大豆根茬腐解产物的鉴定及化感作用的初步研究

采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析法鉴定了培养试验获得的大豆茬腐解２周、４周产生的有机化合物的酸、碱性组分产物,并对腐解２周、４周、８周各组分产物进行了化感作用的研究。结果表明：大豆根茬腐解产物（含微生物菌源根际土中的有机化合物）十分丰富,有酸类、酯类、醇类、醛类、酚类、烃类等物质,其中有些有机化合物已被研究证明是化感物质,还有些未见报道;不同腐解时间产生的有机化合物有一定差异;对腐解决物进行生物检测试验,发现大     

当归根际土对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内条件下测定了当归根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,采用化感作用效应指数（RI）和综合化感效应指数（M）及差异性检验评价了当归根际土的化感效应。结果表明：与蒸馏水和对照土实验组相比,根际土、非根际土水浸液对种子萌发、幼苗生长及4种酶活性均有显著的抑制作用;随着质量浓度的升高,根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感效应在各浓度（0.125～1.000 g·ml^-1）之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而在相同质量浓度条件下,根际土水浸液的综合化感效应较非根际土和对照土明显;当质量浓度均为0.500 g·ml^-1时,根际土、非根际土水浸液对4种酶活性均有明显抑制作用,且二者之间的差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;3种土壤水浸液供体对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的抑制强度均表现为根际土>非根际土>对照土,因此推测自毒作用是当归连作障碍的原因之一。     

不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应

采用室内生物测定、室外盆栽的实验方法,研究了不同大田作物秸秆浸提液、腐解液及腐解物对辣椒的化感效应。结果表明:秸秆浸提液和腐解液对辣椒种子萌发的化感效应不同,浸提液抑制辣椒种子萌发,且随着浸提液浓度的增加,辣椒发芽指数、胚根长显著或极显著受到抑制,其中以大豆秸秆浸提液的抑制作用最强;秸秆腐解液对辣椒种子的萌发总体上表现为促进效应,腐解物对辣椒的株高、茎粗、鲜质量及根系活力均具有促进作用,且与腐解 物的添加量呈正比;不同秸秆腐解物的化感效应大小依次为玉米秸秆>水稻秸秆>大豆秸秆。     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆AG5601对根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

明确抗草甘膦转基因大豆AG5601对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,为转基因大豆的安全性评价提供基础数据。采用BIOLOG的方法,对抗草甘膦转基因大豆AG5601、亲本大豆SNK500和普通栽培大豆中黄13成熟期和残茬期的根际土壤微生物的碳源利用特征进行比较分析。AG5601成熟期的根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力显著高于SNK500,但与中黄13无显著差异;在残茬期,AG5601、SNK500和中黄13的根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力均无显著差异。功能多样性分析发现,成熟期的AG5601与中黄13在根际土壤微生物McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均显著高于SNK500,而残茬期,3种大豆的根际土壤微生物多样性差异不显著。主成分分析表明,AG5601与SNK500成熟期和残茬期的根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的差异较小,碳源利用模式基本相同。本研究表明,抗草甘膦转基因大豆AG5601对根际微生物群落功能多样性无长期、显著性影响。     

两种基因型大豆根分泌物对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用

采用生物模拟试验、化学分析等方法,研究了两种大豆基因型（9536、吉林30）的根分泌物中的糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用.结果表明,两种大豆基因型（9536、吉林30）根分泌物糖组分表现出低浓度显著促进、高浓度显著抑制半裸镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌生长的规律,对粉红粘帚菌的生长影响不明显;氨基酸组分对上述三种病原菌所表现出的促进、抑制规律不同,9536基因型根分泌物氨基酸组分的中、高浓度处理对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长表现出显著的抑制作用,而吉林30多表现出显著的促进作用;有机酸组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌生长都有显著的抑制作用.两种基因型大豆根分泌物（糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分）与根腐病害发生密切相关,大豆基因型不同,根分泌物对根腐病菌的化感促进或抑制作用有差异.     

黄瓜种子及其萌发期的化感作用研究

以大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子为受体,采用实验室培养皿种子发芽生物测试法研究了黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发、胚根和芽苗分泌物、芽苗腐解物和芽苗浸提液的化感效应。结果表明:(1)黄瓜种子浸提液对大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子萌发均有化感抑制作用,即黄瓜种子内含有某些化感抑制物质。(2)在水浸提过的黄瓜种子萌发过程中,它不仅对其近邻套种的大白菜、萝卜和番茄种子萌发产生化感抑制作用,而且其胚根和芽苗分泌物对后茬播种的4种蔬菜种子发芽也表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用;黄瓜芽苗腐解物和芽苗水浸提液也对各受体蔬菜种子发芽与生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用,且随着腐解芽苗量的增加或浸提液浓度的升高,各受体蔬菜种子的发芽指标值、化感效应指数值和综合效应值随之降低。(3)黄瓜种子浸提液及芽苗各器官的化感物质对黄瓜种子的萌发与生长产生了自毒作用,且黄瓜芽苗腐解物、芽苗浸提液、胚根及芽苗分泌物对受体黄瓜的自毒作用均为最大。研究发现,黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发时期以及芽苗各器官的化感物质主要是通过抑制受体胚根的生长而起化感抑制作用,即受体蔬菜种子胚根对化感效应最为敏感;因黄瓜种子及萌发期释放化感物质的途径有所不同,导致受体大白菜、萝卜、黄瓜和番茄的化感响应也不相同;在黄瓜种子萌发和芽苗生长的早期,化感物质即开始在芽苗体内进行合成与积累,一部分可通过胚根和芽苗分泌途径释放到环境中,另一部分可通过芽苗腐解途径释放化感物质,并对受体蔬菜种子萌发与生长表现出较强的化感抑制作用。     

大豆根茬木霉腐解产物的鉴定及其化感作用的研究

采用不同极性溶剂环己烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇连续提取及XAD 4树脂提取大豆根茬木霉腐解产物 ,并对各提取组分进行了化感作用研究 ,对化感作用明显的组分用GC MS进行了化学成分分析 .结果表明 ,大豆根茬木酶腐解产物的 2周、4周环己烷、乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂提取组分能显著抑制初期大豆种子萌发 (2 1h) ,随大豆种子萌发时间的延长 ,抑制作用减弱 .2周、4周根茬各提取组分对大豆种子萌发中的胚根生长 ,所表现出的化感抑制作用规律是 :0 .5 0、1.0 0gDW·ml-1乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂提取组分与 0 .10、0 .2 5 gDW·ml-1乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂组分及环己烷提取组分胚根长的RI值 (化感作用效应指数 )差异达显著或极显著水平 .乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、XAD 4树脂提取组分中的有机化合物种类有 :有机酸、酚、醛、酮、苯、胺、腈、酯等 ,其中大多为化感物质 .     

重迎茬大豆根际土壤有机化合物的初步鉴定及对大豆种子萌发的化感作用

采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）鉴定了用无水乙醇浸提的结荚期重迎茬大豆根际土壤有机化合物,并对其化感作用进行了初步研究,结果表明,重迎茬大豆根土壤中主要含有有机酸类、酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、苯类、酚类、烃类及萘、呋喃类等有机化合物;其中包含很多普被报道过的化感物质,在本试验的根本土壤用量条件下,其醇提液对大豆种子萌发及胚根生长未表现出化感作用,这可能与其致害浓度有关,此外,本文还探讨了化感     

三七连作土壤浸提液对其根腐病菌的化感效应

采用甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水分别按液土比3∶1、6∶1和9∶1对三七连作土壤进行浸提,研究其浸提液对三七根腐病菌生长和种群数量的影响。结果表明: 平板培养72 h后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌的菌丝生长均表现为化感促进,其中,甲醇和乙酸乙酯浸提液对尖镰孢菌的化感效应指数为14.0%～19.8%和16.2%～20.2%,高于水浸提液的8.9%～14.2%,且不同浸提比例之间差异不显著;而甲醇浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长表现为化感抑制,且抑制效应在浸提比例为3∶1时最强,达到-33.2%～-38.5%,乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长无显著影响。土壤培养4周后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液均能增加土壤中尖镰孢菌的数量,其中,水浸提液的增加效应最强,达到每克干土3.49×10⁶～9.56×10⁶拷贝数,高于甲醇(每克干土1.68×10⁴～6.73×10⁴拷贝数)和乙酸乙酯浸提液(每克干土1.77×10⁴～3.72×10⁴拷贝数),且这种增加效应随浸提比例的增加逐渐减弱;水浸提液和低浸提比例的甲醇提取液均能增加土壤中腐皮镰孢菌的数量,而重茬土壤浸提液对链格孢菌的数量影响不显著。因此,三七连作土壤浸提液对根腐病菌如尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌均表现出明显的化感促进效应,这可能是再植三七易发生根腐病等土传病害的原因之一。     

本氏针茅根际土提取物对本氏针茅及其优势种种子萌发的影响

以本氏针茅及其优势种大针茅和百里香种子为受体,采用生物检测的方法研究了0(对照)、0.1、0.2和0.5g/mL本氏针茅根际土甲醇浸提液和水浸提液对3种受体种子萌发的影响,以探究草地演替过程中物种间的生态关系和化感作用的表现形式。结果显示:(1)甲醇浸提液对3种受体种子的发芽均有抑制作用;水浸提液对本氏针茅发芽有促进作用,对百里香有部分促进作用,而对大针茅有抑制作用。(2)甲醇浸提液对本氏针茅和大针茅胚根和胚芽生长无显著影响,而抑制百里香胚根和胚芽的生长;水浸提液对本氏针茅胚根生长无显著影响,对本氏针茅胚芽生长具有显著促进作用,而对其它两种受体胚根和胚芽均无显著影响。(3)各种浓度甲醇浸提液对大针茅和百里香生长表现出了化感综合抑制效应,对本氏针茅生长于0.2g/mL时表现出化感综合抑制效应,其它2种浓度(0.1、0.5g/mL)表现为化感综合促进效应;水浸提液对本氏针茅和百里香表现为化感综合促进效应,而对大针茅表现为化感综合抑制效应。研究表明,本氏针茅根际土甲醇浸提液和水浸提液的化感物质存在差异;不同受体对同一浸提液反应不同,同一受体对不同浸提液的反应也不同。     

土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响

人工调节土壤有效硅含量及盆栽试验,研究土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响。结果表明,土壤有效硅含量在55．1～202.8mg·kg^-1范围内,随着土壤有效硅含量的提高,大豆种子萌发过程中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性升高,淀粉酶活性无显著变化,呼吸速率加快,种子活力升高,萌发速度加快,种子萌发率无显著变化;幼苗生长过程中叶片叶绿素含量无显著变化,光合速率加快,根系活力、硝酸还原酶活力升高,蒸腾强度减弱,水分利用效率和叶含水量升高,抗旱保水能力提高。大豆幼苗含硅量与土壤有效硅含量呈线性正相关趋势(r=0．994)。土壤有效硅含量大于2028mg·kg^-1,生理功能不再显著变化,说明土壤中的硅被大豆吸收后,改善了大豆萌发种子和幼苗的生理功能,使种子萌发和幼苗生长加快。     

秸秆还田对棉花生长的化感效应

研究了秸秆不同还田量及不同腐解时间对后茬棉花抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,棉花秸秆腐解产物,在一定程度上抑制了棉花种子的萌发,延长了种子出苗时间,影响棉花植株生长.随着秸秆腐解时间延长和秸秆还田数量增加,棉花单叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度降低.当加入秸秆量为10 g·kg-1时,净光合速率略高于对照,随着秸秆还田量的增加,又呈现下降趋势,表现出一定"浓度效应",其中加入秸秆量为90 g·kg-1时,净光合速率下降最明显,腐解30d和60d净光合速率分别比对照减少了26.8%和43.4%;随着秸秆还田量的增多和秸秆腐解时间延长,POD活性增加,SOD活性和根系活力呈现下降趋势,叶片MDA含量却升高.表明棉花秸秆还田后分解产生的化学物质具有一定的自毒效应,对连作棉花种子萌发、抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理造成影响.     

大花萱草对镉的耐性及积累特性

通过盆栽试验研究了大花萱草对镉(Cd)的耐性及积累特性。结果表明:Cd浓度为0.5mg·kg-1时刺激大花萱草的生长,大于5mg·kg-1时抑制大花萱草生长,Cd浓度小于5mg·kg-1时延长了大花萱草的绿期和花期;随着Cd浓度的增大,大花萱草根系活力、叶绿素含量和含水量逐渐降低,游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,细胞膜透性逐渐升高;Cd在大花萱草体内分布为根系>地上部分,随着Cd浓度的增大,大花萱草根系和地上部分Cd含量逐渐升高、富集系数和转运系数逐渐降低;Cd浓度为20mg·kg-1时大花萱草对Cd的积累量最大,为1.489mg·株-1。综合分析大花萱草的生长、生理变化及富集Cd的能力,大花萱草适用于浓度小于1mg·kg-1的Cd污染土壤的修复。     

Some Soybean Cultivars Have Ability to Induce Germination of Sunflower Broomrape

Sunflower broomrape is a noxious parasitic weed which has caused severe damage to crop ecosystems. Trap crops can release a mixture of allelochemicals to induce the germination of sunflower broomrape. We studied the allelopathic effects of soybean on sunflower broomrape. Fourteen common soybean cultivars were grown in pots. Samples were collected from soybean plants and rhizosphere soil at five growth stages (V1, V3, V5, R2, and R4). The allelopathic effects of soybean reached highest at the V3 stage. Methanolic extracts of soybean roots induced higher broomrape germination than methanolic extracts of stems or leaves. The germination rates induced by root extracts (10-fold dilution) were positively correlated with germination rates induced by stem (10-fold dilution) and leaf extracts (10-fold dilution). The broomrape germination rates induced by root extracts were also positively correlated with soybean nodule diameter and dry weight. The results indicated that soybeans could induce sunflower broomrape germination. We conclude that soybean has the potential to be used as a trap crop for sunflower broomrape.     

Inhibitory effect of leachate from Helianthus annuus on germination and growth of Kharif crops and weeds

Allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) fresh plant tissues aqueous extraction in bioassay, rhizosphere soil in pot experiment and phytotoxicity of decomposed sunflower plant biomass in bioassay against Vigna radiata, Pennisetum glaucum, Trianthema portulacastrum and Parthenium hysterophorum was investigated. In bioassay aqueous extracts of fresh sunflower plant tissue inhibited the germination, seedling growth (shoot and root) and dry matter accumulation of test plant species. In pot study sunflower rhizosphere soil inhibited growth attributes (plant height, population, number of branches) and yield attributes (grain yield, biomass yield) of selected crops and weeds. Phytotoxicity of decomposed sunflower biomass showed inhibitory effect on selected plant species. The fresh plant tissues was greatest inhibitory to test plants and followed by that of the decomposed biomass extracts in all bioassays. Significant reductions in the root and shoot growth were observed as the extract concentration was increased. The concentrations of extract fraction of fresh sunflower was determined, since nine compounds i.e. ferulic, p-coumaric, syringic, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, found to be main growth inhibitors in sunflower plant tissue. These results suggested that sunflower plants may possess allelopathic potential, and the plant tissues may be potentially useful for weed management.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的3种森林类型的土柱分别置于0、5、15、25和35℃条件下,进行土壤呼吸测定．结果表明,在0～35℃范围内。土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关．在一定含水量范围内(0．21～0．37kg·kg^-1),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低．土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用．不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林．阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25℃、0．21kg·kg^-1;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1。但是．由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4～5℃,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率．     

An inducible activator produced by a Serratia proteamaculans strain and its soybean growth-promoting activity under greenhouse conditions

Serratia proteamaculans 1-102 (1-102) promotes soybean-bradyrhizobia nodulation and growth, but the mechanism is unknown. After adding isoflavonoid inducers to 1-102 culture, an active peak with a retention time of about 105 min in the HPLC fractionation was isolated using a bioassay based on the stimulation of soybean seed germination. The plant growth-promoting activity of this material was compared with 1-102 culture (cells) and supernatant under greenhouse conditions. The activator was applied to roots in 83, 830 and 8300 HPLC microvolts (microV) per seedling when plants were inoculated with bradyrhizobia or sprayed onto the leaves in same concentrations at 20 d after inoculation. The root-applied activator, especially at 1 ml of 830 microV per seedling, enhanced soybean nodulation and growth at the same level as 1-102 culture under both optimal and sub-optimal root zone temperatures. Thus, this activator stimulating soybean seed germination is also responsible for the plant growth-promoting activity of 1-102 culture. However, when sprayed onto the leaves, the activator did not increase growth and in higher concentrations decreased average single leaf area. The results suggest that this inducible activator might be a lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) analogue. LCOs act as rhizobia-to-legume signals stimulating root nodule formation. The activator could provide additional 'signal', increasing in the signal quality (the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) of the plant-rhizobia signal exchange process.     

Nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus mineralization in soils from semi-arid highlands of central Mexico amended with tannery sludge

Tannery sludge contains valuable nutrients and could be used as a fertilizer to pioneering vegetation in heavily eroded soils of the semi-arid highlands of central Mexico. Soil collected under and outside the canopy of mesquite (Prosopis laeviginata), huizache (Acacia tortuoso) and catclaw (Mimosa biuncifera), and cultivated with maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaesolus vulgaris) was amended with 1.5 g tannery sludge kg-1 soil or 210 kg dry sludge ha-1 or left unamended. Amended and unamended soils were incubated aerobically for 70 days at 22 +/- 2 degrees C and CO2 production, available P, and inorganic N concentrations were monitored. The CO2 production rate, total C and P, available P, biomass C and P were larger under the canopy of the vegetation than outside of the canopy. The soils were depleted of N as more than 50 mg N kg-1 soil could not be accounted for in the first days of the incubation. Nitrification showed a lag, which lasted 28 days, and concentration of available P remained constant or increased slightly. Application of tannery sludge to soil increased CO2 production with 6.5 mg CO2 kg-1 soil d-1 and inorganic N with 30 mg N kg-1 soil after 70 days, but available P did not increase. Application of tannery sludge increased C and N mineralization and could thus provide valuable nutrients to a pioneer vegetation. Although no inhibitory effects on the biological functioning of the soil were found, further investigation into possible long-term environmental effects are necessary.     

The isomerization of glutamate dehydrogenase in response to lead toxicity in maize

Maize (Zea mays) was cultivated on lead-adultrated soil up to 600 mg(Pb) kg-1. At maturity, the maize seeds were harvested. The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was fractionated to its isoenzyme population by Rotofor isoelectric focusing (IEF). The increasing Pb concentration progressively enhanced the more acidic isoenzymes (pI 6.3 - 6.5), and at the same time suppressed the less acidic isoenzymes (pI 7.3 - 7.8) and at the 600 mg(Pb) kg-1(soil) only the most acidic couple of isoenzymes (pI 6.3, and 6.5) were detectable. The NH4+ Km values of the GDH increased progressively from 6.2 in the control to 100 mM and the total glutathione content of maize seeds from 60 to 240 nmol g-1 in the 600 mg(Pb) kg-1(soil) treated maize. The orderly, and sequential isomerization of GDH in response to Pb suggests that the enzyme functions as a sensor in the monitoring of environmentally induced stress. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南瓜对镉的吸收积累特性研究

对南瓜进行盆栽试验,通过加入不同含量的镉、CaCO3和草炭土,研究南瓜对镉的吸收积累特性,利用火焰原子吸收法测定。结果表明,南瓜植株对镉的富集量主要集中在茎、根中;当土壤镉含量小于5mg?kg-1时,对南瓜根的生长有促进作用,当土壤镉含量大于5mg?kg-1时,开始对根的生长产生抑制作用,抑制作用随镉含量的增大而加强;在土壤中施CaCO3,能降低南瓜对镉的吸收;在土壤中加入草炭土,在一定范围内,它能促进南瓜对镉的吸收。