一种基于寡核苷酸微阵列芯片的多重可扩增探针杂交技术

多重可扩增探针杂交技术(multiplex amplifiable probe hybridization,MAPH)是近年来发展起来的一种用于基因组中DNA拷贝数检测的新技术。并发展了一种基于寡核苷酸微阵列芯片的MAPH技术。该方法根据所检测的DNA序列,制备若干具有通用引物的FCR产物作为可扩增探针组,与固定在尼龙膜上待测的基因组DNA杂交。用磁珠回收特异性杂交的探针,经生物素标记的通用引物扩增后,与相应的寡核苷酸微阵列芯片杂交。该特异性的寡核苷酸微阵列芯片包括10个抗肌营养不良基因的外显子探针和阴性、阳性探针。杂交清冼后,链霉亲和素-Cy3染色用芯片扫描仪得到杂交的荧光图像。分析荧光信号的强度差异给出特定基因片段拷贝数的变化。该方法用微阵列技术代替MAPH中的电泳检测技术,可大幅度增加检测的通量。选择了一个正常男性、一个正常女性和一个肌营养不良症患者的基因组DNA来进行验证。结果表明,该方法能够同时给出抗肌营养不良基因多个外显子中的基因片段拷贝数差异信息。     

高分辨率熔解曲线法的非标记探针基因分型技术

PCR反应中利用荧光检测技术对已知位点进行基因分型时常采用荧光标记的寡核苷酸做探针。近年来新兴起的高分辨率熔解曲线技术可以采用非标记的探针对已知位点的SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)或突变进行基因分型研究。采用非标记探针法对已知位点的基因分型研究具有廉价、快速、简便等特点,因此被大量应用在和疾病、形状等相关的一些多肽位点的研究中。本文较详细地介绍该技术的基本原理和实验中的注意事项。     

云南纳西族HLA—DRB1基因多态性研究及其族源分析

首次在国内采用本室改进的高分辨率的基于内含子的PCR－SBT分型方法,检测云南纳西族HLA－DRB1基因多态性。在60例纳西族个体中共检出37种HLA－DRB1等位基因,其显著特点是等位基因的类型检出较多,频率分布比较平均,除12021（17.50%）外其他的等位基因频率均低于8％,其他较常见的等位基因（＞5％）还有1404（7.50%）,1504（5.83%0,04051（5.83%0,08032（5.83%）,09012（5％）,03011（5％）。这几种中频等位基因共占可检出等位基因的35％,与12021一起共占52.49%,其中DRB1＊0305、0438、1123、1132、1310、0812为首次在我国人群中检出,并且在世界各地人群中也比较罕见。以纳西族和世界各地人群的HLA－DRB1频率进行了聚类分析。比较分析的结果显示纳西族明显属于中国南方族群,未显示出其族源来自北方的痕迹。根据遗传数据,并参照民族学、历史学研究,对其民族起源做了初步的分析。     

HLA分型方法进展

传统的HLA分型方法主要是血清学和细胞学方法,分型准确性较差,且不能进行亚型分析。随着PCR技术及基因芯片技术等分子生物学技术的出现、发展,HLA基因分型得到了迅速的发展,各具特点的HLA分型技术不断出现,使HLA的分型更加准确、精细、简便、实用,为临床推广应用打下了基础。     

生物素标记寡核苷酸探针探测扩增的病理性突变珠蛋白基因

用末端转移酶催化生物素核苷酸底物(Biotin-ll-dUTP)共价连接在合成的寡核苷酸3’羟基末端,从而合成了两种寡核苷酸探针(β~T_(41-42)及β~A_(41-42))。用它们分别与克隆化扩增的正常和突变的β—珠蛋白基因片段杂变。结果表明该探针都具有与~(32)P探针相似的特异性,其杂交的灵敏度为2—3pg(特异序列)。进而将探测HbS基因的正常和异常两种寡核苷酸19聚体(β~A_6和β~S_6)用~(32)P和生物素分别标记;将HbS杂合子病人的白细胞DNA经聚合酶链反应(PCR)法扩增,并以含正常β—珠蛋白基因的DNA片段作对照,与两种探针分别进行斑点杂交。所得结果完全一致;Hbs杂合子DNA对正常和异常探针都显出杂交信号,而正常DNA只与β~A探针显杂交信号。     

人类基因组DNA单核苷酸多态性的检测方法

单核苷酸多态性（SNP）作为新的遗传标记对基因定位及相关疾病的研究意义重大。本文对近年来9种SNP检测方法的原理、应用及优缺点,包括基于FRET原理的Taqman法和分子灯塔法;基于分子杂交技术的寡核苷酸连接分析、等位基因特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交法、动态等位基因特异性杂交法及DNA芯片法;及质谱法、变性－高压液相色谱法和单个碱基延伸标记法进行综述。     

转基因甘蔗植株Southern杂交体系的优化北大核心CSCD

对甘蔗Southern杂交体系的优化,旨为转基因甘蔗Southern杂交鉴定分析提供参考。以转基因甘蔗为材料,就探针不同标记方法的比较、甘蔗基因组DNA的提取、基因组DNA酶切量、酶切时间及杂交过程等方面,对地高辛标记的Southern杂交技术进行了优化研究。结果表明,改良的CTAB法提取的甘蔗DNA能满足后期实验的要求;PCR法标记探针的效率较随机引物法标记探针的效率高,更适合用于Southern杂交;40μg的DNA在400μL酶切体系中,酶切10 h可获得良好的酶切效果;杂交温度40℃,杂交18 h,可获得清晰的杂交条带。     

HLA-Ⅱ类基因DRα及DRB1 *0401转基因小鼠模型的遗传与繁殖

采用类系祖建系的方法 ,对HLA -Ⅱ类基因DRα 和DRB1 　 0 4 0 1转基因小鼠模型进行了繁育。通过PCR和Southernblot分子杂交的方法 ,检测小鼠尾组织的DNA样品 ,以确定DR基因的整合和复制情况。结果表明 ,HLA -Ⅱ类基因DR已稳定地遗传至第五代(F5) ;共产仔 32 6只 ,PCR检测出阳性小鼠 95只 ,阳性率为 2 9.1 %。PCR—Southern印迹杂交检测 ,发现 68只仔鼠整合有DR基因 ,总有效率为 2 0 9%。经Nothern杂交和RT -PCR检测HLA -DR基因在脾脏和肾脏中均有表达。     

高通量流式荧光微球悬液芯片检测乙肝病毒基因分型

目的:建立HBV基因分型高通量液相芯片检测技术,并探讨其应用价值.方法:对GenBank中收录的明确分型的HBV基因序列进行分析,选择preS2-S区设计引物和A、B、C和D型特异性探针.与荧光编码微球偶联的特异型探针与一条引物生物素标记的PCR产物直接杂交反应,然后结合亲和素标记的藻红蛋白,用流式检测仪(Bio-Plex 200)检测荧光信号.检测182份阳性乙肝患者血清DNA,其中35份样品检测结果与测序法比较.用B、C型质粒DNA倍比稀释及混合样品检测灵敏度来评估该方法.结果:建立了HBV基因分型的快速高通量液相芯片检测方法.182份患者血清检测结果为:B型占24.2％ (44/182),C型占71.4％(130/182),D型为6.6 ％(12/182),BC混合型4.4％(8/182).其中35份样本与测序法比较,除3份混合型测序法未检出外,其它32例结果均相同本方法的灵敏度检测下线为1×103 copies/mL.结论:应用悬液芯片技术进行乙肝病毒的基因分型分析,具有较好的特异性和较高的灵敏度,并有简便、灵活和高通量等优势.该检测系统不仅在科研中有广泛的前景,也有望成为临床推广的多重分子诊断和基因分型的新方法.     

HLA-Ⅱ类基因DRα及DRB_1~*0401~1转基因小鼠的制备

利用受精卵原核的显微注射技术 ,将人类HLA Ⅱ类DRα及DRB1 0 4 0 1两种基因 ,显微注射至C5 7BL 6×DBA 1杂交小鼠受精卵中 ;并移植至假孕受体鼠的输卵管内。实验先后有 8只鼠妊娠 ,稳定遗传五代 ,经PCR检测 95只HLA DRα、DRB1 0 4 0 1阳性。α 32P dCTP斑点杂交与Southern印迹杂交鉴定出 6 8只整合含有DRα及DRB1 0 4 0 1混合型的转基因小鼠 ,有效率为 2 0 .9%。经Northern杂交[1] 和RT PCR检测 ,其HLA DRα、DRB1 0 4 0 1基因在脾脏和肾脏中均有表达。结果说明 ,携带人类HLA Ⅱ类DRα和DRB1 0 4 0 1基因的转基因动物模型构建成功。     

PCR amplification on magnetic nanoparticles: application for high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping

A novel approach for the genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on solidphase PCR on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is described. PCR products were amplified directly on MNPs. The genotypes of a given SNP were differentiated by hybridization with a pair of allele-specific probes labeled with dual-color fluorescence (Cy3, Cy5). The results were analyzed by scanning the microarray printed with the denatured fluorescent probes on an unmodified glass slide. Electrophoresis analysis indicated that PCR could proceed successfully when MNPs-bound primers were used. Furthermore, nine different samples were genotyped and their fluorescent signals were quantified. Genotyping results showed that three genotypes for the locus were very easily discriminated. The fluorescent ratios (match probe:mismatch probe signal) of homozygous samples were over 9.3, whereas heterozygous samples had ratios near 1.0. Without any purification and concentration of PCR products, this new MNP-PCR based genotyping assay potentially provides a rapid, labor-saving method for genotyping of a large number of individuals.     

基于磁性颗粒“在位”PCR和通用标签技术的新型高通量SNP分型方法

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)在对复杂疾病遗传易感性以及基于群体基因识别等方面的研究中起着非常重要的作用,尤其是对复杂疾病遗传易感性的研究,需要对大量样本进行分型.为了满足这种要求,亟待需要发展一种操作简单、成本较低、适于自动化和高通量的分型技术.利用磁性颗粒"在位"固相PCR(insituMPs-PCR)扩增的靶序列,通过与野生、突变标签探针以及双色荧光(Cy3,Cy5)通用检测子杂交实现对样本的分型.应用该方法,对96个样本的亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T位点的多态性进行了检测,其野生型和突变型样本的正错配信号比大于4.5,杂合型正错配信号比接近1,分型结果与测序结果一致.     

FTA卡和普通定性滤纸提取DNA方法研究

用FTA采样卡和普通定性滤纸采集藏绵羊血样,采用NaOH法提取血液基因组DNA,利用设计的一对引物对DRB1基因第三外显子进行扩增,通过PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶检测,对普通定性滤纸与FTA采样卡的两种提取DNA的方法进行比较,结果认为采用普通定性滤纸-NaOH法提取血液基因组DNA,NaOH的最佳洗涤浓度是25 mmol/L,采用FTA-NaOH法提取血液基因组DNA,NaOH的最佳洗涤浓度是20 mmol/L,但普通定性滤纸法提取血液基因组DNA平均成本远低于FTA采样卡,普通定性滤纸法提取血液基因组DNA具有快速、便捷、经济及高效的特点.     

A single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping method using phosphate-affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

To date, various methods have been developed to facilitate the genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of inherited diseases. The most commonly used method for SNP genotyping is an allele-specific hybridization procedure using an expensive fluorochrome-labeled oligonucleotide probe and a specialized fluorescence analyzer. Here, we introduce a simple and reliable genotyping method using a 1:1 mixture of 5'-phosphate-labeled and nonlabeled allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The method is based on the difference in mobility of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated PCR products (in the same number of basepairs) on phosphate-affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The phosphate-affinity site is a polyacrylamide-bound dinuclear zinc(II) complex, which preferentially captures the 5'-phosphate-labeled allele-specific product compared with the corresponding nonlabeled product. The obtained DNA migration bands can be visualized by ethidium bromide staining. We demonstrate the genotyping of a SNP reported in a human cardiac sodium channel gene, SCN5A, using this novel procedure.     

Use of 5´-anchored primers for the enhanced recovery of specific microsatellite markers in Brassica napus L.

Microsatellite markers have assumed great significance in biological research. The isolation and characterisation of microsatellites involves DNA library construction and screening, DNA sequencing, primer design and PCR optimisation. When a microsatellite is situated close to the beginning or end of a cloned fragment, specific primers cannot be designed for one of the flanking sequences, thus hindering the utilisation of such microsatellites as markers. The present approach was to use one 5′-anchored primer complementary to the microsatellite sequence in combination with one specific Cy5- labelled primer with a view to retrieving useful microsatellites, which would otherwise be lost. Six pairs of a 5′ anchored primer and a specific primer were used across a set of 31 Brassica napus winter cultivars and one accession each of five additional Brassica species. Using laser fluorometry a single labelled product was observed after amplification with each of four primer pairs, and one primer pair gave two labelled products. Three products corresponded in size with the products expected if 5′ anchoring was effective, indicating the amplification of locus-specific full-length products including all of the microsatellite repeats. All six primer pairs showed polymorphisms across the Brassica species examined, but only one primer pair showed polymorphisms within B. napus, making it useful for genetic analysis in rapeseed cultivars. The other primer pairs could be useful in studying gene introgression into B. napus or for investigating interspecific crosses involving different Brassica species. Received: 5 August 1999 / Accepted: 1 November 1999     

Monitoring of fluorescence during DNA melting as a method for discrimination and detection of PCR products in variety identification

DNA melting curves of genotype-specific PCR fragments were used to differentiate between species and amongst varieties of cereals. Melting curves were generated by ramping the temperature of PCR fragments through their dissociation temperature in the presence of a double-stranded DNA binding dye. Genotypes were discriminated by differences in the position and shape of the melting curve which is a function of the fragment's sequence, length and GC content. Amplification of 5S ribosomal RNA genes generated species-specific fragments for six of the major cereal crops. Of the 15 possible pairwise comparisons, 13 distinctions could be reliably made using melting curve position data. Wheat varieties were identified by the melting profiles of PCR products generated using microsatellite primers. DNA melting curve analysis was conveniently coupled with capillary-PCR using a LightCycler instrument to provide a rapid method of genotyping in cereals.     

基于四引物扩增受阻突变体系PCR 的多重乳腺癌相关SNP 位点检测方法的建立

为提高单核苷酸多态性检测的通量, 引入多重嵌合引物PCR 和毛细管电泳对四引物扩增受阻突变体系PCR 进行改进. 针对乳腺癌位点rs4784227(C>T), rs1219648(G>A)和rs3803662(T>C)设计特异性嵌合引物, 经一次PCR扩增后, 通过毛细管电泳分析产物长度, 同时确定3 个位点的基因型. 70 份全血和口腔拭子样本, 电泳结果均与测序一致, 实现成功分型. 本方法仅需一次PCR 和一次毛细管电泳即可获得3 个位点的分型结果, 操作简单、快速准确.     

Design and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the investigation of compost microbial communities

A microarray consisting of oligonucleotide probes targeting variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was designed and tested for the investigation of microbial communities in compost. Probes were designed for microorganisms that have been previously reported in the composting process and for plant, animal and human pathogens. The oligonucleotide probes were between 17 and 25 bp in length and included mostly species-specific sequences. Validation of probe specificity and optimization of hybridization conditions were conducted using fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA gene PCR products of pure culture strains. A labeling method employing a Cy3 or Cy5-labeled forward primer together with a phosphate-conjugated reverse primer for the production of single stranded DNA after a digestion step was optimised and used to label target DNA. A combination of two different DNA extraction methods using both physical and chemical lysis was found to give the best DNA yields. Increased hybridization signal intensities were obtained for probes modified with a 12 mer T-spacer. The microarray was found to have a detection limit of 10(3) cells, although in compost spiking experiments, the detection limit was reduced to 10(5) cells. The application of the microarray to compost samples indicated the presence of Streptococcus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Clostridium tetani in various compost samples. The presence of A. lwoffii in those compost samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific for the organism. The aim of this study was to develop a molecular tool that would allow screening for the presence or absence of different microorganisms within compost samples.