海洋浮游幼虫附着和变态的生态研究

海洋浮游幼虫附着和变态的生态研究郑重（厦门大学海洋系３６１００５）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＡｔｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄＭｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｏｓｉｓｏｆＭａｒｉｎｅＰｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｃＬａｒｖａｅ￥．ＺｈｅｎｇＺｈｏｎｇ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ－ｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,Ｘｉａｍｅｎｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ３６１００５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：３６－３８．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｇｉｖｅｓａｂｒｉｅｆａｃｃｏｕｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙｏｆａｔｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｏｓｉｓｏｆｍａｒｉｎｅｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｃｌａｒｖａｅ．Ａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｃｌｉｆｅ,ｔｈｅｌａｒｖａｅｗｉｌｌｓｅｔｔｌｅｄｏｗｎｏｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｓｏｌｉｄｓｕｂｓｔｒａｔａ（ｒｏｃｋ,ｓｔｏｎｅ,ｗｏｏｄ,ａｌｇａｅ,ｅｔｃ．）ａｎｄｓｔａｒｔｓｅｄｅｎｔａｒｙｌｉｆｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌａｒｖａｅａｒｅｃａｐａ－ｂｌｅｏｆｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｓｕｂｓｔｒａｔａｆｏｒａｔｔａｃｈｍｅ     

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治

诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治王春裕（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＤｉｓｃｕｓｉｏｎｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＳａｌｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．ＷａｎｇＣｈｕｎｙｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃａ...     

应用生态学报第5卷（1994）关键词索引

应用生态学报第５卷（１９９４）关键词索引ＣＨＩＮＥＳＥＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＯＦＡＰＰＬＩＥＤＥＣＯＬＯＧＹＶｏｌ．５（１９９４）ＫＥＹＷＯＲＤＩＮＤＥＸＡＡｃａｎｔｈｏｐａｎａｘｓｅｎｌｉｃｏｓｕｓｉｇｌｏｏ５（３）：２３７Ａｇｒｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ￥ｋ４...     

生态交错带与生态流

生态交错带与生态流王庆锁（中国农业科学院畜牧研究所,北京１０００９４）冯宗炜罗菊春（中国科学院生态环境中心,１０００８０）（北京林业大学,１０００８３）ＥｃｏｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｌｏｗｓ．ＷａｎｇＱｉｎｇｓｕｏ（ＡｎｉｍａｌＨｕｓ...     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

试论湖北省农业发展中的环境问题与对策

试论湖北省农业发展中的环境问题与对策洪班望（湖北省农业生态环境保护站,武汉４３００７０）ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｌｎｅｎｔｏｆＨｕｂｅｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＣｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ￥．ＨｏｎｇＢａｎｗａｎｇ（ＨｕｂｅｉＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ,Ｗｕｈａｎ４３００７０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：５１—５２．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈ,ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔａｎｄｆｌｏｏｄｉｎｇｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉ－ｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＨｕｂｅｉｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｔａｎｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆ＂ｔａｋｉｎｇａｎｏｖｅｒａｌｌｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｏｔｈｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｎｄｐｌａｉｎａｒｅａｓ＂,ｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｆｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｈａｒ     

山东省引种乌桕的生态适应性分析

山东省引种乌桕的生态适应性分析王华田杨锦（山东农业大学,泰安２７１０１８）（山东日照港务局,２７６８２６）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳａｐｉｕｍｓａｂｉｆｅｒｕｍＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉ...     

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益安淑苹（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＴｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｎｄＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＣｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇＡｚｏｌａｆｉｌｉｃｕｌｏｉｄｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｏｆｔｏｐｉｎｔ...     

铁岭市城市生态环境质量评价

铁岭市城市生态环境质量评价李新生（铁岭市环境保护局１１２０００）ＱｕａｌｉｔａｔｉｖｅＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＵｒｂａｎＥｃｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｉｅｌｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙ￥．ＬｉＸｉｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｌｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｎｃｙｏｆＴｉｅｌｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ１１２０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３．１２（３）：５９－６２．Ｕｓｉｎｇｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｎｉｃｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙ,ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｓｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｅｃｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｉｅｌ－ｉｎｇｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙｆｒｏｍａｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ,ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ,ｌｉｖｉｎｇａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｎｉｃｈｅｓ．ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｎｉｃｈｅ,ｕｒｂａｎｅｃｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．城市是人类进步、经济发展和社会文明的结晶,是加工物质、提供信息的高效场所。城市在其发展过程中,由于人口增长和人类生活方式、消费水平的变化,带来     

基于生态系统服务的生态风险评价研究进展

生态风险评价对科学管理与保护生态系统具有重要的意义,为弥补传统生态风险评价方法的不足和提高风险管理的效率,将生态系统服务引入生态风险评价中进行发展和完善,成为了当前生态风险评价研究的前沿和热点。系统分析了生态系统服务在生态风险评价中的应用,指出生态系统服务在问题形成阶段中可明确保护对象和属性,在风险分析阶段可联系生态系统结构过程作用,在风险表征阶段及后续阶段能可提供清晰明确的评价结果,加强风险交流和管理,能有效地改进生态系统传统生态风险评价。在实践上,基于生态系统服务的生态风险评价可从3个不同层面开展:一是针对外界压力对某类特定功能或者系统中某些服务功能的影响,构建基于某种特定服务的实体属性评价方法;二是针对外界压力作用下生态系统结构与过程变化下对功能影响,构建基于复杂生态系统作用的评价方法,实现对生态风险的模拟评价;三是评价社会生态系统下外界驱动对人类福祉的影响时,可将DPSIR(Drive-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)理论模型运用到生态风险管理中,也可基于景观生态系统服务与压力源的空间作用关系,实现社会生态系统风险评价与管理。作为生态风险表征手段,可基于生态系统服务损失与不利服务进行表征,也可选取热力学等指标作为评估量纲。从理论、评价方法、风险管理等方面对基于生态系统服务生态风险评价给予展望。     

Approaches to Ecological Risk Characterization and Management: Selecting the Right Tools for the Job

Chemical-specific hazard quotient (HQ) risk characterization in ecological risk assessment (ERA) can be a value-added tool for risk management decision-making at chemical release sites, when applied appropriately. However, there is little consensus regarding how HQ results can be used for risk management decision-making at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. Furthermore, stakeholders are reluctant to consider alternatives to HQ results for risk management decisions. Chemical-specific HQs risk characterization should be viewed as only one of several approaches (i.e., tools) for addressing ecological issues; and in many situations, other quantitative and qualitative approaches will likely result in superior risk management decisions. The purpose of this paper is to address fundamental issues and limitations associated with chemical-specific HQ risk characterization in ERA, to identify when it may be appropriate, to explore alternatives that are currently available, and to identify areas that could be developed for the future. Several alternatives (i.e., compensatory restoration, performance-based ecological monitoring, ecological significance criteria, net environmental benefit analysis), including their limitations, that can supplement, augment, or substitute for HQs in ERA are presented. In addition, areas of research (i.e., wildlife habitat assessment/landscape ecology/population biology, and field validated risk-based screening levels) that could yield new tools are discussed.     

Integration of Ecosystem Services into Ecological Risk Assessment for Implementation in Ecosystem-Based River Management: A Case Study of the Yellow River,China

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a scientific tool used to support ecosystem-based management (EBM), but most current ERA methods consider only a few indices of particular species or components. Such limitations restrict the scope of results so that they are insufficient to reflect the integrated risk characterization of an ecosystem, thereby inhibiting the application of ERA in EBM. We incorporate the concept of ecosystem services into ERA and develop an improved ERA framework to create a comprehensive risk map of an ecosystem, accounting for multiple human activities and ecosystem services. Using the Yellow River as a case study, we show how this framework enables the implementation of integrated risk characterization and prioritization of the most important ecological risk issues in the ecosystem-based river management of the Yellow River. This framework can help practitioners facilitate better implementation of ERA within EBM in rivers or any target ecosystem.     

Annotated reference compilation: Conducting qualitative and quantitative ecological risk assessments at hazardous waste sites

As the field of ecological risk assessment (ERA) broadens, scientists from various disciplines are called upon to become assessors at hazardous waste sites. Although a United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Framework for ERAs exists, the guidance is unlike the detailed USEPA guidance available for human risk assessments. Currently, the quality of an ERA is dependent upon the assessor's scientific acumen, professional experience, and recognized reference documents. This annotated reference compilation encompasses published documents which have provided useful and important information for qualitative and quantitative ERAs.     

Application of the Hazard Quotient Method in Remedial Decisions: A Comparison of Human and Ecological Risk Assessments

This paper evaluates the relative roles of the human health hazard index (HI) and the ecological risk assessment hazard quotient (HQ) in remedial decision-making. Through an analysis of HI outcomes drawn from Superfund Records of Decision, the reduced importance of the HI statistic in human health risk assessments is demonstrated, and the high visibility of the ecological risk assessment (ERA) HQ for terrestrial receptors (birds and mammals) is underscored. Three HQ method limitations common to both HHRA and ERA, deriving either from the mathematical construct of the HQ (a simple binary measure, indicating that an animal's exposure either exceeds its toxicity value or does not) or from dose-response outcomes in animal trials, are reviewed. Two additional HQ limitations unique to ERA (i.e., a propensity for the HQ to easily exceed its threshold value, and a propensity for it to assume values that are unreasonably high), and deriving from the complexities of estimating bird and mammal dietary intakes of contaminants and the availability of toxicological effects information, are also identified. The paper cautions of the potential to err in concluding that terrestrial site receptors are at risk when the HQ threshold is exceeded, and regardless of the toxicological information (NOAELs, LOAELs, etc.) used. It recognizes that because other methods of terrestrial assessment are presently unavailable, HQs are sometimes, out of necessity, used to justify a remedial action. The analysis and discussion are intended to remind ecological risk assessors that the HQ is a measure of a level of concern only and not a measure of risk     

Ecological Indicators in Risk Assessment: Workshop Summary

Ecological indicators can be defined as relatively simple measurements that relay scientific information about complex ecosystems. Such indicators are used to characterize risk in ecological risk assessment (ERA) and to mark progress toward resource management goals. In late 1997, scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and from the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) held a workshop to explore opportunities for collaborative research and scientific exchange on the development and application of ecological indicators. Several scientific challenges were identified as they relate to problem formulation, exposure and effects assessment, and risk characterization. Chief among these were a better understanding of multiple stressors (both chemical and non-chemical), characterization of reference sites and natural variability, extrapolation of measures to ecologically relevant scales, development of comprehensive, ecosystem-based models that incorporate multiple stressors and receptors, and a consistent system for evaluating ecological indicators.     

区域生态风险评价的关键问题与展望

区域生态风险评价具有多风险因子、多风险受体、多评价终点、强调不确定性因素以及空间异质性的特点,它与传统的生态风险评价在风险源、胁迫因子和评价尺度上具有明显区别。尝试建立了一个基于陆地生态系统的区域生态风险评价框架,同时针对目前区域生态风险评价的研究现状,指出不确定性分析、尺度外推难、评价指标不统一、评价标准不统一、风险因子筛选及优先排序、区域内污染物复合、水生过渡到陆生生态系统风险评价、特殊的人为因素等是目前区域生态风险评价存在的关键问题及难点所在,并提出解决这些问题可能所需的工具、手段和理论方法突破。最后指出区域生态风险观测与数据采集加工、区域生态风险指标体系的统一与整合、区域生态风险评价方法论、区域生态风险的空间分布特征与表达以及区域生态风险评价反馈与管理机制5个方面是区域生态风险评价未来的研究重点。     

生态风险评价及研究进展

生态风险是当前环境管理研究领域中的一个热点问题,其研究着重关注化学、物理和生物的胁迫因子可能对生态系统或其组分的有害影响.生态风险评价对科学制定环境管理决策有着重要的意义.要对生态系统进行有效地管理,必须预测不利生态影响发生的可能性及后果,减小其对于生态系统或某些组分的损害程度.本文对生态风险评价的研究方法、工具以及研究趋势进行了综述,指出了目前生态风险评价中还需要进一步加强的研究领域,认为在当前城市化水平不断提高的情况下要关注城市生态风险,并针对存在的一些问题提出了今后的研究展望.     

Using Ecological Risk Assessment Principles in a Source Water Protection Assessment

It has become increasingly common to apply ecological risk assessment (ERA) principles to watershed and regional scale environmental management. This article describes the application of watershed ERA principles to the development of a source water protection assessment and a strategic watershed management plan. The primary focus was on the protection of drinking water quality, a concern typically addressed by human health risk assessors. The approach emphasizes adaptations to the problem formulation phase of ERA (defining assessment endpoints, developing conceptual models and an analysis plan) suitable for watershed management planning in a multi-objective, multi-stressor context. Physical, chemical, and biological attributes were selected for primary drinking water quality assessment endpoints, and coupled with additional assessment endpoints relevant to other environmental and social management objectives. Conceptual models helped the planning team to better understand and communicate the multiple natural and human stressors in the watershed and the causal pathways by which they affected drinking water. The article provides an example of the types of adaptations that can make ERA principles suitable for watershed management related to human health goals, and illustrates the efficiency of integrating health and ecological assessments.     

Improving the Applicability of Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment Tools—Understanding Demand-Side Changes

Quantitative ecological risk assessment (ERA) methods are the tools of choice for many natural resource management agencies and practitioners. However, a number of researchers and practitioners have recently highlighted that the application of quantitative ERA tools has perhaps been somewhat limited and this has stimulated discussion on the limitations of these methods, considered to be supply-side limitations in this analysis. By contrast, it is argued here that the demand for risk assessment tools has also changed substantively and this also acts to limit the use of ERA approaches. In particular, demand has changed through an increasing expectation that quantitative ERA tools will be able to capture ecosystem-scale, and sometimes global-scale interactions to support ecosystem-based management approaches. Similarly, the burgeoning use of market-based policy instruments often underpinned by the allocation of private property rights to an increasing number of ecosystem goods and services has fundamentally changed many natural resource management issues into allocation conflicts between alternate rights-holders. These demand-side changes represent both an opportunity and a challenge for developers of quantitative ERA tools.