不同土地利用类型下氮、磷在土壤剖面中的分布特征

在北京市东南郊大兴区采取了44处0～20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm,60～80cm,80～100cm5个不同深度的土壤剖面样品。按土地利用类型,采样点可分为农田、菜地、果园、林地、草地。土壤剖面中,由表层向深层,pH值升高,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮降低,且在20～40cm处有较大变化。表层土壤受土地利用影响,不同土地利用类型的土壤性质差别较大,尤以菜地土壤,pH为8.01低于其他类型土壤的平均值8.27,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮都高于其他类型的土壤,分别是其他类型土壤的110%～198%,355%～1629%,162%～224%,724%～1540%,130%～248%,速效磷和硝态氮远高于其他土壤。深层土壤性质差异不大,各项土壤性质差异随深度而变小,但菜地80～100cm处,硝态氮含量为18.8mgkg-1,是同深度其他类型土壤的175%～389%。土壤中硝态氮的积累情况,菜地>农田、果园、林地>草地。磷的积累与氮不同,速效磷在0～20cm大量积累,不同类型的土壤,速效磷积累差异显著,在40～60cm处,菜地速效磷含量是其他利用类型土壤的161%～602%;在80～100cm处,不同利用类型的土壤中速效磷无显著性差异。这一情况表明,菜地的过量施用氮、磷肥导致了土壤中的磷和氮大量积累,并以速效磷、硝态氮的形态向下淋溶并在深层土壤中积累。硝态氮在80～100cm的积累仍相当严重,有继续向下淋溶的可能,速效磷的淋溶在80～100cm处已较为微弱,其淋溶过程主要在0～60cm处。对速效磷和硝态氮的累积进行多元线性回归分析,发现速效磷与全磷含量有着良好的线性相关性,而与有机质和全氮含量关系不大。硝态氮则受土壤中pH、有机质和全氮3因素的共同影响。     

Diversity of Methanotrophic Bacteria in Tropical Upland Soils under Different Land Uses

Three upland soils from Thailand, a natural forest, a 16-year-old reforested site, and an agricultural field, were studied with regard to methane uptake and the community composition of methanotrophic bacteria (MB). The methane uptake rates were similar to rates described previously for forest and farmland soils of the temperate zone. The rates were lower at the agricultural site than at the native forest and reforested sites. The sites also differed in the MB community composition, which was characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of pmoA gene fragments (coding for a subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase) that were PCR amplified from total soil DNA extracts. Cluster analysis based on the DGGE banding patterns indicated that the MB communities at the forested and reforested sites were similar to each other but different from that at the farmland site. Sequence analysis of excised DGGE bands indicated that Methylobacter spp. and Methylocystis spp. were present. Sequences of the “forest soil cluster” or “upland soil cluster α,” which is postulated to represent organisms involved in atmospheric methane consumption in diverse soils, were detected only in samples from the native forest and reforested sites. Additional sequences that may represent uncultivated groups of MB in the Gammaproteobacteria were also detected.     

Microbial Biomass, N Mineralization and Nitrification, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Diversity in Tea Orchard Soils

Understanding the chronological changes in soil microbial and biochemical properties of tea orchard ecosystems after wasteland has been reclaimed is important from ecological, environmental, and management perspectives. In this study, we determined microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and nitrification, enzyme (invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase) activities, microbial community diversity assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, and related ecological factors in three tea orchard systems (8-, 50-, and 90-year-old tea orchards), adjacent wasteland and 90-year-old forest. Soil microbial biomass C (C_mic) and activity, i.e., soil basal respiration (R_mic), microbial biomass C as a percent of soil organic C (C_mic/C_org), N mineralization, invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase, significantly increased after wasteland was reclaimed; however, with the succeeding development of tea orchard ecosystems, a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard became apparent. Soil net nitrification showed an increasing trend from the 8- to 50-year-old tea orchard and then a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard, and was significantly higher in the tea orchards compared to the wasteland and forest. Urea application significantly stimulated soil net nitrification, indicating nitrogen fertilizer application may be an important factor leading to high-nitrification rates in tea orchard soils. The Shannon’s diversity index (H) and richness (S) based on DGGE profiles of 16S rRNA genes were obviously lower in all three tea orchards than those in the wasteland; nevertheless, they were significantly higher in all three tea orchards than those in the forest. As for the three tea orchard soils, comparatively higher community diversity was found in the 50-year-old tea orchard.     

广州地区7种菊科入侵植物丛枝菌根侵染和根际土壤孢子密度的生境差异性分析

为了解广州地区7种菊科(Compositae)入侵植物与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的互作共生关系,调查了这7种菊科入侵植物在4种生境中的AMF侵染和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤因子对AMF的影响。结果表明,7种入侵植物根内均受到AMF侵染,根际土壤中均检测到AMF孢子;AMF侵染在宿主间差异显著,生境间的差异不显著;孢子密度在生境和宿主间的差异均显著,人工绿地、农田果园的AMF孢子密度均显著高于森林周边和滨海地带。相关性分析表明,农田果园生境的根际土壤孢子密度与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关关系;森林周边生境的AMF总侵染率与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关关系;人工绿地的AMF总侵染率与土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关关系;滨海地带的AMF总侵染率与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关关系。这些对理解菊科植物入侵机理具有非常重要的作用。     

桂西北喀斯特移民区土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响

利用典型喀斯特峰丛洼地主要土地利用方式（灌草地、次生林地、果园、牧草地、旱地）的土壤养分测定数据,研究土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响.结果表明：土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量随土地利用强度的增加而降低,灌草地和次生林地比果园、牧草地和旱地土壤有机质含量高86%～155%、全氮含量高62%～119%、有效氮含量高66%～215%（P<0.05）;全磷和全钾含量主要受养分来源的影响,受土地利用方式影响较小;速效磷含量主要受施肥的影响,有效钾含量则主要受植被覆盖和水土流失状况的影响.土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾等养分含量变化的重要因素.粗放的农业耕作降低了土壤养分并引起土壤退化,而植被恢复等措施可以培肥土壤.因此,喀斯特区域应改变粗放的农业耕作方式,加强施用有机肥和平衡施肥,对坡度≥25°的坡耕地采取“退耕还林还草”措施,以恢复和重建喀斯特地区生态环境,实现土地资源的可持续利用.     

Microbial inoculation influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure and nutrient dynamics in temperate tree restoration

Soil microbial communities have a profound influence on soil chemical processes and subsequently influence tree nutrition and growth. This study examined how the addition of a commercial inoculum or forest‐collected soils influenced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics, soil microbial community structure, and growth in Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings. Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species and altered soil N dynamics in Prunus and soil P dynamics in Liriodendron. Prunus saplings receiving whole forest soil transfers had a higher rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and ammonia content at the end of the first growing season when compared to unmanipulated control saplings. Inoculation with whole forest soil transfers resulted in increased inorganic phosphorus in Liriodendron rhizosphere soils. The number of AMF terminal restriction fragments was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils of Liriodendron saplings inoculated with whole forest soil transfers and Prunus saplings receiving either inoculum source than control saplings. Forest soil inoculation also increased AMF colonization and suppressed stem elongation in Liriodendron after 16 months; conversely, Prunus AMF colonization was unchanged and stem elongation was significantly greater when saplings were inoculated with whole forest soil transfers. Longer term monitoring of tree response to inoculation will be essential to assess whether early costs of AMF colonization may provide long‐term benefits. This study provides insight into how practitioners can use microbial inoculation to alter AMF community structure and functioning, subsequently influencing tree growth and nutrient cycling during the restoration of degraded lands.     

农田生态系统不同土地利用方式与管理措施对土壤质量的影响

于2005年在北京市延怀盆地选择农田生态系统中的玉米地、大豆地两种传统土地利用方式,以及近10～20 年由传统农业用地转化而来的蔬菜和果园用地,研究农田生态系统不同土地利用方式与管理措施对土壤质量的影响.结果表明,菜地、果园和高投入玉米地土壤总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量明显高于中、低投入玉米地和大豆地土壤.在各种土地利用类型中,SOC、TN和TP的变化范围分别为7.67～10.00 g·kg^-1、0.75～1.12 g·kg^-1和0.63～1.00 g·kg^-1;菜地土壤有效磷(AP)含量和电导率(EC)显著高于其他土壤,不同农田生态系统土壤物理性状差异不明显.果园和菜地土壤质量指数分别为0.525和0.503,高于传统农田玉米和大豆土壤(0.417～0.494).菜地土壤的养分有效性最高,水分有效性和根系适宜性低于果园土壤,应注意菜地非点源污染的潜在风险.在传统农业用地中应采取培肥地力等方式提高土壤质量.     

广东省不同地区土壤微生物数量状况初步研究*

在广东省不同地区,按不同土地利用类型(如自然林地、果园、水田、旱地、荒地等)以及不同土壤类型取样进行土壤微生物数量和土壤养分状况分析。结果发现,从三大类微生物总数的平均状况来看,广东省大部分土壤微生物总数可达1.0×10⁶个·g^-1干土以上;不同地区土壤微生物总数存在一定差异,从平均状况来看,潮汕地区(7.77×10⁶个·g^-1干土)>湛江地区(1.6×10⁶个·g^-1干土)>广州地区(1.35×10⁶个·g^-1干土);不同土地利用方式下微生物数量也存在着一定差异,具体表现为:林地>菜地>稻田>果园>作物旱地>荒地,土壤微生物总量与土壤肥力状况密切相关。从土壤类型来看,砖红壤、赤红壤微生物数量较低。从总体上看,广东省大部分土壤微生物数量处于较低水平。     

Soil and geography are more important determinants of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities than management practices in Swiss agricultural soils

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil fungi, forming mutualistic symbiosis with a majority of terrestrial plant species. They are abundant in nearly all soils, less diverse than soil prokaryotes and other intensively studied soil organisms and thus are promising candidates for universal indicators of land management legacies and soil quality degradation. However, insufficient data on how the composition of indigenous AMF varies along soil and landscape gradients have hampered the definition of baselines and effect thresholds to date. Here, indigenous AMF communities in 154 agricultural soils collected across Switzerland were profiled by quantitative real‐time PCR with taxon‐specific markers for six widespread AMF species. To identify the key determinants of AMF community composition, the profiles were related to soil properties, land management and site geography. Our results indicate a number of well‐supported dependencies between abundances of certain AMF taxa and soil properties such as pH, soil fertility and texture, and a surprising lack of effect of available soil phosphorus on the AMF community profiles. Site geography, especially the altitude and large geographical distance, strongly affected AMF communities. Unexpected was the apparent lack of a strong land management effect on the AMF communities as compared to the other predictors, which could be due to the rarity of highly intensive and unsustainable land management in Swiss agriculture. In spite of the extensive coverage of large geographical and soil gradients, we did not identify any taxon suitable as an indicator of land use among the six taxa we studied.     

Effects of Forest Gaps on Soil Properties in Castanopsis kawakamii Nature Forest

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of forest gaps on the variations of soil properties in Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest. Soil physical and chemical properties in various sizes and development stages were studied in C. kawakamii natural forest gaps. The results showed that forest gaps in various sizes and development stages could improve soil pore space structure and water characteristics, which may effectively promote the water absorbing capacity for plant root growth and play an important role in forest regeneration. Soil pore space structure and water characteristics in small gaps showed more obvious improvements, followed by the medium and large gaps. Soil pore space structure and water characteristics in the later development stage of forest gaps demonstrated more obvious improvements, followed by the early and medium development stages. The contents of hydrolysable N and available K in various sizes and development stages of forest gaps were higher than those of non-gaps, whereas the contents of total N, total P, available P, organic matter, and organic carbon were lower. The contents of total N, hydrolysable N, available K, organic matter, and organic carbon in medium gaps were higher than those of large and small gaps. The disturbance of forest gaps could improve the soils’ physical and chemical properties and increase the population species’ richness, which would provide an ecological basis for the species coexistence in C. kawakamii natural forest.     

Tropical Soil Bacterial Communities in Malaysia: pH Dominates in the Equatorial Tropics Too

The dominant factors controlling soil bacterial community variation within the tropics are poorly known. We sampled soils across a range of land use types--primary (unlogged) and logged forests and crop and pasture lands in Malaysia. PCR-amplified soil DNA for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene targeting the V1-V3 region was pyrosequenced using the 454 Roche machine. We found that land use in itself has a weak but significant effect on the bacterial community composition. However, bacterial community composition and diversity was strongly correlated with soil properties, especially soil pH, total carbon, and C/N ratio. Soil pH was the best predictor of bacterial community composition and diversity across the various land use types, with the highest diversity close to neutral pH values. In addition, variation in phylogenetic structure of dominant lineages (Alphaproteobacteria, Beta/Gammaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria) is also significantly correlated with soil pH. Together, these results confirm the importance of soil pH in structuring soil bacterial communities in Southeast Asia. Our results also suggest that unlike the general diversity pattern found for larger organisms, primary tropical forest is no richer in operational taxonomic units of soil bacteria than logged forest, and agricultural land (crop and pasture) is actually richer than primary forest, partly due to selection of more fertile soils that have higher pH for agriculture and the effects of soil liming raising pH.     

Decrease in diversity and changes in community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of apple trees with increasing orchard management intensity across a regional scale

Understanding which factors drive the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is important due to the role of these soil micro‐organisms in ecosystem functioning and current environmental threats to AMF biodiversity. Additionally, in agro‐ecosystems, this knowledge may help to evaluate their use in making agriculture more sustainable. Here, we used 454‐pyrosequencing of small subunit rRNA gene amplicons to quantify AMF diversity and community composition in the roots of cultivated apple trees across 24 orchards in central Belgium. We aimed at identifying the factors (soil chemical variables, organic vs. conventional farming, and geographical location) that affect AMF diversity and community composition. In total, 110 AMF OTUs were detected, of which the majority belonged to the Glomeraceae (73%) and the Claroideoglomeraceae (19%). We show that soil characteristics and farming system, rather than the geographical location of the orchards, shape AMF communities on apple trees. Particularly, plant‐available P content of the soil was associated with lower AMF diversity. In orchards with a lower plant‐available P content of the soil (P < 100 mg/kg soil), we also found a significantly higher AMF diversity in organically managed orchards as compared to conventionally managed orchards. Finally, the degree of nestedness of the AMF communities was related to plant‐available P and N content of the soil, pointing at a progressive loss of AMF taxa with increasing fertilization. Overall, we conclude that a combination of organic orchard management and moderate fertilization may preserve diverse AMF communities on apple trees and that AMF in the roots of apple trees appear not to be dispersal limited at the scale of central Belgium.     

Long‐term effects of vegetational restoration on soil microbial communities on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil microbial communities are important indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of vegetational restoration. The ability of soil microbial communities to recover under six types of restoration was examined using Biolog, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Soil samples were collected from eroded loessial soils that had been restored for 30 years on the Loess Plateau with natural grass, black locust, korshinsk peashrub, Chinese pine, and mixed forest of Chinese pine‐indigo and black locust‐indigo. Part of sloped farmland that had not been restored represented pre‐restoration conditions. An 80‐year‐old forest of Chinese arborvitae represented the end point of restoration. Soils that were originally farmed but have been under restoration treatments for the past 30 years had significantly higher average well‐color development, total PLFAs, bacterial PLFAs, fungal PLFAs, and Shannon indices of catabolic diversity, structural diversity, and bacterial phylogenetic diversity. These indicators, though, were lower than those for the native forest. Principal component analysis significantly separated the sloped farmland, Chinese arborvitae, and the six types of restoration. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus were the most important environment factors in affecting soil functional diversity, and C/N ratio and available nutrients were the main properties in determining microbial community structure. Vegetational restoration substantially increased microbial biomass and microbial physiological activity, and shifted microbial community structure, but the community structures and compositions did not recover to the status of the natural forest during the early stage (<30 years) of vegetational restoration.     

Relations of soil properties to topography and vegetation in a subtropical rain forest in southern Taiwan

Soil chemical properties for a subtropical rain forest in the Nanjenshan Reserve, southern Taiwan, were examined to determine soil-landscape and soil-vegetation relationships. Soil sampling sites were separated into four groups based on landscape features and exposure to the prevailing northeasterly monsoon winds. Corresponding vegetation types were delimited along the first DCA axis. The forest showed a drastic change both in structure and floristic composition along the wind-stress gradient. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that both topographic variables and vegetation types were needed to explain the variation in soil data. Soil properties that differed significantly among landforms were pH, available N, CEC, exchangeable Al, K, Ca and Mg. Levels of pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg increased in a downslope direction, and exchangeable Al tended to be higher in the upper slope soils. These trends pointed to the importance of slope processes in redistribution of soil minerals. The main differences in soil properties attributed to the influence of the occupying vegetation were apparently aspect dependent. The contents of available N, exchangeable K, and CEC in the 0–40 cm depth of soils under windward low-stature (mostly sclerophyllous) forest were consistently lower compared to those under the leeward forest. For a given catena, however, soil variability associated with vegetation differences seemed to be confounded by the slope processes.     

Effects of Different Re-vegetation Patterns on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Community in Kunyang Phosphate-mine

Soil microorganisms are applied to evaluate soil quality and significant in restoration ecology for their important roles on nutrient cycle and sensitivity to environment changes. To investigate the effects of re vegetation pattern on soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community and the reasons for soil bacterial community discrepancy, the soils of three re vegetation patterns (grass of Miscanthus sinensis, the mixed forest of Alnus nepalensis, Cupressus torulosa and Quercus acutissima, the mixed forest of Cupressus torulosa and Alnus nepalensis) in Kunyang phosphate mine, near Kunming, Yunnan province of China were studied. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR DGGE) and soil physicochemical indices were used to analyze soil bacterial communities (diversity and species composition) and soil physicochemical properties. The results indicated that re vegetation contributed to soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties were different in these three patterns. As for soil bacterial community, the diversity and species composition varied in different patterns. Pearson correlation showed that soil bacterial community diversity was correlated with re vegetation pattern significantly but not with any soil physicochemical properties determined in this research. Soil bacterial species composition was strongly correlated with soil available nitrogen and re vegetation pattern but no others through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). It is concluded that both soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community (diversity and species composition) vary in different re vegetation patterns and the reason for diversity difference is re vegetation pattern while the affecting factors of soil bacterial community composition are soil available nitrogen and re vegetation pattern orderly.     

水田改果园后土壤性质的变化及其特征

近年来,水田改作经济林地,在我国南方地区非常普遍。为深入了解这一转变对土壤质量的影响,以浙江省典型水稻土(青粉泥田)及其改果园不同年限的系列表层土壤(0—15 cm)为研究对象,应用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记等方法,研究了水田改果园后土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构等性质的变化以及它们之间的关系。结果表明,水田改果园后,土壤中大于0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体、盐基饱和度、p H值、有机质、全氮和碱解氮等随着改果园年限的延长而显著降低(P0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物商和土壤呼吸强度随改果园年限增加而显著下降(P0.01)。土壤微生物群落结构也发生明显变化:磷脂脂肪酸总量显著降低(P0.01),微生物种类减少,原生动物在土壤微生物中所占比例增加,革兰氏阴性细菌与革兰氏阳性细菌比值降低(P0.01),好氧细菌/厌氧细菌和甲烷氧化菌/细菌增加(P0.01),表征养分胁迫的环丙基脂肪酸/前体物和异式脂肪酸/反异支链脂肪酸显著增加(P0.01)。冗余分析表明,土壤含水率、有机质和碱解氮是决定水田和果园土壤微生物群落结构差异的最重要因子(P0.01);改果园后,土壤微生物群落结构发生了阶段性变化,不同利用方式对微生物群落结构的影响程度要大于同一利用方式耕作不同年限对微生物群落结构的影响。研究表明,水田改果园后土壤理化性质以及生物学性质发生退化,土壤质量下降;而水田中微生物数量和种类都比较丰富,因而认为水田是土壤(地)可持续利用的一种有效方式。     

Soil organic carbon changes as influenced by agricultural land use and management: a case study in Yanhuai Basin, Beijing, China

The effects of agricultural land use and management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) are of great concern. In this study, SOC changes were investigated in sandy loam soils (Ustochrepts, USDA Soil Taxonomy) under orchard, vegetable, corn (Zea maize L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivation in northern China. The corn fields were further classified into three categories based on their inputs, i.e. high-input, mid-input, and low-input corn fields. In April 2005, a total of 197 soil samples were collected from 42 soil sites within 100 cm soil depth in Yanhuai Basin, Beijing, China. SOC contents were determined using rapid dichromate oxidation, and ANOVA statistical analysis was used to test the significances between land use and management practices at p<0.05. The results showed that: (1) the effects of land use and management practices on SOC primarily occurred within the topsoil (0–25 cm), and the SOC contents sharply decreased with the increase in soil depth. (2) SOC content and density values of orchard, vegetable, and high-input corn fields were higher than those of soybean, mid- and low-input corn fields.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘荒漠绿洲过渡带不同土地利用影响下土壤化学计量特征

荒漠绿洲过渡带在维护绿洲生态安全和绿洲稳定上具有重要作用。垦荒等土地利用的增强使得荒漠绿洲过渡带的健康稳定受到了巨大的挑战。以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘典型荒漠绿洲过渡带为研究对象,系统分析了不同土地利用方式(桑田、半自然柽柳林、瓜地、棉花-玉米地)对土壤养分化学计量特征的影响。土壤取样沿农田到荒漠方向进行,分5层进行。研究发现,土壤各养分指标均受土地利用方式(4种)、土层(5层)和与农田边缘垂直距离(4梯度)的显著影响,且存在一定的交互作用。土地利用方式显著影响土壤各养分元素含量。随土层由浅到深,有机碳(C)、有效氮(N)和有效磷(P)基本呈下降趋势,全N具有波动变化,而全P变化不显著。随与农田边缘垂直距离的增加,各养分含量基本呈递减趋势。对同一土层(共选择三层)不同土地利用方式下土壤养分具体分析表明,棉花-玉米地这一利用方式在农田内部具有最高的土壤有机C和全N含量,其次为桑田。随着与农田边缘垂直距离的增加,土壤C、N含量优势减弱。除农田内部样地(0 m)外,三层土壤全P含量基本呈桑田柽柳林棉花-玉米地趋势。表层有效N含量在农田内部样地(0 m)瓜地最高,其他距离处(大于等于20 m)棉花-玉米地高,下层土壤有效氮含量在农田内部各土地利用方式间无差异。在各距离样点处不同土地利用类型间土壤有效P含量的变化无明显规律,在农田内部以瓜地有效P含量最高。棉花-玉米地土壤全量N/P在农田内部和与农田边缘垂直距离20 m处含量最高。三土层土壤有效N/P在农田内部以柽柳林最高,随着与农田边缘垂直距离增加,土壤有效N/P显著改变。综合来看,土地利用对荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤营养含量的增加具有正向作用,由土壤养分变化带来的生态效应值得关注。     

Effects of Different Organic Manures on the Biochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Albic Paddy Soil in a Short-Term Experiment

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK), NPK with livestock manure (NPK+M), NPK with straw (NPK+S), and NPK with green manure (NPK+G) on soil enzyme activities and microbial characteristics of albic paddy soil, which is a typical soil with low productivity in China. The responses of extracellular enzyme activities and the microbial community diversity (determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis [PLFA] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) were measured. The results showed that NPK+M and NPK+S significantly increased rice yield, with NPK+M being approximately 24% greater than NPK. The NPK+M significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphate (P) and enhanced phosphatase, β-cellobiosidase, L-leucine aminopeptidase and urease activities. The NPK+S significantly increased SOC and available potassium (K) and significantly enhanced N-acetyl-glucosamidase, β-xylosidase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities. The NPK+G significantly improved total nitrogen (N), ammonium N, available P, and N-acetyl-glucosamidase activity. The PLFA biomass was highest under NPK+S, followed by NPK+M and NPK+G treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the PLFA indicated that soils with NPK+M and NPK+S contained higher proportions of unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids (biomarkers of fungi and gram-negative bacteria) and soil under NPK+G contained more straight chain saturated fatty acids (representing gram-positive bacteria). PCA of the DGGE patterns showed that organic amendments had a greater influence on fungal community. Cluster analysis of fungal DGGE patterns revealed that NPK+G was clearly separated. Meanwhile, the bacterial community of NPK+M treatment was the most distinct. RDA analysis revealed changes of microbial community composition mostly depended on β-xylosidase, β-cellobiosidase activities, total N and available K contents. The abundances of gram-negative bacterial and fungal PLFAs probably effective in improving fertility of low-yield albic paddy soil because of their significant influence on DGGE profile.     

Composition Shifts of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi between Natural Wetland and Cultivated Paddy Field

The community assembly change of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the reclamation of wetlands to paddy fields is mostly unknown. In this study, we applied the high-throughput sequencing technique to investigate the composition of the AMF community in natural wetland (common wild rice and Leersia hexandra Swartz) and paddy field (Asian cultivated rice), as well as the soil elements effective on the community of AMF. Soil properties including soil organic carbon, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium, and pH were also measured. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of nine genera in four orders (Glomerales, Diversisporales, Archaeosporales, and Paraglomerales) of AMF were detected. All detected AMF genera were found in the wild rice wetland, while about half of the detected AMF genera were absent in paddy field; however, the absolute amount of total AMF in the paddy field and wetland was not different. Among all measured soil properties, AMF community was affected significantly by soil AN and AP. Results indicate that agricultural managements affect AMF community significantly, but do not have negative effects on the absolute amount of all the AMF genera. Soil AP may be the main factor resulting in the decreased AMF genus in paddy field. In addition, AMF may have contributed to the survival and evolution of plants.