硫酸盐还原菌净化工业废水的研究

本文报道了硫酸盐还原菌的菌学特征,以其具有吸附和絮凝作用,使工业废水得到净化。用硫酸盐还原菌处理印染废水,废水的脱色率为92．5％,COD(cr)和BOD5亦达到排放标准。对城市生活废水和含铬的电镀废水亦有很好的处理效果,各项指标分别达到了排放标准,其中净化后的电镀废水还可作为循环水使用。     

以圆币草发酵液为碳源时硫酸盐还原菌处理重金属废水

【目的】探索以圆币草(Hydrocotyle verticillata)发酵液作为碳源时硫酸盐还原菌处理重金属废水的效果,以便于高效去除废水中的重金属离子。【方法】以厌氧污泥为硫酸盐还原菌接种菌群,添加大型水生植物圆币草发酵液,并以乙醇、乳酸钠、葡萄糖、蔗糖和乙酸钠为对照,测定不同碳源下硫酸盐还原效率,分析其对废水中重金属离子(Pb2+,Cd2+,Cu2+,Ni2+)的去除能力。【结果】硫酸盐还原菌能有效利用圆币草发酵液中有机物,在COD/SO42-为1.2、5.0和7.0时硫酸盐最大还原率分别为24.4%、43.6%和60.0%。以发酵液为碳源时硫酸盐还原效率高于葡萄糖、蔗糖和乙酸钠,但低于乙醇和乳酸钠。在添加圆币草发酵液的批次试验反应器中,对低浓度4种重金属离子混合废水具有良好的处理效果,Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+和Ni2+的去除率分别为95.2%、98.7%、93.0%和89.6%。当Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+和Ni2+浓度为10 mg/L时,以圆币草发酵液为碳源的批次反应器对4种重金属离子仍具有良好的处理效果,去除率均超过90%,且硫酸盐还原菌的活性没有受到抑制。【结论】大型水生植物发酵液作为硫酸盐还原菌的碳源,不仅能有效进行重金属废水的生物深度处理,而且可以实现大型水生植物的资源化。     

硫酸盐还原菌的分离筛选及鉴定

为了更好地利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含重金属酸性废水,分离和筛选适宜的SRB菌株是需解决的首要问题。本研究从77个环境样品中分离纯化得到9株SRB菌株,其中5株菌通过16S rDNA序列的测序、比对,构建系统发育树,并结合形态学及生理生化特性进行分析,结果表明,5株菌都为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)菌株,通过与Gen Bank中登录菌株比对,菌株SRB-6和SRB-8鉴定为脱硫脱硫弧菌,菌株SRB-4、SRB-12和SRB-15鉴定为Desulfovibrio oxamicus。对5株硫酸盐还原菌进行了还原硫酸盐的研究,菌株SRB-12还原能力最强,经60 h培养,可还原培养基中88.83%的硫酸盐。     

分离自活性污泥的硫酸盐还原菌用于铅锌冶炼渣重金属污染修复

【背景】从活性污泥中分离出一类具有硫酸盐还原能力的菌株,探讨了其用于铅锌冶炼渣重金属污染修复的可行性。【目的】研究硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria)对铅锌冶炼渣中重金属的固化作用。【方法】将从活性污泥中分离出的硫酸盐还原菌接种到铅锌冶炼渣中进行修复,采用X射线衍射、Tessier、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪检测、高通量测序等方法进行实验。检测铅锌冶炼渣中矿物组成,以及修复过程中重金属化学形态、各金属离子浓度和微生物群落结构的变化。【结果】修复实验表明,体系中电位降低、pH值提高、各重金属稳定态增加、离子浓度降低且微生物群落结构变化显著,硫酸盐还原菌成为优势菌群。【结论】接种硫酸盐还原菌后铅锌冶炼渣中的重金属原位固化效果显著,从而降低生物可利用性,将恶性循环变为良性循环,所以硫酸盐还原菌可用作重金属污染修复的固化药剂。     

硫酸盐还原一甲烷化两相厌氧消化系统运行工艺条件的研究

以合成废水为基质,研究了采用硫酸盐还原-甲烷化两相厌氧新型工艺处理含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的系统运行工艺条件.结果表明,酸化-硫酸盐还原反应器的适宜pH为6.5-7.0;500mg/l的S~(2-)使SRB的硫酸盐还原活性下降;208mg/l的[H_2S]_L抑制MPB活性的95.4%;推导出估算气提塔出水回流比R的模型;以得到的工艺条件为依据处理了含19200mg/1的SO_4~(2-)和29400mg/l COD的味精废水.     

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20生理特性及处理含铬(Ⅵ)硫酸盐废水的研究

选取一株硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20,探讨其生理特性及其对含重金属硫酸盐废水的处理效果。结果显示,D.desulfuricans G20在2~18 h进入对数生长期,18~26.5 h进入稳定期。该菌株最适宜温度为37℃,最佳初始p H为8.2;最佳生长碳源为乳酸钠和蔗糖;最适硫源为亚硫酸钠。D.desulfuricans G20对Cr~(6+)最大耐受度为150 mg/L。随着Cr~(6+)初始浓度的减少,SO2-4去除率逐渐增加,最高达75.67%。Cr~(6+)质量浓度低于120 mg/L的去除率接近100%。可见,D.desulfuricans G20有潜力应用于处理含重金属Cr~(6+)的硫酸盐废水。     

硫酸盐还原菌鉴定和检测方法的研究进展

硫酸盐还原菌有着重要的生态、经济和环境意义。系统地论述了硫酸盐还原菌鉴定和检测常用手段,如硫酸盐还原菌分离纯化培养方法、检测遗传标记的分子生物学方法和生物特征化合物方法。这些技术的发展,不断扩展了硫酸盐还原菌的研究领域和深度并使对硫酸盐还原菌在分子水平的研究成为可能。     

硫酸盐还原—甲烷化两相厌氧消化系统运行工艺条件的研究

以合成废水为基质,研究了采用硫酸盐还原－甲烷化两相厌氧新型工艺处理含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的系统运行工艺条件,结果表明,酸化－硫酸盐还原以应器的适宜ｐＨ为６．５－７．０;５００ｍｇ／１的Ｓ＾２－使ＳＲＢ的硫酸盐还原活性下降,２０８ｍｇ／ｌ的（Ｈ２Ｓ）Ｌ抑制ＭＰＢ活性的９５．４％;推导出估算气提塔出水回流比Ｒ的模型,以得到的工艺条件为依据处理了含１９２００ｍｇ／ｌ的ＳＯ＾２－４和２９４００ｍｇ／ｌＣＯ     

硫酸盐还原菌净化含铬电镀废水的中试研究

本文研究了硫酸盐还原菌在还原剂的参与下净化含铬电镀废水中间试验的工艺条件,通过净化措施,使废水中Cr(6 )含量由30～40mg／L,下降为0．1mg／L以下,达到了废水排放标准。去除率为99．67～99．97％。分批净化电镀废水103t,试验证明废水净化工艺具有良好的稳定性。而且消除了二次污染。     

山西阳泉老窑水硫酸盐还原菌的分离鉴定及其还原功能驯化

【背景】含硫煤矿开采后,地表水/地下水回流至采空区形成酸性老窑水,含有高浓度重金属离子和硫酸盐,严重危害生态系统健康。利用微生物自身生长处理老窑水具有成本低、环境友好等特点,具有良好的应用前景。目前利用的硫酸盐还原菌大多只在适宜温度和中性pH条件下具有较高活性,在北方低温和酸性条件下难以发挥作用。【目的】本研究旨在从山西阳泉山底河流域的老窑水环境中分离硫酸盐还原菌,并调节温度和pH进行驯化,从而得到高效耐低温耐酸菌株,为北方老窑水微生物治理提供可用菌种资源。【方法】对山底河流域典型老窑水样品中的微生物进行富集培养,并筛选硫酸盐还原菌。通过革兰氏染色、扫描电镜对菌株形貌特性进行表征,利用16SrRNA基因序列比对进行菌种鉴定,探究其生长特性和硫酸盐还原性能。在此基础上降低温度和pH,对高效还原硫酸盐菌株进行驯化,探讨其在北方老窑水污染治理中的应用潜力。【结果】本研究筛选得到2株硫酸盐还原菌,命名为YQ-1和YQ-2,分别属于革兰氏阴性瘤胃解蛋白质菌属(Proteiniclasticum)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)。在30°C、pH 7.5条件下,YQ-1和YQ-2对1 1...     

Sulfate Reduction Based Bioprocesses for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and the Recovery of Metals

Biological sulfate reduction is increasingly replacing chemical unit processes in mining biotechnology. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) can be used for treating ground‐ and surface waters contaminated with acid mine drainage (AMD), and for recovering metals from wastewater and process streams. Biologically produced H₂S precipitates metals as metal sulfides, while biogenic bicarbonate alkalinity neutralizes acidic waters. This paper reviews various passive and active SRB‐based alternatives as well as some process design aspects, such as reactor types, process configurations, and choices of substrates for sulfate reduction. The latest developments of using various low‐cost substrates together with new bioprocess designs are increasing the uses and applications of SRB‐based bioreactors in AMD control and selective metal recovery.     

An Integrated System for the Bioremediation of Wastewater Containing Xenobiotics and Toxcic Metals

An integrated system for the biotreatment of acidic wastewaters containing both toxic metals and organics is presented. It consists of two bioprocess stages (i) an anaerobic, SRB stage (containing alkaline‐tolerant s ulfate‐ r educing b acteria) that at pH 8 (chosen to acclimatize the bacteria in the biomedium) produces high concentrations of total sulfide ions (more than 400 mg/L) which are added to the wastewater to precipitate the heavy metals out at pH 2 as metal sulfides, and (ii) an aerobic, acidophilic stage containing heterotrophic bacteria (WJB3) that degrade organic xenobiotics. The anaerobic system was comprised of a 4‐L fluidized bed bioreactor with immobilized SRB, a mixing tank, and a precipitation tank. The effluent from the bioreactor with a high concentration of sulfide ions was fed into a mixing tank where model wastewaters containing toxic metals and phenol at pH 2 were also fed at increasing loading rates until free metal ions could be detected in the precipitation tank outlet. Then the effluent from the precipitation tank outlet was fed into a 2.5‐L aerobic bioreactor in which phenol was degraded. In this research, 100 % removal efficiencies were obtained with wastewaters containing more than 400 mg/L metal ions and 900 mg/L phenol at a 6‐h HRT of the mixing tank.     

Optimization of sulfide production by an indigenous consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria for the treatment of lead-contaminated wastewater

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Biological treatment with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is considered to be an excellent option to remove heavy metals from wastewater. In this study, the...     

Cr(VI) detoxification by Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough: microbe–metal interactions studies

Toxic heavy metals constitute a worldwide environmental pollution problem. Bioremediation technologies represent efficient alternatives to the classic cleaning-up of contaminated soil and ground water. Most toxic heavy metals such as chromium are less soluble and toxic when reduced than when oxidized. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are able to reduce heavy metals by a chemical reduction via the production of H₂S and by a direct enzymatic process involving hydrogenases and c₃ cytochromes. We have previously reported the effects of chromate [Cr(VI)] on SRB bioenergetic metabolism and the molecular mechanism of the metal reduction by polyhemic cytochromes. In the current work, we pinpoint the bacteria–metal interactions using Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough as a model. The bacteria were grown in the presence of high Cr(VI) concentration, where they accumulated precipitates of a reduced form of chromium, trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], on their cell surfaces. Moreover, the inner and outer membranes exhibited precipitates that shared the spectroscopic signature of trivalent chromium. This subcellular localization is consistent with enzymatic metal reduction by cytochromes and hydrogenases. Regarding environmental significance, our findings point out the Cr(VI) immobilization mechanisms of SRB; suggesting that SRB are highly important in metal biogeochemistry.     

From industrial sites to environmental applications with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cupriavidus metallidurans</Emphasis>

Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 and related strains are adapted to metal contaminated environments. A strong resistance to environmental stressors and adaptation make it ideal strains for survival in decreasing biodiversity conditions and for bioaugmentation purposes in environmental applications. The soil bacterium C. metallidurans is able to grow chemolithoautotrophically on hydrogen and carbon dioxide allowing a strong resilience under conditions lacking organic matter. The biofilm growth on soil particles allows coping with starvation or bad conditions of pH, temperature and pollutants. Its genomic capacity of two megaplasmids encoding several heavy metal resistance operons allowed growth in heavy metal contaminated habitats. In addition its specific siderophores seem to play a role in heavy metal sequestration besides their role in the management of bioavailable iron. Efflux ATPases and RND systems pump the metal cations to the membrane surface where polysaccharides serve as heavy metal binding and nucleation sites for crystallisation of metal carbonates. These polysaccharides contribute also to flotation under specific conditions in a soil-heavy metals–bacteria suspension mixture. An inoculated moving bed sand filter was constructed to treat heavy metal contaminated water and to remove the metals in the form of biomass mixed with metal carbonates. A membrane based contactor allowed to use the bacteria as well in a versatile wastewater treatment system and to grow homogeneously formed heavy metal carbonates. Its behaviour toward heavy metal binding and flotation was combined in a biometal sludge reactor to extract and separate heavy metals from metal contaminated soils. Finally its metal-induced heavy metal resistance allowed constructing whole cell heavy metal biosensors which, after contact with contaminated soil, waste, solids, minerals and ashes, were induced in function of the bioavailable concentration (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Tl, Pb and Hg) in the solids and allowed to investigate the speciation of immobilization of those metals. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Isolation and Characterization of A Metal-resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strain

Summary The use of microorganisms to remove heavy metals from industrial effluent is an area of extensive research and development. Attempts have been made to isolate and characterize metal-resistant microorganisms from treated oil mill industry effluent wastewater samples. The metal-resistant organisms that showed values of minimum inhibitory concentration towards metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) ranging from 100 to 800 ppm level were screened. A potent metal-resistant organism, isolate BC15 from the wastewater samples was tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. Detailed analysis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence of the isolate revealed that it is closely related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (94%). Pseudomonas BC15 was capable of absorbing 93% Ni, 65% Pb, 50% Cd and 30% Cr within 48 h from the medium containing 100 mg of each heavy metal per liter. The multiple metal tolerance of this strain was also associated with resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin and streptomycin.     

Start-up procedures and analysis of heavy metals inhibition on methanogenic activity in EGSB reactor

The effectiveness of operating an industrial UASB reactor, treating wastewater from the beer industry, with flows containing heavy metals was evaluated. A pilot-scale UASB reactor, already used to simulate the industrial reactor, was unsuccessfully employed. An easy start-up was obtained arranging it as an EGSB reactor. Considerations about this modification are reported. The effects of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III) ions on the anaerobic activity were analyzed by measurements of methane production rate and COD removal. The employed biomass was the sludge of the industrial UASB reactor, while a solution of ethanol and sodium acetate with COD of 3000 mg/L and a heavy metal concentration of 50 mg/L were continuously fed. Experimental results proved higher biomass sensitivity for copper and much slighter for nickel and chromium. Moreover, copper inhibition has been demonstrated to be less significant if a metal-free feed was provided to the system before copper addition.     

Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Liquid Media Through Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Sources

Wastewater particularly from electroplating, paint, leather, metal and tanning industries contain enormous amount of heavy metals. Microorganisms including fungi have been reported to exclude heavy metals from wastewater through bioaccumulation and biosorption at low cost and in eco-friendly way. An attempt was, therefore, made to isolate fungi from sites contaminated with heavy metals for higher tolerance and removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Seventy-six fungal isolates tolerant to heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were isolated from sewage, sludge and industrial effluents containing heavy metals. Four fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspegillus awamori, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma viride) also were included in this study. The majority of the fungal isolates were able to tolerate up to 400 ppm concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni. The most heavy metal tolerant fungi were studied for removal of heavy metals from liquid media at 50 ppm concentration. Results indicated removal of substantial amount of heavy metals by some of the fungi. With respect to Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, maximum uptake of 59.67, 16.25, 0.55, and 0.55 mg/g was observed by fungi Pb3 (Aspergillus terreus), Trichoderma viride, Cr8 (Trichoderma longibrachiatum), and isolate Ni27 (A. niger) respectively. This indicated the potential of these fungi as biosorbent for removal of heavy metals from wastewater and industrial effluents containing higher concentration of heavy metals.     

Microbial biomass: an economical alternative for removal of heavy metals from waste water

Today indiscriminate and uncontrolled discharge of metal contaminated industrial effluents into the environment has become an issue of major concern. Heavy metals, being non-biodegradable and persistent, beyond a permissible concentration form unspecific compounds inside the cells thereby causing cellular toxicity. The only alternative to remove them from the wastewater is by immobilizing them. The conventional methods adopted earlier for this purpose included chemical precipitation, oxidation, reduction, filtration, electrochemical treatment, evaporation, adsorption and ion-exchange resins. These methods require high energy inputs especially when it refers to dilute solutions. Here microbial biomass offers an economical option for removing heavy metals by the phenomenon of biosorption. Non-living or dead biomass sequester metal(s) on their cell surface due to certain reactive groups available like carboxyl, amine, imidazole, phosphate, sulphydryl, sulfate and hydroxyl. The process can be made economical by procuring spent biomass from industry or naturally available bulk biomass. A batch or a continuous process of removal of heavy metals directly from effluents can be developed in a fixed bed reactor using the immobilized biomass. Further biosorption potential of the biomass can be improved by various physical and chemical treatments. The availability of variety of microbial biomass and their metal binding potential makes it a economical and sustainable option for developing effluent treatment process for removal and recovery of heavy metals.