三峡库区世坪常绿阔叶林群落特征

重庆丰都世坪森林公园的常绿阔叶林是长江三峡库区低海拔区残存的较典型常绿阔叶林,林内植物种类丰富。1hm2固定样地的调查表明,群落内共有维管束植物195种,隶属73科142属,植物的科属组成丰富。群落内区系地理成分复杂,与热带植物区系关系较密切,但温带区系成分也占有相当大的比重。群落的外貌主要由中小型革质、单叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定。群落成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,层间植物丰富。总之,无论区系组成还是群落外貌和结构均体现了中亚热带北缘常绿阔叶林的特征。世坪森林公园的常绿阔叶林是三峡库区宝贵的植物基因库,希望有关部门尽快在此设立常绿阔叶林保护区,以保护本地区植被恢复的种质资源。     

西南桦人工林与山地雨林的群落学特征比较

人类活动对生态系统的影响是当今生态学的研究热点之一, 但对在退化生态系统上进行人工造林对地带性植被群落学特征的影响研究尚较欠缺。本文根据组成群落的植物生态学特征能对其生态环境做出准确的反应这一规则, 通过样地调查法分析了林龄为12年的西南桦(Betula alnoides)人工群落的区系组成和基本的群落学特征, 并与当地的地带性植被——山地雨林的区系组成和群落学特征进行了比较, 从而探讨人工造林对当地天然生态系统的影响。结果发现, 与天然群落相比, 人类活动(人工种植西南桦林)对生态系统的植物物种的生活型谱、物种叶型谱、区系成分、物种多样性等方面的群落学特征影响不大;即使在这些方面有或多或少的差异, 可能也是小环境的异质性造成的。但是人工种植西南桦林对群落的季相外貌、群落的结构、物种组成、物种丰富度以及生物量等方面有较大的影响。进行综合分析后得出结论: 虽然人工造林可以缩短植被自然恢复的时间以及具有显著的经济价值, 但与地带性植被相比, 还是有较大的生态学差异。建议为了当地经济的发展, 有必要适当发展一定面积的人工林, 但规模应适度。     

西南桦人工林与山地雨林的群落学特征比较

人类活动对生态系统的影响是当今生态学的研究热点之一,但对在退化生态系统上进行人工造林对地带性植被群落学特征的影响研究尚较欠缺。本文根据组成群落的植物生态学特征能对其生态环境做出准确的反应这一规则,通过样地调查法分析了林龄为12年的西南桦（Betula alnoides）人工群落的区系组成和基本的群落学特征,并与当地的地带性植被——山地雨林的区系组成和群落学特征进行了比较,从而探讨人工造林对当地天然生态系统的影响。结果发现,与天然群落相比,人类活动（人工种植西南桦林）对生态系统的植物物种的生活型谱、物种叶型谱、区系成分、物种多样性等方面的群落学特征影响不大;即使在这些方面有或多或少的差异,可能也是小环境的异质性造成的。但是人工种植西南桦林对群落的季相外貌、群落的结构、物种组成、物种丰富度以及生物量等方面有较大的影响。进行综合分析后得出结论：虽然人工造林可以缩短植被自然恢复的时间以及具有显著的经济价值,但与地带性植被相比,还是有较大的生态学差异。建议为了当地经济的发展,有必要适当发展一定面积的人工林,但规模应适度。     

四川峨眉山珙桐群落的初步研究

本文通过对峨眉山珙桐群落分布、生境条件、区系组成、群落外貌和结构等方面的分析,认为该群落的性质是一种典型的中亚热带中山山地常绿、落叶阔叶混交林植被;适宜分布于温暖、潮湿、雨量充沛、云雾多、日照少、山势陡峻、沟谷切割很深的地段;群落中植物种类丰富,区系组成复杂,古老植物较多,从区系地理成分的分析反映出该区域植被具有中国—日本植物区系的基本特征。 该群落的自然更新是通过种子繁殖和萌蘖等方式的互补来实现,从而使其成为较稳定的群落。但目前该群落正遭到较严重的破坏,应采取人工辅助更新等切实措施加以保护。     

贵州大方喀斯特区领春木群落特征研究

采用植物群落学研究方法,对典型喀斯特区大方福建柏自然保护区内领春木(Euptelea pleiospermum)群落进行了研究。结果表明:群落植物种类丰富,科属组成极为分散,区系成分复杂。科级地理成分热带性质较强(45.28%),属级地理成分以温带性质为主(39.44%)。群落外貌以中、小型叶面积、单叶、落叶草质、革质、非全缘的高位芽植物组成为特征。垂直结构复杂,成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和地被层,并有一定层间植物伴生。乔木层、灌木层、草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.5561、2.6954、1.9145。     

垃圾填埋场恶臭污染与控制研究进展

垃圾填埋场是城市公共设施恶臭的重要来源.随着城市化进程的加快和城镇居民对生活环境质量要求的提高,垃圾填埋过程产生的恶臭污染问题日益突出,垃圾填埋场恶臭污染控制已成为目前的研究热点.本文概述了垃圾填埋场恶臭气体的主要成分和浓度范围,重点阐述了垃圾填埋场恶臭原位控制的研究进展,并对今后垃圾填埋场恶臭气体控制的研究方向进行了展望.     

西双版纳鸡血藤次生群落的特征分析

本文对西双版纳热带雨林刀耕火种撩荒后形成的鸡血藤次生群落进行了研究和分析,结果表明：在９００ｍ２的固定样地上,计有维管束植物６２种,隶属于３６科５５属,ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－ｗｉｅｎｎｅｒ指数为４．２５;区系地理成分可分为９种类型,以热带区系成分为主,占９２．７３％。群落结构可分为乔木层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）、灌木层、草木层及层间植物,群落的外貌以高位芽、小叶型、单叶、纸质为主组成。与先锋阶段的植物群落相比,该群落正向湿润性的热带森林方向发展。     

南岭国家级自然保护区不同保护条件下林分的组成和立木结构

研究了在南岭国家级自然保护区中不同程度的保护条件下(试验区中的群落Ⅰ、缓冲区中的群落Ⅱ、核心区中的群落Ⅲ)3种群落类型的组成和立木结构.结果表明,3种群落的区系成分相似,都是以泛热带分布、热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布、东哑和北美洲间断分布为主.群落Ⅰ的优势度在3种群落中最为明显.经F检验表明3种群落的丰富度和立木胸径都有极显著差异(P<0.001).受保护程度最低的群落Ⅰ的丰富度和平均胸径都最小,中等保护程度的群落Ⅱ的平均立木胸径和受保护程度最高的群落Ⅲ在丰富度和区系成分上表现出优势.频繁的人类活动的干扰对群落的丰富度、结构和区系成分的负面影响是明显的,但并非保护程度越高,群落的组成和结构越好.自然保护区的管理必须考虑到该地区的可持续性,结合当地的自然社会经济条件,控制好人为干扰的程度,以维持林分群落较高的丰富度和高大的乔木,禁止对森林造成破坏的人为干扰.     

重庆都市区残存常绿阔叶林的群落特征及其意义

重庆市是近年来中国经济发展的热点地区之一, 处于快速城市化进程之中。其都市区植被受到严重的破坏, 仅在平行山岭上残存有少量的自然植被。铁山坪国家森林公园内残存的常绿阔叶林是中亚热带低海拔地区典型的常绿阔叶林, 也是重庆都市区核心区内唯一保存较好的自然常绿阔叶林片断。作者选择代表性地段设置了2,000 m2的永久样方, 进行了详细的群落学调查, 在此基础上, 对群落的物种组成、外貌以及结构特征等进行了分析。结果表明, 群落中共出现维管植物58种, 分属32科46属, 单种科和单种属的数量大, 分别为20和39个。物种的区系地理成分相对简单, 以热带植物区系成分占优势, 同时温带和东亚植物区系成分也占较大比例。群落外貌由小型和中型革质单叶的高位芽植物所决定, 中型革质单叶的高位芽植物所占比例相对较高。群落垂直空间分化明显, 可以分为乔木层、亚乔木层、灌木层和林床, 树冠分布较为连续。刺果米槠(Castanopsis carlesii var. spinusa)为群落的唯一优势种, 其相对优势度达到73.38%, 且更新连续。群落木本层多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)较低, 为1.75, 而林床则达到3.96。对该群落的生活型组成、叶性质以及主要种的种群结构的分析表明该群落属较为成熟的湿润型常绿阔叶林类型。作为重庆都市区内宝贵的乡土物种基因库和资源库, 该残存常绿阔叶林在区域生物多样性的保护中具有重要的价值。     

垃圾堆上绽放的花蕾——也说封场绿化

<正>为实现垃圾的集中化和无害化处理,控制其处理的环境危害,在过去十几年中我国新建了大量的垃圾填埋场。随着这些垃圾填埋场逐渐达到设计库容,未来几年中,将有大批填埋场进入封场阶段。对垃圾填埋场进行绿化,使封场后的垃圾填埋场址恢复到当地的生态水平,是城市垃圾填埋场高效合理利用土地、工程成本最低的方案,并可为城市地区提供必需的户外空地和绿化带。因此从长期来看,垃圾填埋场是一个具有较大绿化潜力的地方。     

The conservation value of restored landfill sites in the East Midlands, UK for supporting bird communities

There has been a rapid decline of grassland bird species in the UK over the last four decades. In order to stem declines in biodiversity such as this, mitigation in the form of newly created habitat and restoration of degraded habitats is advocated in the UK biodiversity action plan. One potential restored habitat that could support a number of bird species is re-created grassland on restored landfill sites. However, this potential largely remains unexplored. In this study, birds were counted using point sampling on nine restored landfill sites in the East Midlands region of the UK during 2007 and 2008. The effects of restoration were investigated by examining bird species composition, richness, and abundance in relation to habitat and landscape structure on the landfill sites in comparison to paired reference sites of existing wildlife value. Twelve bird species were found in total and species richness and abundance on restored landfill sites was found to be higher than that of reference sites. Restored landfill sites support both common grassland bird species and also UK Red List bird species such as skylark Alauda arvensis, grey partridge Perdix perdix, lapwing Vanellus vanellus, tree sparrow, Passer montanus, and starling Sturnus vulgaris. Size of the site, percentage of bare soil and amount of adjacent hedgerow were found to be the most influential habitat quality factors for the distribution of most bird species. Presence of open habitat and crop land in the surrounding landscape were also found to have an effect on bird species composition. Management of restored landfill sites should be targeted towards UK Red List bird species since such sites could potentially play a significant role in biodiversity action planning.     

Understory vegetation as an indicator for floodplain forest restoration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley,U.S.A.

In the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), complete alteration of river‐floodplain hydrology allowed for widespread conversion of forested bottomlands to intensive agriculture, resulting in nearly 80% forest loss. Governmental programs have attempted to restore forest habitat and functions within this altered landscape by the methods of tree planting (afforestation) and local hydrologic enhancement on reclaimed croplands. Early assessments identified factors that influenced whether planting plus tree colonization could establish an overstory community similar to natural bottomland forests. The extent to which afforested sites develop typical understory vegetation has not been evaluated, yet understory composition may be indicative of restored site conditions. As part of a broad study quantifying the ecosystem services gained from restoration efforts, understory vegetation was compared between 37 afforested sites and 26 mature forest sites. Differences in vegetation attributes for species growth forms, wetland indicator classes, and native status were tested with univariate analyses; floristic composition data were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Understory vegetation of restoration sites was generally hydrophytic, but species composition differed from that of mature bottomland forest because of young successional age and differing responses of plant growth forms. Attribute and floristic variation among restoration sites was related to variation in canopy development and local wetness conditions, which in turn reflected both intrinsic site features and outcomes of restoration practices. Thus, understory vegetation is a useful indicator of functional progress in floodplain forest restoration.     

Spontaneous Return of Biodiversity in Restored Subtropical Thicket: Portulacaria afra as an Ecosystem Engineer

An accepted criterion for measuring the success of ecosystem restoration is the return of biodiversity relative to intact reference ecosystems. The emerging global carbon economy has made landscape‐scale restoration of severely degraded Portulacaria afra (spekboom)‐dominated subtropical thicket, by planting multiple rows of spekboom truncheons, a viable land‐use option. Although large amounts of carbon are sequestered when planting a monoculture of spekboom, it is unknown whether this is associated with the return of other thicket biodiversity components. We used available carbon stock data from degraded, restored, and intact stands at one site, and sampled carbon stocks at restored stands at another site in the same plant community. We also sampled plant community composition at both sites. The total carbon stock of the oldest (50 years) post‐restoration stand (250.8 ± 14 t C ha^?1) approximated that of intact stands (245 t C ha^?1) and we observed a general increase in carbon content with restoration age (71.4 ± 24 t C ha^?1 after 35 and 167.9 ± 20 t C ha^?1 after 50 years). A multiple correspondence analysis separated degraded stands from stands under restoration based on ground cover, floristic composition, and total carbon stock. Older post‐restoration and intact stands were clustered according to woody canopy recruit abundance. Our results suggest that spekboom is an ecosystem engineer that promotes spontaneous return of canopy species and other components of thicket biodiversity. The spekboom canopy creates a cooler micro‐climate and a dense litter layer, both likely to favor the recruitment of other canopy species.     

Avian Composition Co‐varies with Floristic Composition and Soil Nutrient Concentration in Amazonian Upland Forests

Spatial heterogeneity in the plant species composition of tropical forests is expected to influence animal species abundance and composition because vegetation constitutes the primary habitat feature for forest animals. Floristic variation is tied to variation in soils, so edaphic properties should ultimately influence animal species composition as well. The study of covariation in floristic and faunistic turnover has been hindered by the difficulty of completing coordinated surveys in hyperdiverse tropical communities, but this can be overcome with the use of a few plant taxa that function as surrogates for general floristic turnover. We used avian and plant transect surveys and soil sampling in a western Amazonian upland (terra firme) forest landscape to test whether spatial variation in bird community composition is associated with floristic turnover and corresponding edaphic gradients. Partial Mantel tests and Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling showed floristic distinctiveness between two forest types closely associated with differences in soil cation concentrations, and differences in both floristic composition and cation concentrations were further linked to compositional differences in avian species, independent of geographic distances among sites. Ten percent of bird species included in Indicator Species Analyses showed significant associations with one of the two forest types. The upland forest types that we sampled, each corresponding to a different geological formation, are intermediate relative to edaphically extreme environments in the region. Models of avian diversification should take into account this environmental heterogeneity, as should conservation planning approaches that aim to represent faunal diversity. Abstract in Spanish is available in the online version of this article.     

Importance of landscape context for post‐restoration recovery of riparian vegetation

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Vegetation heterogeneity and diversity in flat and mountain landscapes of Patagonia (Argentina)

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Influence of Plant Community Composition on Biomass Production in Planted Grasslands

United States energy policy mandates increased use of renewable fuels. Restoring grasslands could contribute to a portion of this requirement through biomass harvest for bioenergy use. We investigated which plant community characteristics are associated with differences in biomass yield from a range of realistic native prairie plantings (n = 11; i.e., conservation planting, restoration, and wildlife cover). Our primary goal was to understand whether patterns in plant community composition and the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) were related to productivity as evidenced by dormant season biomass yield. FQI is an objective measure of how closely a plant community represents that of a pre-European settlement community. Our research was conducted in planted fields of native tallgrass prairie species, and provided a gradient in floristic quality index, species richness, species diversity, and species evenness in south-central Wisconsin during 2008 and 2009. We used a network of 15 randomly located 1 m² plots within each field to characterize the plant community and estimate biomass yield by clipping the plots at the end of each growing season. While plant community composition and diversity varied significantly by planting type, biomass yield did not vary significantly among planting types (ANOVA; P >0.05). Biomass yield was positively correlated with plant community evenness, richness, C4 grass cover, and floristic quality index, but negatively correlated with plant species diversity in our multi-season multiple linear mixed effects models. Concordantly, plots with biomass yield in the lowest quartile (biomass yield < 3500 kh/ha) had 8% lower plant community evenness and 9% lower FQI scores than those in the upper quartile (biomass yield > 5800 kh/ha). Our results suggest that promoting the establishment of fields with high species evenness and floristic quality may increase biomass yield, while simultaneously supporting biodiversity.     

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