不同耐渍基因型芝麻在厌氧胁迫下根系的生理与结构变化

利用4种耐渍性不同的芝麻基因型,在厌氧胁迫条件下检测了根部无氧呼吸酶活性、内源乙烯含量并调查了根形态和解剖结构,以比较研究旱生植物耐渍性的主要机制。同时设计了田间分期多次淹水试验,观察早期淹水训练对芝麻生长和产量的影响。结果表明：耐渍种质的乙烯释放量在根中增加了6．06倍,茎中1．76倍,不定根数量增加了4．0～5．0倍,在初生根和不定根皮层形成典型的通气组织。非耐渍种质中未检测到乙烯变化,不定根数量增加了0．79～1．8倍,根中无明显的通气组织发生,但是乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性可增加4．2～9．3倍,高于耐渍种质。分期淹水试验以四对真叶期和初花期处理产量较高,与对照无显著差异,而终花期一次性淹水产量损失最大。综合分析认为,不定根增生和根皮层通气组织的形成是芝麻耐渍性的重要机制,根中内源乙烯的增加与结构适应变异有关。淹水训练能够有效地改善芝麻品种耐渍能力为结构适应提供了进一步的证据。     

根际低氧逆境对网纹甜瓜幼苗生长及根系呼吸代谢途径的影响

以耐低氧性具有明显差异的两个网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. raticulalus)品种为试材,研究了根际低氧胁迫下幼苗生长、根系活力及根系呼吸关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,根际低氧胁迫下,两品种幼苗生长均受到明显抑制,而根系活力升高;根系PDC活性两品种均显著提高,品种间无显著差异; MDH活性两品种均显著降低,且耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’下降幅度较大;根系ADH和LDH活性两品种均显著提高,耐低氧性强的‘东方星光’ADH活性增加的幅度显著高于耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’,而‘西域一号’LDH活性增加幅度显著高于‘东方星光’。说明‘东方星光’在低氧胁迫下能保持较高的有氧呼吸水平,无氧呼吸的主要途径为乙醇发酵,而‘西域一号’在低氧胁迫下无氧呼吸的主要途径为乳酸发酵。     

锰对葡萄根中离子吸收及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以2个葡萄品种(金手指、康拜尔)为材料,采用温室沙培实验,研究不同浓度Mn处理对葡萄根中离子吸收及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着Mn2+浓度的增大,葡萄根中元素含量呈现不同的变化,总体上看Ca和Mg的含量降低,Mn、Cu和Zn的含量增加,Fe含量则随锰处理浓度增加呈先下降后略有升高的趋势.在抗氧化系统中POD活性随 Mn浓度的升高而逐渐降低,而CAT和APX酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,SOD活性变化不大,说明保护酶系统形成了一定的适应高锰胁迫的机制,这些抗氧化酶活性的增强能够提高葡萄适应和抵抗重金属胁迫的能力.     

铜处理对菠菜幼苗矿质营养吸收和细胞超微结构的影响

土壤重金属积累严重影响植物生长和生态系统平衡,探寻植物对重金属的耐性机理尤为重要.菠菜可能具有一定的耐铜性,但Cu对其矿质元素吸收、细胞超微结构等方面的耐性机理尚不明确.本研究以菠菜幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探究不同浓度铜处理对菠菜幼苗生长、矿质元素吸收、叶片细胞超微结构等指标的影响.结果表明: 100 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄处理浓度时,菠菜幼苗根Cu²⁺积累量小于地上部,其根系生长量增加,地上部生长量稍有下降,继续增加铜处理浓度,植物体各器官生长参数均呈下降趋势.低浓度铜处理时(<400 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加,P含量减少;根N、P、K含量减少,Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加;叶片细胞内各细胞器清晰可见,基粒片层排列仍较为整齐,叶绿体内外膜完整.高浓度铜处理时(>600 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N含量增加,P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量减少;根N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量均减少;叶片细胞内叶绿体变圆,叶绿体膜变薄,基质、基粒片层变少,层堆积高度下降,细胞核解体,液泡、细胞壁中有黑色小点分布,可能是大量Cu²⁺聚集导致细胞内膨压增大所致.低浓度铜处理并未对菠菜幼苗的生长生理特性产生明显的负面影响,而高浓度铜处理并未终止菠菜幼苗的生长.说明菠菜幼苗具有一定的耐铜性.     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性玉米自交系萌动种子和幼苗离子稳态的影响

盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,不同品种间存在差异。以玉米耐盐自交系81162和8723及盐敏感自交系P138为材料,研究了不同浓度(0、60、140、220 mmol/L)Na Cl胁迫下萌动期种子和幼苗的不同部位中Na+、K+、Ca2+含量以及K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+比值的变化,旨在探讨不同自交系耐盐性差异的原因。结果表明,在萌动种子中,3个玉米自交系中的Na+积累量表现为种皮胚胚乳,K+累积表现为胚种皮胚乳;幼苗中,Na+积累表现为根茎叶。随着Na Cl浓度的增加,3个玉米自交系萌动种子和幼苗中的Na+含量逐渐升高,但是萌动种子中耐盐自交系81162和8723的Na+增加幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138,Na+含量小于盐敏感自交系P138;幼苗中耐盐自交系81162和8723的Na+增加幅度大于盐敏感自交系P138,幼苗根中Na+含量大于盐敏感自交系P138;茎叶中的Na+含量小于盐敏感自交系P138。随着Na Cl浓度的增加,萌动种子和幼苗中的K+和Ca2+含量逐渐降低。K+离子在耐盐自交系81162和8723萌动种子和幼苗中的降低幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138;Ca2+离子在耐盐自交系81162和8723幼苗中的降低幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138;而在萌动种子中3个自交系Ca2+的流失差异不大。耐盐自交系81162和8723萌动种子和幼苗中K+含量都大于盐敏感自交系P138。耐盐自交系81162和8723的萌动种子和幼苗根中Ca2+含量都大于盐敏感自交系P138;幼苗叶片中则小于盐敏感自交系P138。萌动种子和幼苗中K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+均随着Na Cl浓度的升高而降低,K+/Na+比值表现为耐盐自交系81162和8723大于盐敏感自交系P138。耐盐自交系81162和8723通过调节离子平衡维持萌动种子和幼苗中较高的K+/Na+比值从而提高耐盐性。     

盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗不同部位矿质元素含量的影响

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是我国北方生态脆弱地区造林绿化的一个先锋树种,为进一步揭示其耐盐生理机制,本文采用温室水培方法,研究了0(CK)、100和200mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下沙枣实生幼苗不同部位(根、茎、叶和地上部分)Na、Cl、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、NO_3~--N、SO_4~(2-)-S、P等11种主要矿质元素含量、含量比值以及转移系数的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,盐胁迫沙枣幼苗根、茎、叶以及地上部分Na和Cl含量急剧增加,转移能力显著降低。200 mmol·L-1盐胁迫植株根、茎、叶和地上部分离子含量分别为对照的16.2、7.2、9.6和8.7倍(Na)以及4.8、2.7、3.7和3.4倍(Cl),Na和Cl转移系数分别为对照的53.6%和69.6%。根系成为Na和Cl含量最高的器官,200 mmol·L-1盐胁迫幼苗根Na含量分别是茎、叶Na含量的4.3和2.9倍,根Cl含量分别是茎、叶Cl含量的3.7和1.5倍;(2)盐胁迫沙枣幼苗根、茎、叶和地上部分K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、NO_3~--N、SO_4~(2-)-S、P含量均低于或显著低于对照,K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na比值均大幅低于对照,而Mg、Fe、Cu、SO_4~(2-)-S、P的转移系数则不同程度的高于对照;(3)Ca和Mn的转移系数随着盐胁迫浓度的升高而依次显著升高,K和Ca的转移系数始终维持在较高水平(分别为1.07~1.14和1.03~1.42),且植株体内的K、Ca和Mn优先向叶片分配。综合分析推测,沙枣耐盐主要是通过根系对Na和Cl的聚积与限制作用以及茎有效地限制Na向功能叶片运输来实现的,同时也与沙枣具有较强的K、Ca和Mn转移能力有关。     

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机态磷转化及酸度的影响

以鄂南、赣北两红壤样品为材料,加入不同有机酸并经室温培养后,测定不同P组分、pH及活性Al含量的变化。结果表明,供试有机酸均使土壤Ca2－P含量增高,增幅大小依次为柠檬酸＞苹果酸＞琥珀酸＞乙酸;2种土壤的Ca8－P和Ca10－P含量无明显变化规律,Fe-P、Al-P和O－P含量有所下降,除乙酸处理的土壤pH值无显著变化外,其它有机酸的加入使pH下降0．65－1．96;有机酸引起活性Al量增多,除乙酸处理的变化较小外,其它有机酸或混合物的加入使土壤中0．02mol.L^-1CaCl2提取Al增加4．7－50．3倍,1mol.L^-1提取Al增加4．0－67．3倍。可见,有机酸具有双重作用,既增加P的有效性,又增加土壤酸度和Al毒。     

外源Spd对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培方法,研究了盐碱与Spd处理对两品种番茄(中杂9号和金棚朝冠)幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗干生物量显著减少,植株生长受到抑制;叶片和根系硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性及硝态氮(NO3--N)、全N、全K、Ca2+、Mg2+含量显著降低,铵态氮(NH4+-N)、Na+含量显著增加;两品种叶片及中杂9号根系谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性显著升高,金棚朝冠根系GDH活性变化不显著;叶片全P含量显著降低,根系全P含量显著升高(金棚朝冠)或无显著变化(中杂9号).Spd处理通过增强NR、GS、GOGAT活性提高了植株对NH4+的同化利用率,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫导致的氮代谢紊乱,进而促进不同器官对P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的吸收、释放或转运,在一定程度上维持了各元素之间的相对平衡,从而增强植株对逆境的适应能力.此外,盐碱对中杂9号的抑制作用及外源Spd对其氮代谢紊乱和营养失衡的缓解作用高于金棚朝冠.     

土壤渍涝下芝麻叶片中几个与抗逆能力有关的生理指标的变化（简报）

土壤渍涝条件下,芝麻抗涝品种河南1号幼苗叶片中SOD和CAT活性比不抗涝品种背芝1号高,O2－的生成速率和MDA含量明显下降,叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降也降慢,因此死株率降低,不抗涝品种则相反。     

青杨雌雄幼苗对主要矿质元素的吸收与分配差异

研究了一年生青杨雌雄幼苗及其不同部位对主要矿质元素（N、P、K、Ca、Mg）的吸收与分配特性及其性别间差异。结果显示：青杨雌株总P、总Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,总K含量则显著低于雄株。青杨雌雄幼苗叶片N含量均显著高于根、茎N含量,P、K、Mg含量分别表现出根＞茎＞叶、叶＞根＞茎、根＞叶＞茎的趋势。青杨雄株Ca含量呈现出根＞茎＞叶的趋势,但雌株却表现出根＞叶＞茎的趋势。同时,青杨雌株根P、叶Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,根Mg含量则显著低于雄株。此外,矿质元素含量比例在雌、雄幼苗根、茎、叶中均分别表现为Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞P,Ca＞N＞K＞P＞Mg,N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P。结果表明,尽管矿质元素的比例模式在青杨雌雄幼苗的根、茎和叶中均相似,但其含量和分配在雌雄幼苗间具有显著的性别差异。     

Changing Kinetic Properties of Barley Alcohol Dehydrogenase during Hypoxic Conditions

The Finnish barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare L, cv. Hankkija-673)was grown in solution culture for periods of one and two months.The one month old plants had seminal roots, whereas the twomonth old plants grew adventitious roots from the lower nodes.The roots were tested for ADH activity during aeration, during3 d of hypoxic treatment (brought about by passing nitrogenthrough the nutrient solution), and during a 4 d recovery period.The ADH activity, calculated on a protein basis, rose about4-fold during the nitrogen treatment, the greatest increaseoccurring in the adventitious roots. Differences in the kineticproperties of ADH during the hypoxic period were also foundbetween seminal and adventitious roots. The K_m for acetaldehydechanged little in the seminal roots during the hypoxic treatment,but in the adventitious roots it decreased considerably. Thephysiological significance of these changes is discussed. Key words: Hordeum vulgare, alcohol dehydrogenase, hypoxia, enzyme kinetics     

Effect of root applied 24-epibrassinolide on carbohydrate status and fermentative enzyme activities in cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.) seedlings under hypoxia

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) added to nutrient solution on growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under root-zone hypoxia were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were hydroponically grown for 8 days in normoxic and hypoxic nutrient solutions with and without addition of EBR at 1 μg l⁻¹. EBR exerted little influence on plant performance in the normoxic nutrient solution, while the chemical alleviated root-zone hypoxia-induced inhibition of root and shoot growth and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). EBR added to hypoxic nutrient solution caused an increase in the concentration of fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugars in the roots but not in the leaves. Root-zone hypoxia enhanced the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and pyruvate decarboxylase in the roots. Interestingly, EBR further enhanced ADH activity but lowered LDH activity in hypoxic roots. These results suggest that EBR added to hypoxic nutrient solution may stimulate the photosynthate allocation down to roots and the shift from lactate fermentation to alcohol fermentation in hypoxic roots, resulting in the increase in ATP production through glycolysis and the avoidance of cytosolic acidosis and eventually enhanced tolerance of cucumber plants to root-zone hypoxia.     

淹水对甜樱桃根系呼吸强度和呼吸酶活性的影响

以美早/东北山樱桃(Prunus serrulataG.Don)和美早/马哈利(P. mahaleb L.)为试材,研究了淹水对甜樱桃根系（生长根和褐色木质根）呼吸强度和呼吸酶活性的影响.结果表明：淹水过程中,两种甜樱桃砧木生长根和褐色木质根呼吸强度均呈下降趋势,生长根降幅更大;东北山樱桃生长根和褐色木质根呼吸强度降幅分别是马哈利的1.47和1.36倍.丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性在两类根系中均呈先升后降趋势,乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性在生长根中亦先升后降,而在褐色木质根中为上升趋势,3种酶活性变化幅度表现为生长根大于褐色木质根;东北山樱桃ADH和LDH活性增幅大于马哈利,但PDC活性则相反.两类根系苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性均下降,且生长根降幅大于褐色木质根;东北山樱桃MDH活性降幅大于马哈利.说明生长根对淹水的敏感性强于褐色木质根;与马哈利相比,东北山樱桃对淹水更敏感.     

外源Spd对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培方法,研究了盐碱与Spd处理对两品种番茄（中杂9号和金棚朝冠）幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明： 盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗干生物量显著减少,植株生长受到抑制;叶片和根系硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性及硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、全N、全K、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量显著降低,铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、Na⁺含量显著增加;两品种叶片及中杂9号根系谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性显著升高,金棚朝冠根系GDH活性变化不显著;叶片全P含量显著降低,根系全P含量显著升高（金棚朝冠）或无显著变化（中杂9号）.Spd处理通过增强NR、GS、GOGAT活性提高了植株对NH₄⁺的同化利用率,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫导致的氮代谢紊乱,进而促进不同器官对P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的吸收、释放或转运,在一定程度上维持了各元素之间的相对平衡,从而增强植株对逆境的适应能力.此外,盐碱对中杂9号的抑制作用及外源Spd对其氮代谢紊乱和营养失衡的缓解作用高于金棚朝冠.     

Adaptive nature of the transition phases in development: the case of Sorghum bicolor

An increase in tolerance to salinity is induced in Sorghum bicolor by exposure to a sublethal concentration of NaCl during early vegetative development. The phase of competence for induction of this response, termed salt adaptation, is well defined in time and it coincides with the emergence of the first adventitious roots. The link between these events was investigated. Competence for salt adaptation varies among genotypes. It is shown that competence is especially high for genotypes in which the link between the seminal root and the shoot is reduced during emergence of the adventitious root. These data relate the capacity for salt adaptation with development in the absence of NaCl, suggesting that: (i) functional integration of the adventitious roots within the whole plant has an adaptive nature in normal development; (ii) salt adaptation results from an integration of the environmental constraint (NaCl) during this developmental readjustment. It is concluded that perturbations generated by emergence of a new organ are the cause of rapid variations in sensitivity required to open a competence window.     

增铵营养对小麦氮及矿质营养含量和积累的影响

1　引　　言增铵营养 (ＥＡＮ)即混合形态Ｎ营养 ,是相对于单一ＮＯ-3 营养而提出的旱地作物Ｎ营养的新方法 .旱地作物在ＮＯ-3 营养下生长优于ＮＨ+ 4 营养[6] ,但在增铵营养下小麦等旱地作物的干物质积累和产量显著高于两种单一形态Ｎ营养[1～ 3 ,5,7] .同时 ,我们的研究表明 ,增铵营养对小麦生长的促进效应具有明显的基因型差异[3 ] ,但其生理基础尚不明确 .由于植株对两种形态Ｎ的吸收和积累也影响对其它无机离子的吸收 ,因此 ,在增铵营养下 ,不同小麦基因型对Ｎ及Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等营养元素的吸收和积累也会存在差异 ,可能影响小麦…     

Relationship between morphological and physiological responses to waterlogging and salinity in Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

The effects of waterlogging and salinity on morphological and physiological responses in the marsh grass Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth were investigated in a 4×2 factorial experiment. Plants were subjected to four salinity levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 mol m^–3 NaCl) and two soil inundation conditions (drained and flooded) for 42 days. Flooding at 0 mol m^–3 NaCl caused initiation of adventitious surface roots, increased internal acration and plant height, induced alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADH), and decreased belowground biomass and the number of culms per plant. Salinity increase from 0 to 400 mol m^–3 NaCl under drained conditions increased leaf and root proline concentrations and decreased photosynthesis, aboveground biomass, number of culms per plant and number of internodes per culm. Concurrent waterlogging and salinity induced ADH activity and adventitious surface roots but decreased plant height and aboveground biomass. Internal air space increased with waterlogging from 0 to 100 mol m^–3 NaCl but further increases in salinity to 400 mol m^–3 reduced air space. Combined waterlogging and salinity stresses, however, had no effect on photosynthesis or on the concentrations of proline in leaves or roots. These results are discussed in relation to the widespread colonization by S. virginicus of a wide range of coastal environments varying in soil salinity and in the frequency and intensity of waterlogging.     

Ethylene-induced activation of xylanase in adventitious roots of maize as a response to the stress effect of root submersion]

Submersion of roots of ten-day-old maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings was accompanied by a decrease in pO2 and an increase in pCO2 of the medium adjacent to roots. These changes stimulated ethylene evolution in intact plants. Enhanced biosynthesis of ethylene was accompanied by xylanase activation in adventitious roots. As a result, an enhanced formation of aerenchyma was observed in the cortex of adventitious roots. Therefore, these processes resulted in the development of a ventilation system by which O2 can reach the root system exposed to hypoxia. The volume of aerenchyma was assessed by the volume of gas cavities (porosity). In contrast to the main root, the growth of adventitious roots was not inhibited under these conditions. Enlargement of the stem base and increase in the number of aerenchymatous adventitious roots facilitated the oxygen supply to submerged organs of plants.     

The barrier to radial oxygen loss from roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is induced by growth in stagnant solution

The present report describes experiments in which the effects of growth in aerated and stagnant nutrient solutions on adventitious root porosities and patterns of radial O2 loss (ROL) from the roots of four genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were evaluated. The genotypes studied are usually cultivated in farming systems which differ markedly in their degree of soil waterlogging and flooding. Rice genotypes were found to differ in the constitutive porosity (% gas space) of their adventitious roots when grown in aerated solutions (lowest was 16%, highest was 30%), and the roots grown in stagnant conditions had porosities between 28% and 38%. ROL from the adventitious roots raised in aerated solution increased with distance behind the tip in three of the four genotypes; whereas for roots raised in stagnant solution, ROL decreased with distance behind the tip which is indicative of a high resistance to diffusion between the aerenchyma and external medium. For example, at 35 mm behind the root tip the ROL from roots of the 'deepwater' cultivar grown in stagnant conditions was 0.7% of the rate of its aerated roots, for the 'lowland' cultivar it was 5.6%, and for one of the 'upland' cultivars it was 43.6%. Thus, the barrier to ROL from the adventitious roots in three of the four genotypes was induced by growth in stagnant nutrient solution. A low rate of ROL from the basal zones of roots in an O2-free environment is of adaptative value since longitudinal diffusion of O2 to the root apex would be enhanced which, in turn, enables greater penetration of roots into anaerobic soils.     

西南喀斯特石漠化环境适生植物构树细根、根际土壤化学计量特征

为了解西南喀斯特石漠化适生植物构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)对贫瘠土壤养分环境的适应策略, 及其细根、根际土壤的化学计量特征对石漠化等级的响应, 该研究以西南喀斯特石漠化环境适生植物构树为研究对象, 运用生态化学计量学方法, 开展不同等级石漠化环境构树细根、根际土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)、全钙(Ca)及全镁(Mg)养分含量特征及C、N、P化学计量特征研究。结果表明, 除Ca含量外, 喀斯特石漠化环境适生植物构树细根、根际土壤的养分含量均处于较低水平; 细根N:P为12.59, 表明构树生长受N和P共同限制; 随着石漠化等级的增加, 细根C、N含量和C:N、C:P呈先降后升的变化趋势, K、P含量是则表现为先升后降, Ca、Mg含量和N:P无明显变化规律; 不同等级石漠化环境中的构树根际土壤N、P、K、Ca含量呈不同的变化趋势, 而C、Mg含量及C、N、P化学计量特征的变化较不显著; 细根与根际土壤的化学计量特征之间存在显著的相关性, 二者的C、P、Ca、Mg含量、C:N、C:P分别对应呈显著正相关关系, 而N含量呈极显著负相关关系; 细根的K含量则较为稳定, 几乎不受根际土壤养分的影响。