骨碎补防治骨质疏松研究概况

骨碎补是治疗骨质疏松方剂中的一味常用中药,近年来不断有研究表明骨碎补具有促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收的双重抗骨质疏松活性。本研究综述了骨碎补含药血清、水提物、醇提物、总黄酮以及单体成分等对成骨细胞、破骨细胞和骨质疏松动物模型作用的最新研究进展,以期为该药材的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。     

毕赤酵母中表达的鲑鱼降钙素与骨生长肽融合蛋白的活性检测

通过体外和体内活性实验 ,检测在毕赤酵母中的表达、纯化后的鲑鱼降钙素与骨生长肽融合蛋白是否具有抑制破骨细胞和促进成骨细胞活性的作用 ,期望通过这两个方面同时进行骨质疏松症的治疗。利用MTT法检测此融合蛋白在体外对成骨细胞和成纤维细胞增殖的刺激作用 ,利用碱性磷酸酶检测试剂盒与血清钙检测试剂盒检测此融合蛋白在体内对成骨细胞和破骨细胞活性的影响。细胞实验 (体外 )和动物实验 (体内 )其结果都证明表达的融合蛋白既可以抑制破骨细胞的活性 ,又可以促进成骨细胞的活性 。     

黄芩配伍川贝母后黄芩中主要化学成分含量变化及抗肺炎作用研究

本文旨在探究黄芩川贝母不同比例配伍后对黄芩中主要化学成分含量影响及等比配伍后抗肺炎作用。将黄芩川贝母按3∶0、3∶1、3∶2、3∶3、2∶3、1∶3、0∶3比例配伍后,水提取,高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量。选择健康ICR小鼠36只,随机分为6组,分别为空白组、LPS组、阳性药组、黄芩组、川贝母组、黄芩-川贝母组,每组6只,连续给药6天;第7天,实验组腹腔注射LPS 10 mg/kg,空白组注射等体积的生理盐水,LPS造模6 h,检测各组小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,光镜下观察各组小鼠肺组织病理变化。结果发现黄芩川贝母配伍比例在3∶1、3∶2、3∶3、2∶3时,黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素总含量变化小于6%,当配伍比例达到1∶3时,四种化学成分的总量下降了23.7%。黄芩川贝母等比配伍后可显著降低小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量、改善肺组织病理形态,其治疗效果优于单药组。黄芩川贝母配伍比例控制在3∶1~2∶3为宜,且二者在抗肺炎中具有协同作用。     

黄芩苷对嗜水气单胞菌生物膜形成的影响及体内外的抑菌作用

[目的] 探讨中药单体黄芩苷对嗜水气单胞菌在体内外生长及生物膜形成的影响。[方法] 体外实验中,利用牛津杯法检测抑菌圈直径,结晶紫法检测生物膜的形成,通过泳动实验检测黄芩苷对嗜水气单胞菌运动性的影响,紫外吸收法检测细胞膜完整性,用透射电镜技术观察黄芩苷对细菌形态的影响。体内实验利用草鱼为对象检测黄芩苷对嗜水气单胞菌增殖的影响。[结果] 黄芩苷在体外对嗜水气单胞菌有明显的抑菌效果,通过对生物膜的研究发现黄芩苷对生物膜形成具有抑制作用,并同时抑制其运动性。同时黄芩苷可以破坏细胞结构,并增加了细胞膜通透性。体内实验结果显示黄芩苷对嗜水气单胞菌具有清除作用,且具有一定的浓度依赖性。[结论] 黄芩苷在体内外均具有抑制嗜水气单胞菌增殖的作用,有望在水产养殖病害防治工作中得到应用。     

机械应力对破骨细胞影响的研究进展

破骨细胞是骨组织成分的一种,由多核巨细胞组成,是人体内唯一行使分解吸收骨质功能的细胞。它与成骨细胞在功能上相对应,在维持骨细胞动态平衡中具有重要作用。机械应力具有促进成骨细胞的增殖与分化、减少骨细胞凋亡并提高骨细胞的生存能力等作用。已有研究表明,机械应力作用于破骨细胞能够降低破骨细胞活性、抑制骨吸收。破骨前体细胞与未成熟的破骨细胞在机械应力刺激下分化为成熟破骨细胞的能力有所不同,机械应力强度与作用时间对破骨细胞的活化能力影响与有差异。该文就常见的微重力、压应力、牵张力与流体剪切力对破骨细胞分化能力的影响进行综述。     

丁香花蕾油作为微乳的油相促进黄芩苷透皮吸收的研究

目的:黄芩苷作为黄芩的主要成分之一,其制剂虽应用广泛,但存在较多缺点,如水溶液不稳定、口服吸收差、生物利用度不高及药物体内半衰期短等从而导致用药剂量大且频繁给药。本文目的是研究丁香花蕾精油及其微乳对黄芩苷体外经皮渗透性的影响。方法:采用Valia-Chien扩散池,以生理盐水为接受液,不同浓度的丁香花蕾精油以及以丁香花蕾精油作为微乳的油相及促进剂进行大鼠离体皮肤的体外渗透实验。结果:黄芩苷微乳的平均粒径为41.3±5.1 nm,多分散指数为0.18,表明该制剂粒径小且均一。微乳(不含丁香花蕾精油)、丁香花蕾精油及含丁香花蕾精油的微乳对黄芩苷均有不同程度的增渗作用。其中,含丁香花蕾精油的微乳对黄芩苷的促渗作用最强。结论:丁香花蕾精油以及以丁香花蕾精油作为微乳的油相对黄芩苷均有一定的促进渗透作用。     

野黄芩苷对内毒素抑制人牙周膜细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

目的观察野黄芩苷对内毒素(LPS)抑制人牙周膜细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。方法原代培养人牙周膜细胞,采用酶动力学方法观察野黄芩苷对LPS抑制人牙周-膜细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果100μg/mL LPS可显著抑制体外培养的人牙周膜细胞碱性磷酸酶活性。加入0.001-10μg/ml野黄芩苷干预后,对LPS抑制碱性磷酸酶活性有一定的拮抗作用,在1μg/ml时达到高峰。结果 野黄芩苷可能通过拮抗LPS抑制牙周膜细胞碱性磷酸酶的活性,促使牙周膜细胞向成骨细胞分化而利于牙周组织再生修复。     

淫羊藿苷治疗骨质疏松的研究进展

淫羊藿是中医常用的治疗骨质疏松的药物,其主要有效成分是多糖和黄酮类化合物具有补肾壮阳、祛风除湿、强筋健骨等功效。近年来研究表明,淫羊藿苷不仅可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞和成骨细胞的骨形成活性,而且能够抑制破骨细胞的分化成熟,具有较强的抗骨质疏松活性。本文从骨髓间充质干细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及其代谢物雌激素样作用等方面综述淫羊藿苷治疗骨质疏松的研究进展,为后续研究与临床应用奠定基础。     

黄芩苷对结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制

黄芩苷在多种肿瘤中具有较高的抗肿瘤活性,然而,其在结肠癌中的抗肿瘤作用尚不清楚。本研究考察了黄芩苷对人结肠癌细胞系RKO的增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨了其相关作用机制。研究发现,黄芩苷可按照剂量依赖性方式和时间依赖性方式抑制结肠癌细胞增殖及集落形成能力。流式细胞术显示,与对照细胞相比,黄芩苷处理后的RKO细胞的凋亡率显著增加(5.6%vs 33.6%)。RT-PCR和Western blotting检测显示,黄芩苷处理可显著增加结肠癌RKO细胞中DKK1 (Wnt信号通路的关键负调节因子) mRNA和蛋白表达水平。相反,黄芩苷处理则显著抑制结肠癌RKO细胞中c-Myc和β-catenin (DKK1的下游靶基因)的m RNA和蛋白表达。敲低DKK1后明显阻断了黄芩苷诱导的结肠癌细胞中DKK1蛋白的上调。此外,敲低DKK1逆转了黄芩苷对其下游基因c-Myc和β-catenin的抑制作用。黄芩苷处理后,结肠癌细胞中miR-217的表达显著下调。RT-PCR和Western blotting结果显示,下调miR-217显著促进DKK1的mRNA和蛋白表达。综上所述,本研究表明黄芩苷可通过抑制结肠癌细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡来发挥其抗肿瘤作用,黄芩苷通过激活结肠癌细胞中DKK1来抑制Wnt信号通路。此外,黄芩苷通过下调结肠癌细胞中miR-217的表达来上调DKK1的表达,从而起到抗癌作用。     

一株发酵转化黄芩苷菌株的筛选及鉴定

为实现生物发酵法转化黄芩苷生产活性产物黄芩素,本研究从自然发毛的新鲜黄芩植株根部筛选发酵转化黄芩苷生成黄芩素的菌株,并进行产物分析和菌株鉴定。通过马铃薯葡萄糖培养液(PDB)富集,黄芩药粉培养液初筛,马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板分离后转入PDB黄芩苷培养液复筛,高效液相色谱法定性及定量分析,得到一株能够高效转化黄芩苷为黄芩素的菌株RM3,该菌在添加0. 1%黄芩苷的PDB培养液中能够将黄芩苷转化为黄芩素,未经任何优化条件下,28℃,150 rpm培养5天后摩尔转化率达到83. 87%。通过对菌落的形态、显微结构观察及ITS序列分析比对,鉴定菌株RM3为青霉菌(Penicillium sp. RM3)。该菌转化黄芩苷生成黄芩素效率高,且清洁环保,可缓解中药资源紧张,满足市场和临床需求,是一株很有前途的黄芩素生产菌。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Carnitine and creatine content of tissues of normal and alloxan-diabetic sheep and rats

The concentration of carnitine in liver increased 28-fold and urinary carnitine excretion 5-fold in alloxan-diabetic sheep. In contrast there were no similar increases in alloxan-diabetic rats. The creatine content of liver decreased 3-fold and creatine excretion decreased 2-fold in diabetic sheep. In contrast the creatine content of liver increased nearly 4-fold in diabetic rats with no change in creatine excretion. The marked increased in production of carnitine by the liver of the diabetic sheep appears possible because of decreased production and excretion of creatine.