中国粮食和农业植物遗传资源状况报告(Ⅱ)

10多年来,中国政府十分重视粮食和农业植物遗传资源的保护和可持续利用,并根据《粮食和农业植物遗传资源全球行动计划》20项优先领域,通过制定和完善相关的法律法规,加强了粮食和农业植物遗传资源的管理;通过培训和科普宣传,提高了公众意识;通过国际合作和协作网建设,实现了信息、人员和植物遗传资源的交流与交换;通过各种国家计划和项目的实施,建立和完善了植物遗传资源保护体系,实现了植物遗传资源的安全保存和可持续利用,为中国乃至世界植物育种和粮食安全发挥了较大作用。     

世界粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护与利用现状

本文根据联合国粮农组织2010年发布的<第二份世界粮食和农业植物遗传资源现状报告>[1]及相关资料,综述了全球粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护和发展现状,内容包括种质多样性概况、原生境保护、非原生境保护、评价与利用、国家计划与管理、国际和地区合作、获取与利益分享以及对粮食安全和可持续农业的贡献.文章最后分析了我国存在的差距,提出了加强粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护和发展的建议.本文数据较新,内容齐全,是资源管理者、保护者和利用者的重要参考材料.     

阿根廷作物种质资源考察报告

阿根廷是南美洲第二大国家,是世界重要的粮食生产大国之一。主要种植作物有大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻、向日葵、花生、棉花等。阿根廷作物种质资源统一由阿根廷国家农业技术研究院（INTA）进行管理,全国生物资源设有首席项目协调员, 统一管理和协调全国的生物资源收集、保存、评价鉴定、研究与交换等项目工作。下设动物资源协调员、植物资源协调员和微生物资源协调员。阿根廷有作物种质资源保存长期库1个,中期库9个,收集品库8个。长期库设在INTA生物资源所,中期库和收集品库分别设在INTA所属的全国各地的研究所和试验站。保存有玉米、牧草、向日葵、花生、高粱等29040份作物种质资源。     

阿根廷作物种质资源考察

阿根廷是南美洲第二大国家,是世界重要的粮食生产大国之一。主要种植作物有大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻、向日葵、花生、棉花等。阿根延作物种质资源统一由阿根廷国家农业技术研究院（INTA）进行管理,全国生物资源设有首席项目协调员,统一管理和协调全国的生物资源收集、保存、评价鉴定、研究与交换等项目工作。下设动物资源协调员、植物资源协调员和微生物资源协调员。阿根廷有作物种质资源保存长期库1个,中期库9个,收集品库8个。长期库设在INTA生物资源所,中期库和收集品库分别设在INTA所属的全国各地的研究所和试验站。保存有玉米、牧草、向日葵、花生、高粱等29040份作物种质资源。     

保护作物多样性 发掘有用新基因——试论我国作物种质资源研究当前的任务

我国作物种质资源研究在收集、保存方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。目前存在的问题是研究利用不够,且更严重的是有些种质潜在着得而复失的危险,当前的任务应是确保库(圃)种质安全,加强对种质资源的深入研究,充分有效地利用种质资源。为此要完善工作体系,加强供种服务。现提出如下建议：首先要发挥各作物负责单位(中期库)的枢纽作用;调整中期库并建立种质资源生态实验站;清查各类种质库、圃保存种质的现状,及时进行繁种更新;瞄准育种目标,积极广泛收集新种质;研究种质资源的遗传多样性,如遗传多样性的地理分布、物种的遗传结构、物种或品种(系)间的遗传距离、指纹图谱、核心种质以及基因型的鉴定和基因定位等,积极向育种和其他利用者提供附有遗传信息的有用种质。     

首部作物种质资源安全保存专著《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

全国农作物种质资源保护与利用2019年工作会议召开

3月21-22日,中国农业科学院作物科学研究所牵头的全国农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2019年工作会议在河北石家庄召开。中国工程院刘旭院士、方智远院士,农业农村部种业管理司司长张延秋、副司长吴晓玲,作科所所长刘春明出席会议并做重要讲话,作物种质资源中心李立会主任主持了大会开幕式。刘春明代表专项牵头实施单位致辞,高度评价了在全国协作下,2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作取得的显著成绩:一是资源保存总量突破50万份。新收集各类资源9704份,入国家库圃资源10485份,长期保存资源总量达502307份(其中国家长期库435550份,43个种质圃66757份)。     

国家农作物种质资源平台的建立和应用

农作物种质资源士生物多样性的重要组成部分,是作物育种和农业生产的物质基础.长期以来,我国农作物种质资源标准不统一、资源保存相对分散、信息网络设施薄弱,制约了农作物种质资源的共亨利用.本文提出了国家农作物种质资源平台的概念和架构,它是一个虚拟式的农作物种质资源机构,由国家长期种质库、国家复份种质库、围家中期种质库、国家种质圃和国家种质信息中心组成.阐述了农作物种质资源技术规范体系构建的原则和方法,建立了由110种作物的描述规范、数据规范和数据质量控制规范组成的技术规范体系.提出了以信息共享带动实物共享的思路、方法和途径,建成了拥有39万份种质信息的国家农作物种质资源数据库和中国作物种质资源信息网(http://www.cgris.net/).创建了日常性服务、展示性服务、针对性服务、需求性服务和引导性服务等5种农作物种质资源服务模式,有效解决了农作物种质资源共亨利用的难题.     

国家棉花种质中期库(安阳)

<正>国家棉花种质中期库依托于中国农业科学院棉花研究所,1979年始建,目前所用种质库为2001年重建,2002年投入使用,库房面积50m~2,库容1万份,2011年6月又建成一座集干燥、冷藏于一体的现代化种质库,库房面积300m~2,库容4万-5万份,2012年开始投入使用。中期库库温为0℃±2℃,相对湿度50%±7%,种子可安全保存15年。目前棉花种质资源中期库有专职研究人员8人,其中研究员1人、副研2人。国家棉花中期库根据国家整体需求,负责收集国内外棉花种质资源、经整理、鉴定评价、繁殖更新、入库保存和向全国棉花育种、生产等单位分发利用。截至2013年11月,国家棉花种质中期库共保存来自世界53个产棉国棉花种质资源9682份,其中陆地棉8282份、海岛棉836份、亚洲棉546份、草棉19份。近5年发放种质12634份次。     

作物野生近缘植物保护与可持续利用

作物与人类文明的传承和发扬密不可分。世界人口和人均需求量的持续增加导致植物资源的供需失衡。作物自身相对较低的遗传多样性是影响产量和品质的主要因素。作物野生近缘植物在生境中积累了多种基因型，并在应对环境变化时形成了多种表现型，是作物种质保护和品种改良的重要遗传资源。但随着生境破坏以及全球气候变化等不确定因素的持续影响，使得作物野生近缘植物的存活和繁殖质量受到了严重威胁，必须采取有效的措施进行保护。本文总结了国内外对作物野生近缘植物保护工作所取得的进展，应对我国在保护中存在的问题提出相应的改良建议。最后以国内代表性作物为例，对其保护与利用情况进行了讨论。     

Ex situ breeding programs benefit from science-based cooperative management

Science-based management confers a variety of benefits to wildlife populations that are cooperatively managed by zoos and aquariums, including those managed through the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Briefly, when management strategies are successful, they result in reproductively robust populations that better retain genetic diversity and limit inbreeding than unmanaged populations. Although the benefits of demographic and genetic management have been well documented throughout both the scientific and popular literature, it has also been established that the majority of managed populations in zoos and aquariums are not meeting the minimum criteria believed to convey long-term biological viability. For most of these populations, an inability to meet viability criteria is not an inherent failure of how cooperative management is implemented. Furthermore, in recent years, we have perceived that the need to meet specific viability goals sometimes has obscured the benefits that these populations receive from rigorous, science-based management. To better clarify the conversation surrounding population viability in zoos and aquariums, we seek to decouple viability measures and how they predict population persistence from the benefits conferred to populations through science-based management. A primary goal of population management is to facilitate the persistence of priority species for longer than would be expected if no such management were implemented. Although current viability measures and future projections of viability are important tools for assessing the likelihood of population persistence, they are not indicators of which populations may most benefit from science-based management. Here, we review the history and purpose of applying science-based management to zoo and aquarium populations, describe measures of population viability and caution against confusing those measures of viability with population management goals or long-term population sustainability, and clearly articulate the benefits conferred to zoo and aquarium populations by science-based management.     

Comparison of different methods to construct a core germplasm collection in woody perennial species with simple sequence repeat markers. A case study in cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Annonaceae), an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species

Although molecular markers are becoming the tool of choice to develop core collections in plants, the examples of their use in woody perennial species are very scarce. In this work, we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data to develop a core collection in an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species, cherimoya ( Annona cherimola , Annonaceae), from an initial collection of 279 genotypes from different countries. We compared six alternative allocation methods to construct the core collection, four not based upon the similarity dendrogram [random sampling, maximisation strategy (M strategy) and simulated annealing algorithm maximising both genetic diversity and number of SSR alleles] and two based on dendrogram data (logarithmic strategy and stepwise clustering). The diversity maintained in each subset was compared with that present in the entire collection. The results obtained indicate that the use of SSRs together with the M strategy is the most efficient method to develop a core collection in cherimoya. In the best subset, with 40 accessions, all the SSR alleles present in the whole collection were recovered and no significant differences in frequency distribution of alleles for any of the loci studied or in variability parameters ( H _O, H _E) were recorded between the core and the whole collection.     

A new candling procedure for thick and opaque eggs and its application to avian conservation management

The ability to monitor developing avian embryos and their associated vascular system via candling enables the application of important reproductive management techniques. Egg candling facilitates the confirmation of egg viability throughout the incubation process and identification of a precise position on a vein for the safe extraction of blood. Blood samples may then be analysed to retrieve vital health and genetic information to assist in conservation management. However, the thick or opaque egg shell characteristics of some avian species prevents the observation of egg contents using traditional candling methods, thus limiting management options. This paper tests a novel method of preparing thick-shelled or opaque eggs so that traditional egg candling and blood extraction methods may be applied. Eggs from captive emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae, Latham 1790) and southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii, Linnaeus 1758) were obtained, and partial fenestration was performed on two areas of shell either before incubation or at ⅓ of incubation. Hatchability and weight loss were examined as a measure of effect of the fenestration process on the developing embryo. Clear observation of vascular development was successful in 97% of viable fenestrated eggs, without affecting hatchability or weight loss. Blood samples were taken from developing embryos and DNA was successfully extracted for proof of concept of this new technique. The ability to observe vascular development and monitor the developing embryo in thick and opaque eggs will significantly improve both in situ and ex situ population management options such as in ovo sexing in species of concern.     

注意植物迁地保护中的遗传风险

稀有濒危植物迁地保护的长期目标之一就是要保护物种的遗传多样性和进化潜力。介绍了稀有濒危植物在植物园迁地保护过程中存在的一系列遗传风险。由于引种或取样的不足,容易导致被保存的物种缺乏足够的遗传代表性;盲目的引种、不合理的定植以及材料的来源不清则会导致稀有濒危植物的遗传混杂、近交衰退或杂交衰退;人为选择和生长环境的改变也容易造成濒危物种对迁地保护的遗传适应。在实际的迁地保护工作中,这些遗传风险往往被忽视。植物迁地保护中遗传风险将严重影响稀有濒危物种的回归和恢复。植物园应当重视濒危植物的遗传管理,以降低或避免迁地保护中的遗传风险。Abstract: Conserving genetic diversity of rare and endangered species and their evolutionary potential is one of the long-term goals of ex-situ conservation. Some potential genetic risks in ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens are presented. The preserved species may lack genetic representativity because of poor sampling. Inappropriate plantations, inadequate records and unclear kinships jeopardize endangered species to genetic confusion, inbreeding depression or outbreeding depression. Artificial selection and habitat conversion also potentially result endangered plants in adapting to ex-situ conservation, which had been usually overlooked. All the genetic risks can decrease the success of reintroduction and recovery. Therefore, appropriate genetic management should be carried out in botanical gardens to decrease or avoid genetic risks in ex-situ conservation.     

Genetic assessment of a conservation breeding program of the houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in Morocco,based on pedigree and molecular analyses

Protection and restoration of species in the wild may require conservation breeding programs under genetic management to minimize deleterious effects of genetic changes that occur in captivity, while preserving populations' genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience. Here, through interannual pedigree analyses, we first assessed the efficiency of a 21-year genetic management, including minimization of mean kinship, inbreeding avoidance, and regular addition of founders, of a conservation breeding program targeting on Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in Morocco. Secondly, we compared pedigree analyses, the classical way of assessing and managing genetic diversity in captivity, to molecular analyses based on seven microsatellites. Pedigree-based results indicated an efficient maintenance of the genetic diversity (99% of the initial genetic diversity retained) while molecular-based results indicated an increase in allelic richness and an increase in unbiased expected heterozygosity across time. The pedigree-based average inbreeding coefficient F remained low (between 0.0004 and 0.003 in 2017) while the proportion of highly inbred individuals (F > .1) decreased over time and reached 0.2% in 2017. Furthermore, pedigree-based F and molecular-based individual multilocus heterozygosity were weakly negatively correlated, (Pearson's r = −.061 when considering all genotyped individuals), suggesting that they cannot be considered as alternatives, but rather as complementary sources of information. These findings suggest that a strict genetic monitoring and management, based on both pedigree and molecular tools can help mitigate genetic changes and allow to preserve genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience in conservation breeding programs.     

Recovering threatened plant species and their habitats: The need for integrated action

As an introduction to the Special Issue on the restoration of threatened plant species and their habitats,this editorial shows how the various papers in the issue address the range of in situ interventions involved in species population management and restoration of their habitat, together with examples of case studies implementing these actions. It stresses the need for integrating these various interventions.It highlights the importance of protected areas in providing a degree of protection for threatened species but also the need to complement this with actions at the species level to ensure the effective conservation and long term persistence of these species. It emphasizes that ecological restoration is a complement to, not a substitute for conservation, and that the balance of effort and allocation of resources between them is a key issue.     

Increasing browse and social complexity can improve zoo elephant welfare

While recent work has assessed how environmental and managerial changes influence elephant welfare across multiple zoos, few studies have addressed the effects of management changes within a single institution. In this paper, we examine how management changes related to social structure and diet affect the behavior of a group of zoo elephants over a 23‐month period while also considering underlying factors, such as time of day, hormonal cycle, and individual differences. We recorded individual behaviors using 2‐min scan samples during 60‐min sessions. We analyzed behavioral changes across several study variables using generalized linear mixed models. We found that increasing browse can improve opportunities for foraging throughout the day but may not be sufficient to reduce repetitive behaviors. We observed that increasing group size and integration of bulls with cows can lead to increased social interaction in African elephants. Our results highlight the importance of using multiple management alterations to address elephant welfare, and considering environmental factors, when making management decisions.     

An overview of the utility of population simulation software in molecular ecology

Stochastic simulation software that simultaneously model genetic, population and environmental processes can inform many topics in molecular ecology. These include forecasting species and community response to environmental change, inferring dispersal ecology, revealing cryptic mating, quantifying past population dynamics, assessing in situ management options and monitoring neutral and adaptive biodiversity change. Advances in population demographic–genetic simulation software, especially with respect to individual life history, landscapes and genetic processes, are transforming and expanding the ways that molecular data can be used. The aim of this review is to explain the roles that such software can play in molecular ecology studies (whether as a principal component or a supporting function) so that researchers can decide whether, when and precisely how simulations can be incorporated into their work. First, I use seven case studies to demonstrate how simulations are employed, their specific advantage/necessity and what alternative or complementary (nonsimulation) approaches are available. I also explain how simulations can be integrated with existing spatial, environmental, historical and genetic data sets. I next describe simulation features that may be of interest to molecular ecologists, such as spatial and behavioural considerations and species' interactions, to provide guidance on how particular simulation capabilities can serve particular needs. Lastly, I discuss the prospect of simulation software in emerging challenges (climate change, biodiversity monitoring, population exploitation) and opportunities (genomics, ancient DNA), in order to emphasize that the scope of simulation‐based work is expanding. I also suggest practical considerations, priorities and elements of best practice. This should accelerate the uptake of simulation approaches and firmly embed them as a versatile tool in the molecular ecologist's toolbox.