"标准人体"与生物进化模型的构建

以GB10000-1998<中国成年人体尺寸>提供的人体尺寸基础数据,选择(18～60岁)男性的第50百分位即第50相对应的身高,确定"标准人体",通过建立"标准人体"与地质年代间的数据关系,建立"标准人体"与地质年代各时期的分布模型.进而建立"标准人体"与动植物进化的模型.并简述了"标准人体"与历史年代建立模型的研究方法对某一种生物的进化(如马的进化、人的进化等)以及人类社会历史研究的意义.     

人体无支撑运动的数学模型

基于Hanavan[1]人体模型,本文建立了人体空中运动的一般数学模型,并利用微分方程数值解法对某些实际运动进行了模拟．结果表明该模型能用于反映人体空中无支撑运动的运动过程,并可应用于宇航、体操、技巧、跳水、舞蹈等等运动的研究．     

基于可视中国人高分辨人体结构数据集的辐射剂量模拟研究进展

中国数字化辐射虚拟人研究是以中国数字人高分辨三维结构数据集为基础,构建可用于蒙特卡洛辐射模拟的三维计算模型,并实现X射线、中子、质子等多粒子多能级的仿真计算。论著中讨论了基于高分辨人体结构数据集的辐射模型构建过程和特点,以及蒙特卡洛模拟软件,并将剂量测定结果与现有的国外人体模型模拟数据进行了比较。中国数字化辐射虚拟人模型是具备中国人体特征的辐射模型。计算结果很大程度上补充或校正了现有放射学计量数据集,为临床放疗规划、核医药、核辐射防护设计提供精确量化参考。     

人体测量指标与掌指纹特征之间的相关研究

本文对106名中国东北汉族女性进行了活体测量,并拓取了掌指纹。样本的年龄范围为18—34岁。所分析的人体测量指标共41项,掌指纹指标共59项。将人体测量指标与掌指纹指标同时输入电子计算机,进行了100项实验指标间的相关分析,并做了相关显著性检验。在41项人体测量指标中,有35项指标与掌指纹特征有相关关系。其中与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征有18项,与指纹特征相关的人体测量指标有2项,与掌纹相关的人体测量指标有15项。与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素之间的相互关系大于与指纹相关的人体测量特征。与指纹相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素的关系,要大于与掌纹相关的人体测量特征。     

人体中的水

水是人体不可缺少的组成成分,是维持人体正常生理活动的重要营养物质。文中介绍了人体中水的含量,分布及生理功能,阐述了人体对水的需求与平衡以及人体内水平衡紊乱时所出现的脱水或水中毒的原因和特征。     

“中国力学虚拟人”研究及应用

该课题利用"中国可视化人"项目研究成果和志愿者的相关数据,建立了人体全身和部分细分部位的骨肌系统生物力学仿真模型。模型可以按真实对象进行改造,并可植入人工关节等植入物。在所建实验平台中,通过运动捕捉系统测得的或人为设计的运动数据,模型可以仿真人体各种行为运动,进行动力学分析,计算关节力、关节力矩和肌肉力。成果集成在所开发的软件CMVHuman1.0中,完成软件注册登记,并建立了产业化服务体系。成果已在临床医学和植入物设计中获得广泛应用,并扩大到体育科学、人体工程学、航空、航天和虚拟士兵等领域。     

全国人体测量和生物力学会工作会议结束

全国人类工效学标准化技术委员会人体测量和生物力学委员会,于1982年9月在北京召开了第二次工作会议。与会代表着重讨论了“人体尺寸测量术语”(草案),“关于开展全国人体尺寸测量的调查报告”,和“中小学校课桌椅标准”(草案)。代表们认为,随着四化建设的进行,新的现代化机械设备的设计与制造,必须符合人-机系统高效能的要求,因而必须以准确的人体尺寸的标准资料为依据。代表们一致认为,要尽快制订出“人体尺寸测量术语”,用3—5年时间在全国进行一次人体各部尺寸的测量,建立我国人体尺寸数据库,为制订我国成年人人体尺     

用于电流耦合型人体通信的有限元模型探究

目的:研究电流耦合型人体通信(Intra-Body Communication,IBC)的传输特性.方法:以人体通信中最常使用到的部位-人体手臂为着眼点,合理抽象并得到手臂的等效数学模型,进而使用有限元方法探究人体中电流分布机理.另外,通过给模型施加不同形式下电信号,比较分析人体的信道特性.结果:①在安全阚值内,注入人体电流大小对信号衰减影响不大;②信号衰减随着发送电极尺寸的增大而减小:③收发电极间距离愈大,信号衰减愈大;④人体通信电流主要流经肌肉层,不过随频率增大,集肤效应明显,在骨中的比例很小,足以忽略.结论:本文提出的人体手臂等效有限元模型,可以对电流耦合型人体通信的通信机理展开分析.     

汽车驾驶室空间配置和驾驶员座椅设计的探讨

本文应用北京、四川两地工人的人体测量数据,得到一个适应国人体质的汽车驾驶室工作空间配置方式。以肌电图和男性腰背形状分析为依据,文章对座椅靠背的形状也提出建议。与一机部部标准比较,本文结果在国内有更高的适用比例。     

对一些基础医学教材名称的商榷

近年来许多出版社出版了大量的医学高职及高专教材,笔者注意到一些基础医学课程教材的名称不够规范,随意性较大,现提出来与大家商榷。例如;将《人体解剖学》取名为“正常人体结构”或“人体结构学”,《人体生理学》取名为“正常人体功能”或“人体机能学”,《人体解剖生理学》取名为“正常人体学”或“人体结构生理学”,     

Assessment of drug induced developmental toxicity using human embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are unique as they have the potential to be generated in large numbers and the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers via embryoid body (EB) formation. This property could be utilized as an index to study initial mammalian development. We have investigated the utility of a comprehensively characterized human ES (hES) cell line (ReliCellhES1) for testing the embryotoxic effects of compounds using cytotoxicity assays. Further, we performed real time gene expression analysis to check the alterations in germ layer markers expression upon drug treatment. The results show that assays using hES cells could serve as a reliable, sensitive and robust method to assess embryotoxic potential of compounds. They also provide a proof of concept that hES cells can be used as an in vitro model to demonstrate developmental toxicity, and to examine the germ layer-specific effects on differentiating EBs.     

A genetical genomics approach to genome scans increases power for QTL mapping

We describe a method for integrating gene expression information into genome scans and show that this can substantially increase the statistical power of QTL mapping. The method has three stages. First, standard clustering methods identify small (size 5-20) groups of genes with similar expression patterns. Second, each gene group is tested for a causative genetic locus shared with the clinical trait of interest. This is done using an EM algorithm approach that treats genotype at the putative causative locus as an unobserved variable and combines expression information from all of the genes in the group to infer genotype information at the locus. Finally, expression QTL (eQTL) are mapped for each gene group that shares a causative locus with the clinical trait. Such eQTL are candidates for the causative locus. Simulation results show that this method has far superior power to standard QTL mapping techniques in many circumstances. We applied this method to existing data on mouse obesity. Our method identified 27 putative body weight QTL, whereas standard QTL mapping produced only one. Furthermore, most gene groups with body weight QTL included cis genes, so candidate genes could be immediately identified. Eleven body weight QTL produced 16 candidate genes that have been previously associated with body weight or body weight-related traits, thus validating our method. In addition, 15 of the 16 other loci produced 32 candidate genes that have not been associated with body weight. Thus, this method shows great promise for finding new causative loci for complex traits.     

A multiple reaction monitoring method for absolute quantification of the human liver alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1C1 isoenzyme

Although significant progress has been made in protein quantification using mass spectrometry during recent years, absolute protein quantification in complex biological systems remains a challenging task in proteomics. The use of stable isotope-labeled standard peptide is the most commonly used strategy for absolute quantification, but it might not be suitable in all instances. Here we report an alternative strategy that employs a stable isotope-labeled intact protein as an internal standard to absolutely quantify the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) expression level in a human liver sample. In combination with a new targeted proteomics approach employing the method of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), we precisely and quantitatively measured the absolute protein expression level of an ADH isoenzyme, ADH1C1, in human liver. Isotope-labeled protein standards are predicted to be particularly useful for measurement of highly homologous isoenzymes such as ADHs where multiple signature peptides can be examined by MRM in a single experiment.     

Application of isoelectric focusing for studies of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression on human carcinomas and sarcomas

Summary By one-dimension isoelectric focusing we analysed the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression on human tumours. Blood lymphocytes of the patients, processed in parallel, served as a basis for comparison. The prerequisite for the analysis is the preparation of metabolically active tumour cell suspensions devoid of significant leucocyte contamination. The method was found to be suitable for study of the expression of HLA alleles on ex vivo tumour cells and allowed the detection of changes imposed by in vitro treatment with interferon and tumour necrosis factor .     

The concept of the effective dose a proposal for the combination of organ doses

Irradiation of the human body by external or internal sources leads mostly to a simultaneous exposure of several organs. However, so far no clear and consistent recommendations for the combination of organ doses and the assessment of an exposure limit under such irradiation conditions are available. Following a proposal described in ICRP-publication 14 one possible concept for the combination of organ doses is discussed in this paper. This concept is based on the assumption that at low doses the total radiation detriment to the exposed person is given by the sum of radiation detriments to the single organs. Taking into account a linear dose-risk relationship, the sum of weighted organ doses leads to the definition of an "Effective Dose". The applicability and consequences of this "Effective Dose Concept" are discussed especially with regard to the assessment of the maximum permissible intake of radionuclides into the human body and the combination of external and internal exposure.     

抗人IgG Fc片段及Fab段单抗的鉴定及应用

本实验采用木瓜酶水解,SPA柱亲合层析等手段得到人IgGFc段及Fab段,以Sigma抗人IgGfFc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗为标准品,鉴定了细胞库中抗人IgG系列的部分细胞株,得到特异性分泌抗人IgG Fc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗的细胞各一株。 在上述实验基础上,用抗人IgG Fc及抗人IgG Fab单抗分别制备了Sepharose4B亲合层析柱,提纯了酶解人IgG Fc、Fab片段,经ELISA法鉴定,相互之间无交叉反应。同时用此方法制备了人抗HBe Fab片段,并将该片段进行了过氧化物酶标记,用来配制HBe ELISA诊断盒,证明其生物活性未受影响,而且消除了类风湿因子引起的HBe Ag假阳性现象。因抗HBe单抗来源困难,如采用HBe多抗制备ELISA试剂,本法将是提高质量的一个好方法。     

柳江人身体大小和形状——体重、身体比例及相对脑量的分析

发现于广西柳江的更新世晚期人类化石除1具完整的头骨外,还包含有右侧髋骨、骶骨、两段股骨及若干件椎骨。根据各方面的特征分析,初步认定这些化石属于同一个体。这一有利条件为我们比较准确地获取与该个体身体大小和形状有关的指标数据提供了可能。本文通过对柳江人头骨及复原骨盆的测量,计算了柳江人的身高、体重、身体比例、相对脑量等。在此基础上分析了柳江人的身体大小和形状。本研究发现:柳江人化石所代表的个体具有适应温暖气候环境的纤细型身体比例,代表相对脑量的EQ指数5.602大于金牛山、山顶洞等中国更新世中、晚期化石人类,而与包括港川人在内的更新世末期及现代人类的EQ指数接近。柳江人体重52.0kg小于金牛山、山顶洞、尼安德特人等生活在高纬度地区的化石人类,而与港川、非洲的KNM-ER3883、KNM-ER3733等生活在温暖环境的古人类接近。作者认为这些发现除说明柳江人生活的气候环境外,还提示柳江人身体大小、比例及相对脑量与更新世末期及现代人类接近。