Prominent genetic structure across native and introduced ranges of Pluchea indica,a mangrove associate,as revealed by microsatellite markers

阔苞菊(Pluchea indica)是一种红树林伴生植物，以其在原产地的药用特性和部分引入地的入侵性而闻名。本研究旨在评估阔苞菊在其分布范围内遗传变异的地理分布，确定影响其遗传结构的因素，并利用这些信息对阔苞菊在原产地和引入地的保护和管理策略提出建议。 我们以来自阔苞菊原产地(亚洲)和引入地(美国)的31个种群共348个个体的15个核微卫星位点数据对阔苞菊的遗传多样性和种群结构进行了评估。在大尺度范围以及局部区域两种空间尺度上对阔苞菊遗传变异的空间格局进行了探讨，并验证了以下假说：地理距离和自然地理屏障将影响种群结构并在空间尺度上产生不同程度的分化。研究结果表明，与所研究区域内的其它红树林物种的遗传多样性参数相比， 我们发现阔苞菊在种群水平上具有相对较高的遗传多样性以及在物种水平上具有明显的遗传分化。大多数阔苞菊种群显示杂合子缺失， 这主要是由于近交和有限的基因流所导致。在较大空间尺度上进行的种群结构分析显示，该物种自然分布范围内存在两个主要遗传谱系，中国的种群与印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡、泰国、柬埔寨和菲律宾的种群分别属于不同的谱系，而美国的种群可能来自于中国的谱系。 此外，在局部区域范围内也同样检测到种群之间的遗传分化。大部分阔苞菊种群所表现出的遗传瓶颈效应强调了其具有本地灭绝的风险。基于上述研究结果，我们建议采用原位保护策略对阔苞菊进行管理，并开展对优先保护种群的保护行动以维持遗传多样性。     

革苞菊属的分类及其地理分布

研究认为卵叶革苞菊是一个独立种。因此,革苞菊属包含了２个种。革苞菊为北阿拉善一东戈壁分布种,卵叶革苞菊为南阿拉善东部（桌子山－贺兰山）低山丘陵分布种,二者形成明显的替代分布格局。该属为阿拉善荒漠特有属,亦为蒙古高原特有属。     

贵州省拟大萼苔属Cephaloziella植物的初步研究

在查阅文献和标本的基础上,对贵州省拟大萼苔属Cephaloziella植物进行了系统的整理和研究,初步理清了该属植物在贵州的分布,确认贵州省拟大萼苔属植物有8种1变种。其中,刺茎拟大萼苔C.spinicaulis为贵州新记录种,并提供了该种的详细形态描述。本研究还编制了贵州省拟大萼苔属植物的分种检索表。     

中国苔类新记录种--疣茎类钱袋苔

报道产于西藏和云南的中国苔类植物缺萼苔科类钱袋苔属1个新记录种：疣茎类钱袋苔Apomarsupella crystallocaulon（Grolle）Vana。该种主要特征为茎皮部细胞角质层具透明疣,有别于本科其他种类。     

革苞菊属的再订正

革苞菊属是Iljin(1928)以革苞菊Tugarinovia mongolica Iljin为模式而建立的。模式标本采自蒙古戈壁湖泊谷区山地。关于属的形态特征,198G年,马毓泉教授经过研究,对照原描述,曾作了部分地订正与补充。1981年,作者在编写《内蒙古植物志》第六卷的过程中,整理和研究了内蒙古地区所产的许多革苞菊标本,并经过野外实地观察,发现革苞菊与原描述及其订正的主要不同点是雌雄异株。Iljin的原文献中属的形态特征,实系根据所采到的雄株标本     

中国苔类新记录种——疣茎类钱袋苔

报道产于西藏和云南的中国苔类植物缺萼苔科类钱袋苔属1 个新记录种: 疣茎类钱袋苔Ap omarsup ella
crystallocaulon ( Grolle) Vana。该种主要特征为茎皮部细胞角质层具透明疣, 有别于本科其他种类。     

新疆粉苞苣属植物的生境调查与园林应用评价

粉苞苣属（Chondrilla L．）植物是菊科多年生草本,约25种,主要分布中亚、北亚和欧洲。我国有10种,主要分布在新疆北部。通过对粉苞菊的生境、分布调查,得知粉苞苣属植物在新疆分布非常广泛,主要生长于砾石地和沙地,在公路两旁有大量的自然分布。粉苞苣属植物花期长,花色鲜艳,姿态优雅,是一种难得的野生观赏植物;同时,粉苞苣属植物具有耐盐碱、抗旱及耐贫瘠的特性,以其强盛的适应性和繁殖能力生长于荒漠、戈壁地带,是园林绿地、公路铁路和荒山荒坡绿化的理想植物。     

中国西南特有翅茎草属的种间界定——基于形态学和分子系统学分析

翅茎草属(Pterygiella)是中国西南地区特有的半寄生植物.翅茎草属4种植物形态差异不显著,种的界定依据较模糊;此外,杜氏翅茎草2变种的划分依据也存在疑问.本研究选取了翅茎草属4种13个居群,通过数量性状的主成分分析和质量性状的非加权组平均法聚类分析;结合叶绿体4个片段(即atpB-rbcL、trnD-trnT、trnS-trnG和sbA-trnH)和核基因组的ITS片段研究,对该属下的种类划分作了重新界定.研究表明:翅茎草属应包括3种,即翅茎草、杜氏翅茎草和圆茎翅茎草;川滇翅茎木应作为圆茎翅茎草的变种.对杜氏翅茎草指定了后选模式,该种仅包括茎无毛的个体,而茎疏被毛的个体应归入翅茎草中.基于以上研究结果,本文提出了一个新的翅茎草属分种检索表,并做了分类修订.     

红皮糙果茶的体细胞染色体形态

红皮糙果茶Camellia crapnelliana是一种常绿小乔木、叶大、革质、表面发亮,树皮平滑,花、果特大,挂果期长,是一种良好的庭园绿化树种,为国家二级保护植物,在山茶属植物中具有特殊的形态。该种在张宏达的山茶属植物的分类系统中,属山茶亚属Subgen Camellia糙果茶组Sect.Furfuracea,又名博白大果油茶Camelliagigantocarpa。作为山茶属的育种原始材料,我们对其作的核型研究,将为山茶属植物提供细胞遗传学的研究资料,以指导育种工作。该种核型研究,国内外未见报道。本文还结合试验提出一种改进的压片方法。     

珍珠菜属植物功能性状的趋异分化

明确珍珠菜属植物关键功能性状的种间差异性,有助于揭示珍珠菜属植物的生态适应机制。本研究采用植物功能生态学研究方法,利用同质园栽培实验,量化了同质环境条件下9种珍珠菜属植物根、茎、叶功能性状间的变异及协变关系。结果表明:1)在属级水平上,该属植物10个功能性状变异程度不同。变异幅度最大的为叶面积,其次是比根长,第三是比茎长,最小的是叶碳含量,变异系数分别为75.0%、60.7%、46.5%、3.6%,最大值与最小值相差近21倍。2)黄连花亚属与珍珠菜亚属植物功能性状趋异分化(P0.05),前者形成了比根长、比茎长与比叶面积占优势的功能性状组合,而后者则具有较高的比根密度与叶面积。3) 9种珍珠菜属植物功能性状具有物种特异性,它们的叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质量、叶碳含量、叶氮含量、叶碳氮比、比根长、比根密度、比茎长和比茎密度均存在显著的种间差异(P0.05)。4) 9种珍珠菜属植物的根、茎、叶功能性状之间存在植株整体协同性。叶面积与比茎长(R~2=0.484,P0.01)和比根长(R~2=0.149,P 0.01)、比茎长与比根长(R~2=0.348,P0.01)相关关系最密切。9种珍珠菜属植物既存在叶经济谱又存在植株经济谱。     

Revision of the genus Australimyza Harrison (Diptera: Australimyzidae)

Abstract.  The species of Australimyza Harrison are revised and the saprophagous larvae are described for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two species groups and one ungrouped species. One species group is distributed in New Zealand and associated subantarctic islands; all other species occur in Australia. Four new species, A. glandulifera , A. kaikoura , A. mcalpinei and A. victoria , are described, A. anisotomae is synonymized with A. australensis and a neotype is designated for the latter species. A lectotype is designated for A. macquariensis .     

Trophic levels in community food webs

Summary Four concepts are considered for the trophic level of a species in a community food web. The long-way-up-level (or LU-level) of species A is the length of the longest simple food chain from a basal species (one with no prey in the web) to A. (A simple chain is a chain that does not pass through any given species more than once.) The short-way-up-level (SU-level) of species A is the length of the shortest chain from a basal species to A. The long-way-down-level (LD-level) of species A is the length of the longest simple chain from species A to a top species (one with no consumers in the web). The short-way-down-level (SD-level) of species A is the length of the shortest chain from species A to a top species. The stratigraphy of a web is the analogue for species of the pyramid of numbers for individuals: it is the frequency distribution of species according to level. The LU-, SU-, LD-, and SD-stratigraphies of the seven webs in the Briand-Cohen collection with 30 or more trophic species reveal no species with LU-level or LD-level more than 6, no species with SU-level more than 3, and no species with SD-level more than 2. In all seven webs, SD-levels are stochastically less than SU-levels: species tend to be closer to a top predator than to a basal species. Two stochastic models of food web structure (the cascade model and the homogeneous superlinear model) correctly predict that 95% or more of species should have LU-level and LD-level in the range 0–6. The models also correctly predict some details of the distribution of species in the SU- and SD-stratigraphies, particularly the fraction of species in level 1. The models do not, in general, correctly predict the distribution of species within the range 0–6 of LU-levels and LD-levels.     

Cryptic Species in the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex: Incongruence Between Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification and Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA COI Gene Sequences

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) diagnostic bands are one tool used to differentiate cryptic mosquito species in the Anopheles albitarsis Complex. Monophyly of four species (A. albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga, A. albitarsis B, A. deaneorum Rosa-Freitas, and A. marajoara Galv?o & Damasceno) currently identified with the RAPD technique was assessed using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses support monophyly for A. albitarsis s.s., A. albitarsis B, and A. deaneorum. Anopheles marajoara, as identified by RAPD banding patterns, was either polyphyletic or paraphyletic in all phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic pattern and within-species genetic distances observed in A. marajoara suggest the existence of a previously unidentified species (species E) in northern Brazil and Venezuela. Diagnostic RAPD bands were unable to distinguish between A. marajoara and species E, probably because of the low number of correlated bands used to identify species and weaknesses of the RAPD technique, in particular, violations of the untested assumption of homology of comigrating bands. A. marajoara (even without species E) is paraphyletic with respect to A. deaneorum; if A. deaneorum is a separate species from A. marajoara, then A. marajoara may consist of two or more species in Amazonian Brazil. Based on mtDNA COI sequences, there are at least four phylogenetic species within the Albitarsis Complex: A. albitarsis s.s., A. albitarsis B, A. marajoara, and species E; the species status of A. deaneorum is ambiguous.     

中药黄芪植物分类及其区系地理分布研究

确认了中药黄芪的原植物有膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge)、蒙古黄芪(A. mongholicus Bunge)和北蒙古黄芪(A. borealimongolicus Y. Z. Zhao)3种,其中北蒙古黄芪为一新种;确定了这三种植物的区系地理成分：膜荚黄芪为东亚北部—西伯利亚南部森林带的分布种,蒙古黄芪为华北森林草原带的分布种,北蒙古黄芪为蒙古高原北部草原带的分布种,3种黄芪存在着明显的地理替代分布格局。     

Three new species of Aiphanes (Palmae) with notes on the genus in Ecuador

Twelve species of the palm genus Aiphanes occur in Ecuador. The morphological variation in the genus is surveyed, and the distribution of the Ecuadorean species is discussed. A key to the species of Aiphanes in Ecuador is provided. Aiphanes chiribogensis, A. grandis , and A. verrucosa are described as new species, and illustrated. Aiphanes caryotifolia, A. eggersii, A. erinacea, A. fosteriorum, A. gela-tinosa, A. macroloba, A. schultzeana , and A. tricuspidata are characterized. One still unidentified species resembling A. tessmannii is discussed.     

New species and new records of recently described species of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) from Indonesia

Six new species of the coral genus Acropora arc described from Indonesia. These include a species which is remarkable for tubercular cocnostcal structures similar to those of the confamilial genus Montipora. The new species include three regional endemics (A. togianensis and A. batunai from central east Sulawesi and A. derawanensis from east Kalimantan), one species with broad distribution across the southern island chains (A. sukarnoi) and two species which occur throughout most of the Indonesian archipelago (A. Indonesia and A. hoeksemai). A further two species described from Western Australia and Papua New Guinea in 1994 (A. turaki and A. jacquelineae respectively) are recorded from Indonesia for the first time, as common members of an unusual assemblage type in the Togian Islands. The range of another species described from Lombok in 1994 (A. suharsonoi) is extended into Bali. With A. desalwii, A. lokani and A. indiana , this brings to 12 the number of Acropora species newly recorded as being endemic to the Indonesian archipelago or to Indonesia and one adjoining region (either the Indian Ocean or the western Pacific).     

中国润刺蛾属系统分类研究(鳞翅目,刺蛾科)

整理出中国润刺蛾属Aphendala Walker共10种,包括2新种,拟灰润刺蛾A.pseudocana与叉茎润刺蛾A.furcillata,及1新纪录种,野润刺蛾A.aperiens(Walker)。编制了本属已知种的检索表,提供了视检种的成虫彩色照片和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

Acacia species and rhizobial interactions: Implications for restoration of native vegetation

Summary For successful restoration of native vegetation on nitrogen-depauperate soils, an understanding of nitrogen-fixing relationships between plant host species and their bacterial symbionts is critical. Each of three geographically restricted Acacia species ( A. fulva , A. nano-dealbata , and A. trachyphloia ) and three widely distributed species ( A. dealbata , A. implexa , and A. melanoxylon ) were inoculated with 20 different rhizobial ( Bradyrhizobium spp.) strains. The strains comprised two obtained from each of 10 different host species, including the six Acacia species listed above plus a further four species, A. cangaiensis , A. cincinnata , A. deanei , A. mearnsii . Neither restricted nor widely distributed species grew more effectively with their own strains than with strains isolated from other species. Thus, host species with restricted geographical ranges did not demonstrate greater specialization in their symbiotic associations with rhizobia than widespread species. Highly significant variation was observed between the strains obtained from each host species with respect to their ability to promote effective plant growth across all host species. In many cases, strains that were highly effective at promoting growth for one host species, were comparatively ineffective in combination with other host species. Strains thus exhibited host specificity in their ability to fix nitrogen. These findings indicate that choosing appropriate rhizobial strains for inoculation prior to revegetation is critical and should be made carefully for both restricted and widespread species.
Key words distribution, nitrogen fixation, revegetation, symbiotic interactions.     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌I

１９９５－１９９７年作者比较系统地调查研究了山东省、北京和沈阳３个区域内野生植物根围丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｅ,ＡＭ）菌的资源状况,对采自５０种野生植物根围的１８２个土样中ＡＭ菌进行了分离、培养和鉴定,共分离出Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属６种,分别为附柄无柄囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｕｌａ　Ｓｐａｉｎ,Ｓｉｅｖｅｒｄｉｎｇ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、膨胀无柄囊霉ＡｃａｕｌｏｏｐｏｒａｄｉｌａｔａｔａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、浅窝无柄囊霉Ａ．ｌａｃｕｎｏｓａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、蜜色无柄囊霉Ａ．ｍｅｌｌｅａＳｐａｉｎ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、细凹无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａＴｒａｐｐｅ、刺无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｐｉｎｏｓａＷａｌｋｅｒ　＆Ｔｍｐｐｅ;Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ属的一个种,珍珠巨抱囊霉ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｍａｔｙａｒｉｔａＢｅｃｋｅｒ＆Ｈａｌｌ;Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属的１个种,美丽盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｃａｌｏｓｐｏｒａ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ,＆Ｄｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｕｌｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,其中浅窝无柄囊霉为我国的一个新记录种。