Pb、Cd污染胁迫对大羽藓超微结构的影响

大羽藓在Ph、Cd溶液中培养7d后,观察其超微结构的变化发现：Pb、Cd胁迫使得细胞的超微结构遭到破坏,如叶绿体的外膜破裂,不连续,甚至完全消失;类囊体片层膨胀,或高浓度培养中叶绿体完全解体;线粒体外膜断裂或消失;细胞核被膜破坏,染色质凝聚,核质解体。仅在Cd100mg／L的培养中观察到内质网断裂呈片段状。同时在Pb的培养中发现了大量的黑色颗粒,而在Cd的培养中却未发现。     

六价铬污染对水车前叶片生理生化及细胞超微结构的影响

以培养在铬 ( VI)浓度梯度的污水中 6 d的水车前为实验材料 ,分析了叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的变化 ,并用透射电镜观察了叶细胞超微结构的损伤。实验结果表明 :( 1 )叶绿素含量在 0 .1 mg/L浓度达到最高 ,而后下降。而可溶性蛋白则一直成下降趋势 ;( 2 ) SOD(超氧化物歧化酶 )、POD(过氧化物酶 )、CAT(过氧化氢酶 )活性影响明显 :三者分别在 0 .1 mg/L、1 0 mg/L、和 1 mg/L处理浓度有抗性峰出现 ,随处理浓度的继续增大则下降 ;( 3)对超微结构造成不可逆损伤 ,特别是对叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核 :叶绿体膨胀 ,被膜破裂和消失 ,叶绿体解体 ;线粒体脊突膨胀和空泡化 ;细胞核变形 ,染色质凝集和核质解体 ,核膜破裂。并根据实验结果初步讨论了重金属对植物的毒害机制     

锌胁迫下水车前叶细胞自由基过氧化损伤与超微结构变化之间关系的研究

主要研究了模拟锌污染对水车前叶细胞的自由基过氧化损伤和超微结构的变化,并对二者之间的关系作了初步探讨。随锌胁迫程度的增大,叶绿素含量、SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势;而POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性则先升后降;MDA（丙二醛）含量上升。超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势,低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形、叶绿体膨胀、类囊体排列紊乱;严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开、染色质凝集,细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂,核质散出;线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解;叶绿体膜断裂、消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中。实验结果表明,锌胁迫下叶细胞超微结构的变化 反映了内膜系统遭到严重伤害,这可能是自由基过氧化损伤的结果。     

锌胁迫下水车前叶细胞自由基过氧化损伤与超微结构变化之间关系的研究

主要研究了模拟锌污染对水车前叶细胞的自由基过氧化损伤和超微结构的变化,并对二者之间的关系作了初步探讨,随锌胁迫程度的增大,叶绿素含量,SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势;而POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性则先升后降;MDA（丙二醛）含量上升,超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势,低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体排列紊乱,严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开,染色质凝集,细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂,核质散出;线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解;叶绿体膜断裂,消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中,实验结果表明,锌胁迫下叶细胞超微结构的变化反映了内膜系统遭到严重伤害,这可能是自由基过氧化损伤的结果。     

高山植物叶绿体与线粒体位置相关性研究

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部达坂山(海拔3900m)的4种高山植物叶肉细胞进行了超微结构观察。首次在蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)和乳白香青(Anaphalis lacten)的叶肉细胞中发现了叶绿体“吞噬”线粒体的现象。在所研究的4种高山植物中,线粒体的数量均较多,线粒体在细胞中的分布表现出不均一,且常分布在叶绿体附近,二者靠的很紧,常常可以观察到5～6个线粒体将叶绿体包围起来的现象。研究表明,高山植物叶肉细胞中叶绿体和线粒体在位置上的这种变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

干旱胁迫对3种不同光合类型荒漠植物叶绿体和线粒体超微结构的影响

以荒漠木本C_3植物天山猪毛菜、C_3-C_4中间型植物松叶猪毛菜、C_4植物木本猪毛菜为研究对象,采用盆栽控水试验,设置正常供水和轻度、中度和重度干旱处理(土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的80%、60%、45%和35%),研究不同程度干旱胁迫对3种不同光合类型荒漠植物叶片超微结构的影响。结果表明:(1)正常水分条件下,叶肉细胞中各细胞器结构完整。(2)轻度干旱胁迫下,3种植物叶片超微结构未受损伤,无明显变化。(3)中度干旱胁迫下,天山猪毛菜和松叶猪毛菜叶肉细胞壁界限不清晰,类囊体片层扩张且排列不紧密,不同之处在于,天山猪毛菜线粒体最先出现降解,内含物流失,而松叶猪毛菜线粒体外膜轮廓变形,嵴减少;木本猪毛菜线粒体无明显变化,叶绿体轻微扩张。(4)重度干旱胁迫下,天山猪毛菜和松叶猪毛菜叶绿体受损且结构混乱,线粒体出现降解;木本猪毛菜叶绿体出现膨胀,线粒体外膜轮廓模糊,嵴减少且结构模糊不清楚。研究认为,不同程度干旱胁迫下木本猪毛菜叶绿体和线粒体的受损程度都最低;干旱胁迫下天山猪毛菜和松叶猪毛菜叶绿体的受损程度大致相似;松叶猪毛菜和木本猪毛菜线粒体对干旱胁迫的耐受力要比叶绿体强。     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

利用透射电镜技术对Na2CO3胁迫下星星草叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明：未胁迫的叶肉细胞排列疏松,各种细胞器结构完整,叶绿体含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。轻度盐胁迫（2g/L,4g／LNa2CO3）对叶肉细胞超微结构影响较小。中度盐胁迫（6g／L,8g／L Na2CO3）引起叶肉细胞超微结构的变化,叶绿体类囊体肿胀,基粒紊乱,不含淀粉粒,脂质球数量增加,叶绿体由原来的梭形或椭球形变成圆球状;部分线粒体嵴消失,出现晶体结构;中央大液泡破裂;核逐渐降解。高度盐胁迫（10g／L,12g／LNa2CO3）下,叶绿体片层结构消失,脂质球数量增加,体积变大,被大量的膜片层所包围,叶绿体内、外膜消失,叶肉细胞中看不到叶绿体的存在;膜片层包围线粒体;叶肉细胞中可见大量的泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡。上述结果表明,细胞器特别是叶绿体膜结构的破坏与盐胁迫叶肉细胞最终死亡密切相关。     

白粉菌侵染对小麦叶片显微及超微结构的影响白粉菌侵染对小麦叶片显微及超微结构的影响

通过半薄及超薄切片,比较了正常和受白粉菌感染的小麦叶片细胞的显微及超微结构的差异。观察结果发现(1)受感染小麦叶肉细胞的细胞壁上局部沉积大量团状电子致密颗粒;(2)叶绿体形状由原来的椭圆形转变成圆形,叶绿体膜破裂,类囊体膨大,基粒片层排列疏松,同时,叶绿体内嗜锇性颗粒数量增加;(3)线粒体膜解体,内含物分散到了细胞质中     

白粉菌侵染对小麦叶片显微及超微结构的影响

通过半薄及超薄切片,比较了正常和受白粉菌感染的小麦叶片细胞的显微及超微结构的差异。观察结果发现：（1）受感染小麦叶肉细胞的细胞壁上局部沉积大量团状电子致密颗粒;（2）叶绿体形状由原来的椭圆形转变成圆形,叶绿体膜破裂;类囊体膨大,基粒片层排列疏松,同时,叶绿体内嗜饿性颗粒数量增加;（3）线粒体膜解体,内含物分散到了细胞质中。     

山羊精子发生不同阶段的显微与超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜技术研究山羊精子发生不同阶段各级生精细胞显微、超微结构及山羊精子分化成熟过程。结果表明：山羊精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及变态精子阶段发育成成熟的精子。精原细胞期核呈椭圆形,染色质凝集成团分布于核质中,线粒体开始出现;精母细胞期有高尔基体分布;精子细胞经过核质浓缩、线粒体迁移等过程发育成成熟精子,成熟的山羊精子头部细长,核质高度浓缩,中段膨大,线粒体丰富。线粒体、中心粒对精子变态发生起重要作用,同时观察到头部与中段脱落的畸形精子。     

Occurrence of Anomalous Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Grapevine Yellows-diseased Phloem

Pathological changes in Vitis vinifera cv. Caveccia phloem from leaves showing symptoms of a flavescence doreé-like disease consisted of obliteration, necrosis and collapse of the sieve elements and associated companion cells, and excessive callose accumulation in lateral sieve areas and sieve plates of apparently normal mature sieve elements. Unusual structures, also found in degenerate sieve elements of diseased leaf vein specimens, were strongly electron-dense and bounded by a unit membrane or an electron-transparent border, and considered to be senescent forms of mycoplasma-like organisms. The significance of these findings in relation to possible host responses to the yellows pathogen is discussed.     

Occurrence of Anomalous Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Grapevine Yellows-diseased Phloem

Pathological changes in Vitis vinifera cv. Caveccia phloem from leaves showing symptoms of a flavescence doreé-like disease consisted of obliteration, necrosis and collapse of the sieve elements and associated companion cells, and excessive callose accumulation in lateral sieve areas and sieve plates of apparently normal mature sieve elements. Unusual structures, also found in degenerate sieve elements of diseased leaf vein specimens, were strongly electron-dense and bounded by a unit membrane or an electron-transparent border, and considered to be senescent forms of mycoplasma-like organisms. The significance of these findings in relation to possible host responses to the yellows pathogen is discussed.     

Cytopathology of Plants Infected with Viruses. Ultrastructure of the Leaf Cells of Cereals Affected by Cereal Rhabdoviruses

Ultrathin sections of oat, wheat, and ryegrass leaves from healthy plants and plants infected with rhabdoviruses by leafhoppers Laodelphax striatellusFallen were studied under the electron microscope. The bacilliform virions often surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, viroplasm, and tubular structures conforming, in diameter and structure, to the rhabdovirion nucleocapsid were observed in the cytoplasm of leaf cells of the diseased plants. The cereal pseudorosette virus [(165–200) × (63–70) nm, CPV] is the causative agent of the disease of cereals in Siberia. The mycoplasma-like organisms were found in the phloem cells of plants infected with CPV. The cereal mosaic virus [(360–420) × (56–64) nm, CMV] is the causative agent of the disease of cereals in the Russian Far East. CMV appears to be a strain of the northern cereal mosaic virus.     

Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Narcissus sp.

Abstract The use of electron and optical fluorescent microscope confirmed the presence of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) in Narcissus sp. plants showing leaf chlorosis, phyllody and degenerated flowers. Unidentified multivesicular membrane bounded bodies were also found in some sieve tubes of the diseased plants.     

Banded filaments associated with the aster yellows MLO in Vinca rosea L

The ultrastructure of an aster yellows mycoplasma-like organism was studied in the phloem of periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.) plants. Banded filaments were observed in association with mycoplasma-like organisms of characteristic morphology. The filaments were variable in length, from 50-100 nm in width, and displayed a regular periodic banding of alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent structures.     

Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with Rubus stunt disease

Mycoplasma-like bodies were found by electron microscopy in the sieve tubes of blackberry, loganberry and raspberry plants showing symptoms of Rubus stunt disease, but not in those of normal plants. Watering diseased blackberry plants with aureomycin caused remission of the symptoms and greatly decreased the number of mycoplasma-like bodies.     

Johnsongrass Chlorotic Stripe Mosaic and its Associated Viruslike Particles in Iran1

A mosaic disease of Johnsongrass characterized by the presence of short and long chlorotic stripes in leaves and stunting of plants was found in two locations about 300 km apart in the Fars Province of Iran. The disease occurred in patches or along the irrigation ditches. The disease agent could not be transmitted mechanically or by certain insects and mites. About 0.5% of the seedlings, grown in soil from the root zone of diseased plants, developed the disease after 1–8 months. Electron microscopy, of leaf-dip preparations showed presence of isometric viruslike particles (VLPs) of about 35 nm diameter in unusually high concentrations in diseased plants but not in healthy plants. VLPs from diseased leaves were purified by low-pH clarification followed by differential and densitygradient centrifugation. Purified VLP preparations showed UV absorption spectrum typical of nucleoproteins. A260/A280 was 1.48. High titered antisera obtained by injecting rabbits with purified VLPs reacted with sap from diseased plants but not healthy plants. Purified VLP preparations and sap from diseased plants did not react with antisera to Bermuda grass etched line, Brachypodium sylvaticum, brome mosaic, maize chlorotic dwarf, maize rayado fino, maize white line mosaic and tobacco necrosis viruses.     

Mycoplasma development and cell alterations in white clover affected by clover dwarf an electron microscopy study

Summary The presence of mycoplasma has been demonstrated in the phloem of leaves of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) affected by clover dwarf. Mycoplasma-like bodies were found both in parenchyma and companion cells and in sieve elements.In young parenchyma and companion cells mycoplasma-like bodies appeared as round or oval particles with high ribosomal content, delimited by a ribosome-bearing membrane. Their diameter ranged between 50 and 400 nm. In mature sieve elements they were larger, more pleomorphic, and showed a central clear area containing presumed DNA filaments. Budding and dividing forms were sometimes seen among them.The main alterations found in the infected cells were: increased ribosome content, dilation of the perinuclear space, degeneration of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. Many cells appeared completely disrupted and their content was replaced by a great number of pleomorphic mycoplasma.This investigation was supported by a grant of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome.     

Identification and characterization of plasmids from the western aster yellows mycoplasmalike organism.

Supercoiled double-stranded DNA molecules (plasmids) were isolated from plants infected with three laboratory strains of western aster yellows mycoplasma-like organism (AY-MLO) by using cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradients. Southern blot analysis, using plasmids from the severe strain of AY-MLO (SAY-MLO) as the probe, identified at least four plasmids in celery, aster, and periwinkle plants and in Macrosteles severini leafhopper vectors infected with either the dwarf AY-MLO, Tulelake AY-MLO, or SAY-MLO strain. Plasmids were also detected in two California field isolates of AY-MLO but not in plants infected with the beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent, western X, or elm yellows MLOs. SAY-MLO plasmids were 5.2, 4.9, 3.4, and 1.7 kilobase pairs in size. Plasmids isolated from dwarf AY- and Tulelake AY-MLOs were 7.4, 5.1, 3.5, and 1.7 kilobase pairs in size. No evidence was obtained for integration of SAY-MLO plasmids into the MLO chromosome.     

Mycoplasma-like Organisms Associated with Little Leaf Disease of Eucalyptus microtheca Muell.

A little leaf disease has been observed in several plants of Eucalyptus microtheca Muell. grown in Wad Medani area, Sudan. The disease is characterized by general plant stunting, reduction in diameter and height of trunks of affected trees, yellowing and reduction in leaf size, shortening of internodes together with excessive proliferation of axillary shoots. Electron microscope observations on ultrathin sections have revealed the presence of pleomorphic bodies in the sieve elements of diseased but not of healthy plants. These bodies possess DNA strands, ribosome-like granules and a three-layered unit membrane well defined at high magnifications (> 100,000) suggesting a mollicute nature of these bodies. Studies using semi-thin sections revealed the absence of helical forms. Thus, a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) is suspected to be the agent responsible for the disease. The results are discussed with reference to the economic and environmental importance of this tree species in the Sudanand, the possible threat of the disease to its cultivation.