毛舞花姜花器官的发生与发育

通过扫描电镜观察了毛舞花姜(Globba barthei Gagne p.)的花序及花器官的发生与发育。3枚萼片原基首先于花顶连续发生,随后花顶的中心凹陷形成环状原基,环状原基进一步分化形成三枚花瓣—雄蕊共同原基,并在花顶的中心形成花杯。共同原基分化形成花瓣和三枚内轮雄蕊,紧接着外轮雄蕊在花杯的顶点发生。远轴的两枚内轮雄蕊延伸生长并相互融合形成了唇瓣,近轴的一枚形成了可育雄蕊;近轴的两枚外轮雄蕊发育形成了成熟花结构中的侧生退化雄蕊,而远轴的一枚缺失。近轴的两枚外轮雄蕊原基起始的同时,3枚心皮原基也在中心花杯的内侧发生而后与外轮雄蕊相间排列。对毛舞花姜花序的发生和发育的观察发现,在花序轴的头几片初级苞片中产生的是珠芽原基而非蝎尾状小花序原基,其形态特征类似于早期的蝎尾状小花序原基,由此推测珠芽很可能是蝎尾状小花序的变异。     

延迟荧光分析和激光共聚焦技术在检测非洲菊发育过程中表皮细胞叶绿素变化中的应用

以非洲菊Gerberahybrida为研究对象,对其生长发育过程（P1．P6期）中外轮舌状花进行延迟荧光（delayedfluorescence,DF）分析,并利用激光共聚焦成像系统对其各期表皮细胞中叶绿素的分布和相对含量进行检测,以研究非洲菊外轮舌状花发育过程中延迟荧光改变与其叶绿素变化的关系。结果发现在非洲菊外轮舌状花从P1到P6期颜色由嫩绿色变为绿色再逐渐变为金黄色的过程中,其荧光强度变化是先升高后降低。激光共聚焦成像结果表明,其花瓣表皮细胞中叶绿素的相对含量从P1到P4期先是逐渐增多,而后从P4到P6期逐渐减少。到后期只是在保卫细胞中还能观察到叶绿素的存在。实验结果表明应用DF技术,可以有效、无损伤地快速检测非洲菊花瓣中叶绿素的相对含量,结合荧光光谱分析以及激光共聚焦扫描显微成像技术,研究花瓣在发育过程中的叶绿素降解情况。     

南美蟛蜞菊花的生长发育

本文根据花粉的发育结合花序的显著特征,将南美蟛琪菊（Wedelia trilobata）花的后期发育分为P1～P7七个时期。对舌状花和盘状花的生长进行了观察。研究表明,分化完全的舌状花在P3期、即花粉细胞四分体出现之后长度超过盘状花,在盘状花的雄蕊出现具有萌发孔的花粉粒之后,舌状花开始着色。P2以后的花序经离体培养可以开放,光、糖和GA3对花序的生长和开放有显著的促进作用。     

南美蟛蜞菊花的生长发育

本文根据花粉的发育结合花序的显著特征, 将南美蟛琪菊(Wedelia trilobata)花的后期发育分为P1~ P7七个时期。对舌状花和盘状花的生长进行了观察。研究表明, 分化完全的舌状花在P3期、即花粉细胞四分体出现之后长度超过盘状花, 在盘状花的雄蕊出现具有萌发孔的花粉粒之后, 舌状花开始着色。P2以后的花序经离体培养可以开放, 光、糖和GA3对花序的生长和开放有显著的促进作用。     

紫花地丁两型花相互转变过程中花部形态结构的变化式样研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)是具典型开放花与闭锁花混合繁育系统的植物,其两型花的形态差异为花器官发育研究提供了极好的模型。该文以不同光周期下生长的或在不同光周期间调换的紫花地丁植株为研究对象,基于形态解剖学方法,研究了过渡闭锁花的形态结构、开放花到完全闭锁花或完全闭锁花到开放花的变化式样,以及完全闭锁花与过渡闭锁花中不发育雄蕊与花瓣的位置效应。结果显示:该物种在短日照与中日照下均有开放花与过渡闭锁花形成,短日照下大多数花芽为开放花,少数为过渡闭锁花,中日照下大多数花芽为过渡闭锁花,少数为开放花;长日照下全为完全闭锁花。在过渡闭锁花芽中,存在着一系列雄蕊与花瓣数目不同的过渡类型,既有偏向开放花的5雄3瓣的过渡类型,也有偏向完全闭锁花的2雄1瓣的过渡类型。其中,前一种类型在短日照下的过渡闭锁花芽中所占比例较大,而后一种类型在中日照下所占比例较大。另外,过渡闭锁花与完全闭锁花的雄蕊与花瓣发育程度均存在一定的位置效应,其花芽腹侧的下花瓣(对应于开放花的下花瓣)与相邻的2枚雄蕊普遍发育最好,而后花瓣(相对于前花瓣)的发育与完全闭锁花的基本一样,为器官原基状,与后花瓣相邻的2枚雄蕊也普遍最小,而且也最容易发育为无小孢子发生的膜质状结构或原基状结构。同时,将具完全闭锁花的植株置于短日照下或将具开放花的植株置于长日照下一段时间后,重新诱导的花芽经历一系列过渡闭锁花类型后发生花型的相互转变。因此,不同光周期对紫花地丁两型花发育的影响是渐进的,长日照会抑制部分花瓣与雄蕊的发育,短日照能拮抗并破除长日照对雄蕊与花瓣的抑制。     

月季花发育过程中花色变化的生理生化研究

以月季‘仙境’为材料,观测其正面和反面花瓣在开花过程中6个阶段的颜色和其花色的L*、a*、b*、C*、h*值变化,花瓣组织结构,以及pH值、花色素含量、类黄酮含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,探讨月季花色的呈色机理。结果显示:(1)半开期时,花瓣正面红色最深,花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量最高,而可溶性蛋白含量则在盛开期时达到最高。(2)pH越小时,花瓣红色越深,而且pH值小范围内的变动,就能导致花色的改变。(3)花色素大部分集中分布在上表皮,并且上表皮呈圆锥形小突起、下表皮为扁平状,故上表皮花色深于下表皮,亮度小于下表皮。(4)a*正面与pH值、花色苷和可溶性糖含量呈正相关关系;a*反面与L*正面、L*反面、b*反面呈正相关关系;L*正面与b*正面、L*反面与b*反面呈极显著负相关关系。(5)众多影响花色呈现的因素中,正面(反面)花色主要是受到花色素苷(L*反面)的直接作用,其他因素则通过影响花色素苷(L*反面)间接影响花色的呈现。     

马蔺花器官表型特征及色素分析

为分析马蔺（Iris lactea var. chinensis）种质花器官表型性状，明确马蔺花瓣的色素成分，以中国6个省市不同生境条件下22份马蔺种质资源为试验材料，对花冠这一重要观赏部位的表型特征及花色素进行系统研究。采用RHSCC比色和色差仪测色方法描述了马蔺种质花器官表型性状，并通过亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝显色法和pH示差法等方法测定了马蔺花色素质量分数，分析不同色系马蔺花色素表达差异。结果表明：22份马蔺种质花瓣花色可分为浅蓝色、浅蓝紫色、深蓝紫色和紫罗兰色4大色系，垂瓣和旗瓣明度（L*）与a*呈负相关，与b*呈正相关，与彩度（c*）呈负相关。不同色系马蔺花器官表型特征不同，4大色系中紫罗兰色花瓣最大、花葶最高、垂瓣花斑最小，浅蓝色花瓣最小、花葶最低、垂瓣花斑最大，说明花瓣颜色越深，花瓣越大，垂瓣花斑则越小；不同色系马蔺花瓣中色素质量分数差异显著，浅蓝色花瓣中类胡萝卜素质量分数显著高于紫罗兰色，而紫罗兰色花瓣中的类黄酮质量分数和花色苷质量分数显著高于浅蓝色。随花瓣颜色加深，类胡萝卜素质量分数降低，类黄酮和花色苷质量分数相应增加。相关性分析表明，类胡萝卜素质量分数与垂旗瓣L*均呈显著正...     

二乔玉兰开花过程中花色变化的生理生化机制

以4年生二乔玉兰不同花期外层花瓣为试材,测定其在开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量、细胞pH值以及相关酶活性的变化,以探讨二乔玉兰花色呈色机理。结果显示:(1)随着花期的推移,苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性逐渐减弱,细胞pH值逐渐变大,可溶性糖、花色苷、类黄酮含量不断降低,而花瓣明亮度增强,红色度以及彩色度减弱,且不同花期各参数值之间差异显著。(2)花瓣可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与其花色素苷、类黄酮含量变化之间呈显著正相关关系,花瓣pH值的变化、明亮度L*值与花色素苷、类黄酮含量之间呈显著负相关,色相值a*与花色苷含量的变化呈显著正相关。研究表明,二乔玉兰花瓣花色苷和类黄酮含量的高低可以影响其花色的深浅,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI活性、细胞pH通过参与一定的生理代谢来调节花色素的形成,进而引起二乔玉兰花色色调的改变。     

红花玉兰花色形成的初步研究

对红花玉兰不同花色花瓣中营养元素、基础代谢物、花色素苷含量及苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)、苯基苯乙烯酮黄烷酮异构酶(CHI)活性差异进行比较分析,以探讨花色形成的生理机制.结果显示:(1)随着花色的加深,全氮、硝态氮、磷、钾、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,铁、锌、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量逐渐升高,PAL和CHI的活性增强.全氮、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量在不同花色花瓣中差异显著.(2)相关性分析表明,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与花色素苷含量变化之间呈极显著正相关;钾、锌、铁含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈显著正相关;全氮、磷、硝态氮含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈极显著负相关;游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量与花色素苷含量之间呈显著负相关.研究表明,全氮、游离氨基酸含量降低,可溶性糖、花色素苷含量增加可显著促进花色加深;钾、磷、锌,铁、PAL、CHI通过参与一定的生理代谢,调节花色素苷的形成而影响红花玉兰花色色调的改变.     

增强UV-B对矮牵牛花瓣中生理生化物质变化的影响

比较研究了普通光照(CK)和增强UV-B处理条件下,粉红色矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)花瓣中花色素苷、辅色素、丙二醛和还原糖的含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化.结果表明,UV-B照射处理组花瓣中花色素苷、辅色素和还原糖含量均高于对照(CK),PAL活性增强,叶面积、叶宽和周长均小于对照组,MDA含量则低于对照组.综合分析表明,粉红色矮牵牛承受增强UV-B处理有一个阈值,大致为960.5 kJ?m-2;并且花色素苷和辅色素的作用不同,花色素苷以抗氧化为主,而辅色素以对UV-B的屏蔽作用为主.     

Changes in Anthocyanin, Carotenoid, Chlorophyll, and Protein in Developing Florets of the Chrysanthemum

Florets of a purple cultivar (Fandango) of the horticulturalchrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) were removedfrom flower heads at seven stages of opening (from unopenedbud to dying flower) and segregated into different lengths,each of which was analysed. Wet weight per floret increased from 0.25–1 mg in thebud to about 3 mg (tubular florets) or to 20–40 mg (rayflorets) in the fully open flower. Protein decreased from 6per cent of the wet weight in the bud to about 2 per cent inthe open flower. In the ray florets anthocyanin concentrationreached a maximum in the half-open flower and then decreasedsharply, whereas carotenoid and chlorophyll declined continuouslyfrom the bud stage. Almost no anthocyanin was formed by thetubular florets and chlorophyll declined as in the ray florets,but carotenoid concentration increased to a maximum in the half-openflower and then decreased. In another cultivar (Light Bronze Fandango) the content of anthocyaninwas lower and that of carotenoid higher but similar changesin pigment levels were observed except that carotenoid roseto a maximum in the ray florets. In two other cultivars, Redand Cerise Fandango, the anthocyanin content was the same asin Fandango but the carotenoid concentration was the same orabout half that in Light Bronze Fandango respectively.     

Pigment Production by Cultured Florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Individual florets (4–5 mm long) of a purple cultivar(Fandango) of the horticultural chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ramat) were taken from flower buds just prior toopening and cultured in a sterile liquid medium (containinginorganic salts and sucrose) at 15 °C under a 12-h day.For the first 14 days increase in wet weight was exponential.Anthocyanin appeared on the third day and was then synthesizedrapidly. Chlorophyll and carotenoid were present initially:carotenoid levels rose quickly while chlorophyll remained almostconstant. Highest pigment content and most growth were foundwhen the florets were grown on 3 per cent sucrose. However,the highest anthocyanin concentration was found with 4 per centsucrose, the highest carotenoid concentration with 0.6 per centsucrose. No anthocyanin was produced when the florets were grownat 6 or 30 °C; maximum yield was at 15 °C. Most carotenoidwas formed at 30 °C and most chlorophyll was found at 20–5°C. All florets from 1 to 7 mm long could be cultured. Theseresults are discussed in relation to flower colour and pigmentformation in vivo.     

Reproductive ecology of the endemic Lecocarpus pinnatifidus (Asteraceae) in an isolated population in the Galápagos Islands

Lecocarpus pinnatifidus is an endemic member of the Asteraceae occurring on only one island in the Galápagos archipelago. The capitula are large with female ray florets and male disc florets. They are self-compatible but this study suggests fruit set is pollen limited. Visits from Xylocopa darwini and other larger insect pollinators are rare, and small insects seem to be the main pollinators. Small insects carry few pollen grains and most likely mediate self-pollinations. Self-compatibility and seed set after selfing are the most common reproductive strategy in the Galápagos Islands and L. pinnatifidus seemingly fits well into this group.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 146 , 171–180.     

Wound-Induced Initiation of Involucral Bracts and Florets in the Developing Sunflower Inflorescence

The production of additional floral organs by the inflorescenceof Helianthus annuus as a boron deficiency symptom was examinedand found to be related to the occurrence of minute splits inthe receptacle of the young capitulum. Wounding the receptacleby puncturing or cutting at an early stage when the receptacledome was forming (floral stage 3) or later when the receptaclehad either become saucer-shaped (floral stage 4) or the firstrows of disc floret primordia were appearing on the rim of thereceptacle (floral stage 5) resulted in the initiation of involucralbracts, ray and disc florets in the wound area, reproducingthe symptoms of boron deficiency. When the receptacle was woundedat later floral stages, when the receptacle was partially orwholly covered by disc floret primordia, involucral bracts andray florets were not formed in the proximity of the wound, leadingto the conclusion that the commitment of floral organ primordiabegins at the time of their initiation. The inductive effectsof wounding could not be reproduced by indoleacetic acid, naphthaleneaceticacid or benzyladenine applied to the receptacle surface in lanolinepaste. The results are related to the normal development ofthe sunflower inflorescence and it is concluded that the firstfloral organ primordia that appear in floral stage 3 and developinto involucral bracts during floral stage 4 may determine thepositions of subsequent primordia and establish the radial symmetryof the inflorescence. ¹ Supported by a grant from the Australian Research Grants Scheme. (Received August 10, 1982; Accepted October 12, 1982)     

非生物胁迫影响水稻颖花育性机理的研究进展

本文从颖花发育的形态学和生理学角度,综述了水稻穗分化期至抽穗开花期非生物胁迫导致颖花不育的机理,旨在揭示非生物胁迫导致水稻颖花败育的关键过程及其内在联系.颖花是否可育主要与绒毡层细胞行为、花药开裂与散粉、花粉萌发、受精4个关键过程有关,胁迫通过影响这些关键过程,导致颖花不育.花药发育早期异常变化影响生殖细胞发育与授粉作用.可以通过喷施外源物质或增施硅肥等方法减缓非生物胁迫对颖花育性的伤害.今后需要加强交叉胁迫对颖花育性的影响、不同胁迫对花器官形态结构和生理特性的影响、不同水稻品种对胁迫的响应差异,以及胁迫影响花器官发育的分子生物学机制等方面的研究.     

Difference Analysis of ClCYC2-Like Genes Expression and DNA Methylation Between the Two Types of Florets in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification, that is involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation, and plays an important regulatory role in flower development in higher plants. There are two types of florets on the capitulum in the genus Chrysanthemum, the flower symmetry factor CYCLOIDEA (CYC) 2-like genes may be important candidate genes for determining the identity of the two types of florets. In this study, the diploid plant Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium was used as the research material, and qRT-PCR and bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP) were used to identify the expression and DNA methylation pattern of CYC2-like genes in the two types of florets. Gene expression analysis showed that the six ClCYC2-like genes were significantly different in the two types of florets, and the expression levels of ClCYC2c, ClCYC2d, ClCYC2e and ClCYC2f in the ray florets were significantly higher than those in the disc florets. For the DNA methylation analysis of the three genes ClCYC2c, ClCYC2d, and ClCYC2e, it was found that the DNA methylation levels of these three genes were negative correlated with their expression levels, and the ways in which the three genes were regulated by the DNA methylation were different. It is speculated that the different DNA methylation of ClCYC2-like genes in the two types of florets may affect the differentiation and development of the two types of florets. This study provides new clues about epigenetics for the analysis of capitulum formation in Asteraceae.