森林植被动态研究述评

１引言专业名词演替（ｓｕｃｅｓｉｏｎ）是ＪｏｈｎＡｄｌｕｍ首先提出的,Ｄｕｒｅａｕ第一个真正地在生态学的意义上使用了演替［４２］,Ｔｈｏｒｅａｕ给演替赋予了明确的定义［３７］。Ｃｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ［７１,７２］和Ｇｌｅａｓｏｎ［８４］则是第一批对演替过...     

中国灰蝶科一新记录属三新记录种

本文报道发现于我国云南的灰蝶科Ｌｙｃａｅｎｉｄａｅ１新记录属：塔灰蝶属Ｔｈａｄｕｋａ Ｍｏｏｒｅ,［１８７９］;３新记录种：塔灰蝶Ｔｈａｄｕｋａ ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｎｄａｔａ Ｍｏｏｒｅ,［１８７９］,佩娆灰蝶Ａｒｈｏｐａｌａ ｐｅｒｉｍｕｔａ （Ｍｏｏｒｅ,［１８５８］）和迪花灰蝶Ｆｌｏｓ ｄｉａｒｄｉ（Ｈｅｗｉｔｓｏｎ,１８６２）。     

除草剂阿特拉津生物降解研究进展

阿特拉津（Ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ）又称氯乙异丙嗪［２－氯－４（乙基）－６－（异丙氨基）－１,３,５－三嗪］,商品名莠去津,是一种广泛使用的三嗪类除草剂,用于阔叶杂草和禾草的防除,如玉米、高梁、甘蔗和库区杂草等。阿特拉津虽然是一种低毒除草剂,但由于它被微生物矿化的过程十分缓慢,在土壤中的半存留期长达４—５７周,所以在施用过这种除草剂的土壤中以及地下水和表面水中,其浓度远远超过３ｐｐｂ的最大允许值,造成对环境的污染［１］。阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了近４０年,其在环境中的扩散引起广泛重视,因此研究这种化合物的生物降解机理十分必要。虽然自１９８２年以来先后在诺卡氏菌属（Ｎｏｃａｒｄｉａ）［２,３］、红球菌属（Ｒｈｏｄｏｃｏｃｕｓ）［４,５］、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）［６］、土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）［７］和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ）［１,８,９］等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的菌株,但直到９０年代中期,对这一生物降解过程所涉及到的基因、酶和中间代谢物仍知之甚少。自１９９５年Ｗａｃｋｅｔ实验室从施用过阿特拉津的土壤中分离到假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株以后［１］,阿特拉津的生物降解机理研究获得了迅速发展。此后,又从根瘤菌属（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ）［１０］以及棍状杆菌属（Ｃｌａｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒ）、产碱杆菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｓ）［１１］和Ｒａｌｓｔｏｎｉａ等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的细菌。本文主要对假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株降解阿特拉津的酶学、遗传学和生物工程研究概况作简要介绍 。     

有序差异显示:一种基因表达谱系统比较法

系统研究具有同一基因组的各种细胞群之间基因的差异表达谱十分重要。目前,研究基因差异表达的技术大致有ｍＲＮＡ差异显示［１］、ＲＤＡ［３］、ＳＳＨ［４、５］和ｃＤＮＡ阵列［６］等。近几年,还发展了一些研究基因差异表达谱系统的技术,如ＲＬＣＳ（ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｌａｎｄ－ｍａｒｋｃＤＮＡｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ）［８］、ＧＥＦ（ｇｅｎｅｅｘｐｒｅｓ－ｓｉｏｎｆｉｎｇｅｒｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ）［２］和ＲＮＡ指纹法［９］等。然而,这些技术或较为复杂,或灵敏度偏低。本文拟介绍一种有效的基因表达谱系统比较法——有序差…     

一种测定种子挥发性醛释放量的简便方法

挥发性醛类物质是植物体内有毒的代谢产物,种子萌发时释放出挥发性醛的多少与其活力的高低呈负相关［１,２］,因而测定种子吸胀期间所释放的挥发性醛的量,可作为一种指标来预测种子活力。Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ［１］曾报道过测定挥发性醛的一种方法,他采用一种挥发性醛捕捉装置（ｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｅｔｒａｐｐｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ）。但我们在应用中感到有两个缺点,一是不适宜做大量样品,二是不适宜做大量重复。本文介绍一种简易、快速、实用的测定种子萌发早期释放的挥发性醛含量的方法。它不仅适宜测大量样品,也适宜作大量重复。材料与方法…     

植物发育基因克隆技术的新进展

过去２０年,人们已经分离到了相当数量的与发育相关的基因。这主要借助于蛋白质产物的分离纯化,然后根据其氨基酸结构推算其相应的核苷酸序列,并据此合成寡核苷酸探针,最终从ｃＤＮＡ文库或基因组文库中筛选出目的基因。而未知其编码产物的发育基因的分离克隆则是非常困难的工作,以前广泛应用的主要方法有ＤＮＡ标签法（ＤＮＡｔａｇｇｉｎｇ）［１,２,３］,作图克隆法（ｍａｐ－ｂａｓｅｄｃｌｏｎｉｎｇ）［４］,差别筛选法（ｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ）［５］和扣除杂交法（ｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）［６,７,８］。这些方法虽然都取得了一定的成功,但由于各自的缺陷性,而限制了它们更加广泛的应用。近年来在ＰＣＲ技术的基础上,人们已经建立了若干种分离克隆植物发育基因的新方法。１９９２年,ＬｉａｎｇＰ和ＰａｒｄｅｅＡ［９］首次提出并运用了ｍＲＮＡ差别显示技术（ｍＲＮＡｄｉｆ－ｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｄｉｓｐｌａｙｒｅｖｅｒｓｅｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ－ＰＣＲ,ＤＤＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）来进行基因的分离。实践表明,ｍＲＮＡ差别显示技术在分离、鉴定差别表达的新基因方面与以前的各种技术相比有其独特的优越性,但同时它也存在着重复性较差等缺点。因此,最近研究工作者又在其基础上,发展了诸如代表性差式分析（ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ,ＲＤＡ）［１０,１１］和抑制性扣除（或减去）杂交（ｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,ＳＳＨ）［１２］等一些更新的方法。下面就此作一简要概述。     

双水相萃取分离技术的评价和展望

双水相萃取分离技术的评价和展望谭天伟（北京化工大学化工系,北京１０００２９）沈忠耀（清华大学化工系,北京１０００８４）自１９５６年瑞典伦德大学的Ａｌｂｅｒｔｓｓｏｎ发现双水相体系［１］到１９７９年德国ＧＢＦ的Ｋｕｌａ等人将双水相萃取分离技术应用于生物...     

土壤微生物PCR及分子杂交检测

ＰＣＲ技术在环境微生物的检测方面已得到越来越广泛的应用,Ｓｔｅｆａｎ等［１］利用ＰＣＲ技术检测土壤中的转基因细菌,后来用于检测土壤中不可培养的微生物［２］,跟踪环境中的特定细菌或ＤＮＡ［３］,揭示土壤生态系统的基因多样性［４］等。利用ＰＣＲ技术来检测…     

土壤微生物量测定方法概述

土壤微生物量是土壤生态系统研究的重要参数之一。常用的土壤微生物量的测定方法主要包括:直接镜检法、熏蒸系列方法、底物诱导系列方法、成分分析法和比色法。对这些具体测定方法、原理及其优缺点进行了简要的评述,并指出了应用这些方法须注意的问题和今后的研究方向。     

药物诱导后的人大肠癌细胞的[Ca^2＋]i的变化

采用荧光分光光度计法检测维甲酸（ＲＡ）、１,２５（ＯＨ）２ＶＤ３及佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）诱导ＣＣＬ２２９细胞分化后［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ变化,并观察内质网（ＥＲ）特异的Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ抑制剂Ｔｈａｐｓｉｇａｒｇｉｎ（ＴＧ）、ＩＰ３受体抑制剂Ｈｅｐａｒｉｎ对ＲＡ诱导［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ变化的影响,从而探讨ＲＡ诱导［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ变化与ＥＲ的关系。结果显示：ＲＡ和１,２５（ＯＨ）２ＶＤ３在数秒内引起［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ显著升高。在ＥＧＴＡ和Ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ预处理细胞条件下,ＴＧ不能抑制ＲＡ引起Ｃａ２＋从细胞内钙池中外流,ＲＡ作用后ＴＧ仍能升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ。另外,Ｈｅｐａｒｉｎ也不能完全抑制ＲＡ升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ。提示ＲＡ诱导大肠癌细胞升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ可能通过ＥＲ上ＩＰ３敏感性和非敏感性钙池,亦可能细胞内存在除ＥＲ外对ＲＡ敏感的钙池。     

The effect of the anions, phosphate and sulphate, on normal rates of excretion of potassium in dogs.

Small doses of (NH4)2HPO4 or KH2PO4 by stomach tube caused increase in plasma PO4 and PO4 excretion. Above a threshold of 0-8 mmol. 1(-1), increase of plasma PO4 by 0-5 mmol. 1(-1) caused PO4 excretion to increase by about 35 mumol. min.-1 After KH2PO4 this relationship was not altered by the concurrent increases in plasma K and K excretion. After doses of (NH4)2SO4 or K2SO4, excretion of SO4 was similarly related to plasma SO4 and was independent of plasma K and K excretion. An effect of PO4 on K excretion was observed after doses of (NH4)2HPO4, when increased excretion of PO4 was accompanied by increased excretion of K without change in plasma K. There was also increased excretion of NH4 and a small increase in Na excretion. The changes were similar to those produced by (NH4)2SO4 [O'Connor and Summerill, 1976]. KH2PO4 and K2SO4 produced increase in plasma K and increased excretion of K not significantly different from the changes produced by KCl or KHCO3 [Baylis and O'Connor, 1976]. After KH2PO2 or K2SO4, the urinary anion was PO4 or SO4, instead of Cl and HCO3. Any effect of anions on K excretion was much less than the effect of increase in plasma K. At low rates of excretion of K, increased urinary excretion of impermeant anion can determine increased excretion of K. However, the effect of anion is small in comparison with the effect of increase in plasma K.     

Under proper control, oxidation of proteins with known chemical structure provides an accurate and absolute method for the determination of their molar concentration

Oxidation at 120 degrees C of inorganic and organic (including amino acids, di- and tripeptides) model compounds by K(2)Cr(2)O(7) in the presence of H(2)SO(4) (mass fraction: 0.572), Ag(2)SO(4) (catalyst), and HgSO(4) results in the quantitative conversion of their C-atoms into CO(2) within 24 h or less. Under these stressed, well-defined conditions, the S-atoms present in cysteine and cystine residues are oxidized into SO(3) while, interestingly, the oxidation states of all the other (including the N-) atoms normally present in a protein do remain quite unchanged. When the chemical structure of a given protein is available, the total number of electrons the protein is able to transfer to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and thereof, the total number of moles of Cr(3+) ions which the protein is able to generate upon oxidation can be accurately calculated. In such cases, unknown protein molar concentrations can thus be determined through straightforward spectrophotometric measurements of Cr(3+) concentrations. The values of molar absorption coefficients for several well-characterized proteins have been redetermined on this basis and observed to be in excellent agreement with the most precise values reported in the literature, which fully assesses the validity of the method. When applied to highly purified proteins of known chemical structure (more generally of known atomic composition), this method is absolute and accurate (+/-1%). Furthermore, it is well adapted to series measurements since available commercial kits for chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements can readily be adapted to work under the experimental conditions recommended here for the protein assay.     

Inducibility of chromosomal aberrations by metal compounds in cultured mammalian cells.

Metal compounds were tested for their ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by the application of some Cr, Mn and Ni compounds. Among 6-valent Cr compounds, K2Cr2O7 and CrO3 induced high levels of aberrations, at rates which were similar for Cr-equivalent doses. The perchromate compounds were more efficient in producing chromosomal aberrations than was a chromate compound, K2CrO4. A 3-valent Cr compound, Cr2(SO4)3, was less toxic and failed to induce a demonstrable increase in chromosomal aberrations. KMnO4 induced aberrations, but at a low rate. As to Ni compounds, NiCl2 and (CH3COO)2Ni induced few aberrations. Administration of K2Ni(CN)4 induced only gaps. NiS induced a low but definite increase in chromosomal aberrations. The rate of these aberrations increased with an increase in treatment time from 24 to 48 h, indicating a time-dependent increase in the hereditable toxicity of metal compounds. CdCl2 and HgCl2 were somewhat toxic, but failed to induce chromosomal aberrations in the present study.     

Greater effect of dietary potassium tripolyphosphate than of potassium dihydrogenphosphate on the nephrocalcinosis and proximal tubular function in female rats from the intake of a high-phosphorus diet

We examined whether a difference in potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4) and potassium tripolyphosphate (K5P3O10) as dietary phosphorus sources could differentially effect the nephrocalcinosis and proximal tubular function in female rats. Rats were fed on a diet containing KH2PO4 or K5P3O10, at the normal phosphorus level (normal phosphorus diet) or at a high phosphorus level (high-phosphorus diet) for 21 d. Nephrocalcinosis, as confirmed by a histological examination, was apparent in all rats fed on the high-phosphorus diet, and this condition was more severe in those rats fed on K5P3O10 than in those fed on KH2PO4. As indicators of the proximal tubular function, the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in urine and the urinary beta2-microglobulin excretion were significantly increased in those rats fed on the high-phosphorus diet containing K5P3O10. These results indicate that the intake of a high-phosphorus diet, more strongly influenced the nephrocalcinosis and proximal tubular function when K5P3O10 rather than KH2PO4 was used as the dietary phosphorus source.     

Effect of potassium salts and distillery effluent on carbon mineralization in soil

Distillery effluent, a rich source of potassium, is used for irrigation at many places in the world. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the influence of potassium salts present in post-methanation distillery effluent (PME) along with two other salts, KCl and K2SO4, on mineralization of carbon in soil. PME oxidized with H2O2, raw PME, KCl and K2SO4 solutions containing K equivalent to 10%, 20%, 40% and 100% of K present in PME were added to the soil separately, maintaining four replications for each treatment and control. Addition of salts up to a certain concentration stimulated C mineralization but a decline was noticed at higher concentrations. All the levels of salts caused higher CO2 evolution than the control suggesting that the presence of K salts enhanced the microbial activity resulting in increased CO2 evolution. The influence of K2SO4 was significantly higher than KCl in stimulating C mineralization in soil. Oxidized effluent had a higher stimulating effect than inorganic salts, showing the influence of other salts accompanying K in the PME. Raw PME, which contained excess organic C, increased CO2 evolution even at the highest salt level (100% PME) signifying the effect of added C on alleviating the salt stress on microbial activity.     

响应面分析优化产木聚糖酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌培养条件

研究不同碳源、氮源和无机盐对毕赤酵母AX181菌株产木聚糖酶的影响。实验表明,分别采用葡萄糖和玉米浆干粉为碳源和氮源可以明显提高木聚糖酶的产量。无机盐单因子优化实验显示添加适量的（NH4）2SO4、KH2PO4、MnSO4·H2O、FeSO4·7H2O也可以部分提高木聚糖酶产量。在此基础上利用响应面法优化毕赤酵母产木聚糖酶培养基,利用12次实验的Plackett—Burman设计实验筛选出影响产木聚糖酶的3个主要因素,即玉米浆干粉、MnSO4·H2O和FeSO4·7H20。并进一步通过最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,采用中心组合实验设计确定最佳条件。优化后的产木聚糖酶培养基组分为（g/L）：葡萄糖40．00,玉米浆干粉80．84,（NH4）2SO46．25,KH2PO41．25、MnSO4·H2O0．35,FeS04-7H2O1．31。培养基优化后,实际产酶2883．86u／mL,是优化前YPD培养基产酶的2．51倍。     

Effect of chromium on growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Tolerance level to trivalent chromium-Cr(salen)(H2O)2+ and hexavalent chromium-K2Cr2O7 was assessed in P. aeruginosa isolated from tannery effluent soil. It could tolerate 80 and 100 ppm in liquid cultures and up to 100 and 200 ppm in plate count agar in the presence of trivalent and hexavalent chromium respectively. Unadapted cells took a longer time to grow than adapted cells in the presence of K2Cr2O7. Chromium influenced the cellular contents, morphology and respiration of P. aeruginosa. The chosen trivalent salt of chromium was more toxic than the hexavalent one.     

真菌还原Cr（VI）的研究

从不同来源的样品中分离筛选出几株抗Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）的真菌,他们能在含３００￣５００ｍｇ／ＬＫ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７的蔗糖合成培养基中生长,其中ＢＳ－１菌株抗Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７达９００ｍｇ／Ｌ．ＢＳ－１等４株真菌在含２００ｍｇ／Ｌ Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７的培养基中生长４￣６ｄ后,培养液中的Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）已全部消失。这些真菌经鉴定为青霉菌ＢＳ－１和ＢＳ－３,黑曲霉ＢＲ－４和黄曲霉ＢＸ－１。经紫外可见光扫描及化学分析证实,高毒的Ｃ     

Chromosomal aberrations and morphological transformation in hamster embryonic cells treated with potassium dichromate in vitro

The addition of K2Cr2O7, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 microng/ml, to hamster total embryonic cells for 24 h, resulted in consistent and drastic chromosomal aberrations including gaps, breaks and exchanges. The above effect, however, was reduced successfully by the addition of a reducing agent, Na2SO3. Among other chromium compounds examined, divalent and trivalent chromium salts were ineffective on chromosome morphology even at a concentration of 3.5 microng/ml as chromium, whereas a hexavalent compound, CrO3, was highly effective. K2Cr2O7 also enhanced the morphological transformation rate in a short-term colony assay, in whicy hamster embryonic cells (1x10(4) cells/60-mm dish) were treated and the morphology was observed 8 to 10 days after the treatment.     

A rapid method for purification of arylsulphatase A from rabbit uterus

The arylsulphatase A from rabbit uterus has been purified with a rapid method using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). The enzyme is an acid glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 110,000. The enzymatic activity is competitively inhibited by various phosphoesters and various ions such as SO4(2-), PO4(3-) and P2O7(4-).