9月—2006年12月对轮虫群落进行定性定量分析,共检出轮虫110种,采蒲台种类数最多,其次是枣林庄,南刘庄最少;从季节来看,春、秋轮虫种类数量最多,夏季其次,冬季最少;根据优势种比较,臂尾轮虫科、迈氏三肢轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫、龟甲轮虫属等甲型-中污性和乙型-中污性水体种类分布在污染较严重的南刘庄,而单趾轮属、腔轮属、鬼轮属等清洁种类则分布在采蒲台、枣林庄、烧车淀等淀区。除端村外,各采样点轮虫密度和生物量于2006年4月出现最大值。根据Q(B/T)指数评价白洋淀各采样点水质,南刘庄属富营养,圈头属寡营养,其它样点属中营养水质。白洋淀轮虫的Shannon-Wiener指数以及均匀度指数则在夏秋季较高,春季较低,而物种多样性指数并不能完全反映白洋淀各采样点的水质。     

湖泊富营养化对轮虫群落结构及物种多样性的影响

2005年7月至2006年6月,我们对安徽省芜湖市境内5个湖泊中轮虫的群落结构及部分水质特征参数进行了调查,用相关加权综合营养状态指数(TLIc)评价了各湖泊的营养水平,分析了其中的轮虫群落结构、多样性指数及其与TLIC之间的关系。经鉴定,5个湖泊中共采集到轮虫79种,隶属18科31属;不同营养水平湖泊中出现的轮虫种类数有明显的差异(P<0.01)。除龙窝湖外,其余4个湖泊中的轮虫种类数与TLIC均呈显著负相关关系(r=–0.984,P<0.05)。湖泊水体的富营养化进程显著地提高了轮虫总密度和第一优势种的优势度,降低了轮虫群落的均匀度和物种多样性指数。     

基于个体大小的后生浮游动物群落结构分析——以广东星湖为例

星湖是一个位于热带北缘的浅水湖泊。于2002年和2003年对该湖的后生浮游动物进行了采样,并以体重作为个体大小变量研究了浮游动物的个体大小组成结构。星湖后生浮游动物的体长范围为50—1300μm,所有优势种的体长均小于1mm。轮虫优势种中,体长最小的是剪形臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫和广布多肢轮虫等,它们的平均体长均小于100μm。前节晶囊轮虫是个体最长的轮虫。枝角类的优势种及次优势种为长额象鼻潘、颈沟基合潘、短尾秀体潘和微型裸腹潘等中小型种类,平均体长介于220．430μm之间。桡足类优势种为台湾温剑水蚤和温中剑水蚤,平均体长介于680～730μm之间,此外,无节幼体和剑水蚤幼体在数量和生物量上也比较高。后生浮游动物的个体体重范围为0．034．70．24μg,绝大部分种类都分布在3个体重等级以上,其中前节晶囊轮虫的分布范围最宽,为0．548～70．24μg。后生浮游动物的种类和数量均是以小个体为主,并且随着体重增大逐渐减少,而生物量则在4．39—8．78μg这一中等个体体重的位置上出现峰值。根据对两个子湖——波海湖和青莲湖2002年和2003年生物量分布的分析与比较,2003年生物量均有所下降,在生物量分布的每个体重等级上轮虫基本上都是第一优势类群,其次是桡足类。星湖后生浮游动物的个体大小范围和出现生物量峰值的位置均小于温带湖泊,其个体大小结构特征与位于赤道附近的热带湖泊相似。除了与营养水平较高有关外,鱼类的下行效应和水温可能是影响该湖后生浮游动物的大小结构而产生与温带湖泊差异的重要因素。因此,进一步研究该湖中浮游动物和鱼类的关系将有助于在热带湖泊中利用生物操纵来改善水质。     

一小型水池中浮游生物数量动态与桃花水母消长的关系

2005年和2006年夏秋季,宁波一消防池中出现信阳桃花水母(Craspedacusta sowerbyi xinyangensis),对池中的浮游生物种类组成及种群数量变动特征进行了研究,并与未出现桃花水母的年份进行了比较分析。共记录浮游植物85种,分属8门53属,以绿藻门居优势占种类总数的42.35%,优势种为蓝、绿藻门的小球藻(Chorella vulgaris)、银灰平裂藻(Merismo pedia glauca)和不定微囊藻(Microcystis incerta);浮游动物记录44种属,原生动物和轮虫占绝对优势,分别占种类总数的47.74%和45.45%,优势种为多肢轮虫(Polyarthra sp.)。浮游植物丰度值高峰出现在11月为14065.60×104ind/L,蓝藻丰度居首位占61.05%;浮游动物丰度呈现5月和11月两个高峰,5月最高达5580ind/L,7月最低为900ind/L;原生动物和轮虫的丰度分别占总丰度的48.28%和43.92%,桡足类只占7.73%,生物量以轮虫最大。轮虫和桡足类数量在桃花水母出现前均达到高峰;桃花水母出现盛期轮虫丰度最低;桃花水母消失后再度回升;浮游植物、浮游动物和桃花水母三者处于动态平衡。桃花水母出现前至出现中期的4—8月份,池水为"寡污-中富营养类型"水质;水母出现末期及消失后的9—11月,发展为"中污-极富营养类型"水质。     

滆湖轮虫群落结构与水质生态学评价

研究了浅水湖泊--滆湖的轮虫群落结构,并用轮虫污染指示种类、E/O值、QB/T值和生物多样性指数评价滆湖的水质和营养状况.在两周年的研究中,共发现轮虫69种,污染指示轮虫39种.优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionua calyciflorus)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、长三肢轮虫(Filinia longiseta)和裂足臂尾轮虫(B.diversicornis).轮虫密度年平均值为1584 ind./L,生物量年平均值为5.982 1 mg/L.密度秋季最高,生物量夏季较高.轮虫物种多样性较低,多样性指数与其密度及生物量正相关.滆湖三个生态功能区轮虫的种类相似;湖区北部与中部的轮虫现存量差异不显著,与南部的差异显著,中部与南部间差异极显著.根据指示生物法、生物指数法和多样性指数法评价滆湖水质及营养类型,涌湖为富营养型.     

广东省公平水库与星湖生态特征的对比分析

在采样和测定分析的基础上,对营养盐水平和水深较为接近的公平水库和星湖的生态特征进行对比分析。结果表明,公平水库和星湖的生态特征差异显著,其主要原因是两者水动力过程的不同。公平水库水力滞留时间是星湖的1／2,水柱全年混合较好,而星湖在夏季则有明显分层现象。公平水库总氮、总磷浓度的最高值出现在丰水期的7月,枯水期明显低于丰水期,营养盐主要来源于外源．而星湖主要受内源循环的控制,总氮和总磷浓度的最高值出现在丰水期刚开始的4月,7月总氮、总磷浓度有所下降,在分层现象消失的10月,总磷浓度明显升高。公平水库水滞留时间短,水位波动较大。不利于蓝藻形成优势,其浮游植物的群落结构类型表现为硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型,星湖水滞留时间长,水体相对稳定,为蓝藻占优势提供了条件,浮游植物群落结构类型表现为蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻型。     

横山水库浮游动物群落结构特征及水质评价

为了解横山水库浮游动物群落结构特征及水质状况,于2012年5月(春)、7月(夏)、10月(秋)及2013年1月(冬)对该水库的浮游动物及主要水质理化指标进行了调查分析,利用生物多样性指数法和综合营养状态指数法评价其水质状况。结果共鉴定浮游动物100种(原生动物47种、轮虫36种、枝角类12种、桡足类5种)。春夏秋季种类组成主要以轮虫和原生动物为主,枝角类与桡足类种类较少;冬季各种类均很少。优势种为王氏似铃壳虫(Tintinnopsis wangi)、淡水简筒虫(Tintinnidium fluviatile)、球形沙壳虫(Difflugia globulosa)、湖生累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)、裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsis fissa)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)和等刺异尾轮虫(Trichocerca similis),季节更替明显。浮游动物年均丰度为1460 ind./L,变化范围17—3164 ind./L;年均生物量为1.252 mg/L,变化范围0.042—2.732 mg/L;香农多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)及丰富度指数(D)年均值分别为2.06、0.68及1.30;全年综合营养状态指数值范围33.36—44.15。CCA分析表明,温度及pH等环境因子与浮游动物群落结构具有明显相关性。水质总体评价显示,横山水库水质处中污染状态、水体处中营养水平,基本符合国家Ⅱ类水的水质标准,但作为饮用水水源地,其水质还需进一步加强管理与调控。     

白洋淀轮虫多样性及群落结构的初步研究

于2006年12月、2007年3～5月调查了白洋淀9个采样点的轮虫种类组成、数量及优势种,并对轮虫群落的多样性指数和群落相似性系数进行了测算,综合评价了白洋淀水质及富营养化状况.本次共发现轮虫41种,平均丰度为607～5024 ind./L,优势种为蒲达臂尾轮虫Brachionus budapesllensis、长肢多肢轮虫Polyarthra doli-choptera、角突臂尾轮虫B.angularis、矩形龟甲轮虫Keratella quadrata等,均为耐污性种类,各样点轮虫群落具较高相似性.从轮虫群落Margalef多样性指数看,白洋淀水质属中度污染和严重污染状况.     

基于宏基因组的保安湖浮游动物多样性研究

研究于2019年春、夏、秋、冬四季对保安湖进行了水样采集, 基于宏基因组测序, 在优化物种鉴定和丰度计算方法的基础上, 考察了保安湖浮游动物的多样性、群落结构及其影响因素。共鉴定到浮游动物OTU 374种, 其中原生动物282个; 枝角类45个; 桡足类26个; 轮虫21个。从季节来看, 夏、秋季保安湖的浮游动物多样性高; 从湖区来看, 肖四海和主湖区浮游动物多样性高。季节因素对保安湖浮游动物群落结构的影响高于湖区影响。保安湖营养状态为中营养型, 水体温度、叶绿素a是影响保安湖浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子, 不同类群与环境因子相关性不同, 总体可分为5类。其中原生动物优势类群为混合营养的纤毛虫和丝足虫, 同硝氮、化学需氧量、温度有明显的相关性, 而枝角类和桡足类同环境因子的关系较为相似, 与溶氧、叶绿素a、正磷酸盐存在明显相关。研究利用宏基因组方法对保安湖浮游动物多样性开展了研究, 为从浮游动物这一角度来理解保安湖这一江湖阻隔型湖泊的生物多样性的变化提供了支撑。     

An experimental study and a mathematical model of interactions in mixed culture of invertebrates and algae in the "producer-consumer" aquatic biotic cycle

An experimental investigation was carried out, and a mathematical model of interaction between invertebrates (infusoria Paramecium caudatum and rotifera Brachionus plicatilis) and algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the "producer-consumer" aquatic biotic cycle with spatially divided links was constructed. The model describes the dynamics of a mixed culture of infusoria and rotifera in the "consumer" link, when they consume a mixed culture of algae coming from the "producer" link. A negative influence of products of algae Scenedesmus metabolism upon the reproduction of infusoria P. caudatum was revealed. Taking this into account, a qualitative coincidence of the results of mathematical modeling with experimental data was obtained. It was shown that the co-existence of mixed algae culture in the "producer" link with invertebrates in the "consumer" link in the "producer-consumer" aquatic biotic cycle is impossible because of the displacement of infusoria P. caudatum by rotifera Brachionus plicatilis.     

Peculiarities of under-ice zooplankton in the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons of the Baltic Sea

In the Vistula and Curonian lagoons, respectively, 7 and 9 taxa of under-ice zooplankton have been recorded. Copepoda and rotifera were dominant. Throughout the year, the complex of dominant species was generally constant in the Vistula Lagoon and changed considerably in the Curonian Lagoon. The zooplankton accumulation was found in the surface layer in the Curonian Lagoon, which was due to favorable oxygen conditions and phytoplankton accumulation under the ice.     

淀山湖周丛动物群落的初步研究

作者于1991年11月至1992年11月对淀山湖水生植物上周丛动物进行了初步研究。共观察到84种周丛动物,以原生动物（38．10％）和轮虫（22．62％）占多数。按个体大小,分为小型周丛动物群落和大型周丛动物群落两种群落类型。小型周丛动物群落的优势种为似钟虫、角突臂尾轮虫等,个体数量受周丛原生动物支配,一年中有两次高峰（3－4月份和11月份）,生物量在3月份最大,主要受周丛轮虫控制。大型周丛动物群落的优势种为线虫和螺类,一年只有一次数量高峰（6－8月）,生物量中螺类占绝对优势（96．4％）。周丛动物在不同水生植物上的分布数量不同,沉水植物中以金鱼藻最多,大茨藻最少;并且叶上的数量明显高于茎上。漂浮植物上一般多于沉水植物,且根部最多,茎、叶相近。水生植物上周丛动物多为广布种,特有种罕见,主要出现于小型周丛动物群落中。     

Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyester fiber industry. II. Effect of activated sludge load on microorganisms.

The effect of selected nonionic surfactants Cirrasol FP, Cirrasol SF 200 and Cirrasol TCS on activated sludge organisms purifying wastes from the polyestre fibre industry was studied. The toxic effect of the mentioned surfactants towards bacteria, protozoa, rotifera and nematoda occurred at loads exceeding 0.32 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day and in periods of large fluctuations of the employed loads. Morphological changes of activated sludge flocs are also observed in similar conditions.     

基于16S rDNA序列探讨十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰肜臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等十种臂尾轮虫和大肚须足轮虫的线粒体16s rDNA进行扩增和序列测序,结合Genebank 中十指臂尾轮虫的16S rDNA序列,使用MAGE软件构建了NJ(neighbor-joining method)树,使用mrbayes软件构建了贝叶斯树,探讨了十种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明,本研究所涉及的轮虫16S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为14.6%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属内种间系统关系研究;系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫隶属于臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种.此外,还依据16S rDNA序列变异百分比推测了十种臂尾轮虫的分化时间.     

Deep water stratification in deep caldera lakes Ikeda, Towada, Tazawa, Kuttara, Toya and Shikotsu

From six deep caldera lakes in Japan, namely lakes Ikeda, Towada, Tazawa, Toya, Kuttara and Shikotsu (in Japanese referred to as Ikedako, Towadako, Tazawako, Toyako, Kuttarako and Shikotsuko), fine resolution profiles of temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH have been measured. Measurements were conducted just after deep circulation from the end of March to the end of May 2005. Lake Ikeda and Lake Towada did not undergo a complete turnover. Both showed meromictic features with a clear interface separating the recirculated mixolimnion from the deeper monimolimnion. Lake Tazawa and Lake Toya showed a complete turnover in winter 2004/05, while in Lake Kuttara and Lake Shikotsu, a deep water body remained throughout winter due to pressure effects on the temperature of maximum density. Although these deep waters were never fully recycled into the mixolimnion, they presented themselves as well supplied with oxygen and well circulated within themselves. Where overturn had not been complete small gradients in the oxygen profile, pH profiles and electrical conductivity profiles could be detected. However only in Lake Towada were concentrations of dissolved substances and gradients high enough to have decisive impact on the circulation pattern.     

A review of the rotifer fauna of the Sudan

A collection of rotifers contained in samples from the Blue, White and joint Niles in the Sudan, the Red Sea Hills, and Jebel Marra mountains is studied, and the previous literature on the rotifera of Sudan is reviewed. A total of 145 rotifer taxa are now known from this country. Ecological and distributional notes on selected species are added. Besides cosmopolitan, pantropical, and tropical species, a small but significant fraction of the fauna is of northern origin, possibly reflecting climatic conditions of the late-Pleistocene.     

Thyroid function, pituitary structure and serum lipids in Great Lakes coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum, 'jacks' compared with sexually immature spring salmon

Whereas spring salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , from Lake Ontario had no overt thyroid goiters, comparable Lake Erie spring salmon had a 44% goitre incidence. Goitre incidence in sexually precocious 'jacks' from Lakes Ontario and Michigan was 43–45% and 100% in 'jacks' from Lake Erie.
All fish displayed thyroid hyperplasia. The degree of hyperplasia (as indicated by thyroid follicle colloid content, thyroid follicle size and shape and thyroid follicle epithelial cell size) in Lake Ontario fish tended to be greater in the 'jacks' than in the spring fish; the reverse was true in Lake Erie fish. Serum total L-thyroxine (T4) concentrations in Lake Ontario spring fish were higher than in any other group. There were no differences in serum T, levels between the groups of 'jacks', nor were serum T, levels in 'jacks' and spring salmon from Lake Ontario significantly different. Serum total triiodo-thyronine (T) concentrations in Lake Ontario spring salmon were significantly higher than in all other groups and that in Lake Erie spring salmon greater than in all groups of 'jacks'. Serum T, levels in Lake Ontario 'jacks' were higher than in Lake Erie 'jacks'. Serum free fatty acid (FFA) and cholesterol levels showed significant interlake differences with lower levels present in Lake Erie salmon. Lake Erie 'jacks' appeared to have fewer and less well vacuolated pituitary gonadotropic basophils than 'jacks' from Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Putative thyrotrop cells appeared to be more numerous and more active in the Lake Erie spring salmon compared with Lake Ontario spring salmon. Prolactin, corticotrop and melanotrop cells appeared less active in spring salmon than in the 'jacks'.     

An ecological study of two shallow,equatorial lakes: Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera,Uganda

Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera are shallow, eutrophic lakes in mid‐western Uganda. Lake Mburo recorded higher values of Secchi and eutrophic depths and lower extinction coefficient (k) values. The lakes showed a ‘red shift’ phenomenon in maximum light transmission. The average values of electrical conductivity in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera were 136 and 244 μS cm^?1, respectively. The pH values indicated high photosynthetic activity. Dissolved oxygen concentration averaged 6.9 and 7.8 mg l^?1 in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera, respectively. The lakes had high total nitrogen (TN) : total phosphorus (TP) ratios averaging 200 and 280 in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera, respectively. The lakes are dominated by cyanobacterial blooms that reduce light penetration to less than 1 m. Lake Mburo had a lower algal biomass than Lake Kachera. Chlorophyll a concentrations correlated positively (r = 0.73, P < 0.05) with the extinction coefficient in Lake Mburo but not in Lake Kachera. The correlations between chlorophyll a and TN and TP were also high. Both lakes recorded high primary productivity, Lake Mburo showing higher values. The study highlighted the need to investigate the organism–community interrelationships in the two water bodies.