四川乌头属的修订：四川乌头属的系统排列 亚属2.乌头亚属 系5．显柱乌头系

块根2,或较多,束生。茎直立,偶尔蔓生或上部缠绕。基生叶不存在;茎下部叶在开花时枯萎;叶片掌状深裂,少有全裂。一回裂片浅裂。侧萼片长在1cm以上;上萼片盔形、高盔形,少有船形。花瓣瓣片不膨大,有距,唇明显。种子有膜质横翅。     

罗布麻叶和花的比较观察

罗布麻叶片有鉴别类型的作用：白麻叶厚,表皮有乳状突起,中脉不明显,为等面叶,有上下两层栅状组织;红麻叶较薄,中脉明显,为两面叶。栽种原产地根茎第一年叶片横切面测定叶的最度：新疆,甘肃白麻为372－471μm,新,甘红麻为260－310μ,吉,辽,晋,鲁,豫,苏,陕红麻为169－222μm,新疆,甘肃白麻引入陕西后,叶片表现旱生状减弱,有向中生结构转化的趋势。罗布麻的花亦有鉴别类型作用;白麻花大,碗形,据引入类型记载,花冠长0.88-1.05cm,花冠中部直径为1.14-1.46cm;红麻花喇叭形,其中来源于东部的红麻,花冠长约0.68-0.81cm,中部直径为0.39-0.49cm;新疆,甘肃红麻花最小,花冠长,0.55-0.61cm中部直径为0.30-0.38cm。     

裂叶沙参和泡沙参种群有性生殖和无性繁殖的比较

通过对裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla Hong)和泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)种群有性生殖和无性繁殖特性的对比,揭示濒危植物裂叶沙参的种群内部致濒机制。结果表明:裂叶沙参种群幼苗抢占草本层上层空间能力弱于泡沙参种群;裂叶沙参种群是以相对长的生殖期和高产籽量来适应环境;裂叶沙参种群开花结实量虽高于泡沙参种群,但其中成熟种子少,种子质量差,致使其种群由种子到一年生幼苗的转化率极低,并且幼苗生活力弱,是导致其种群濒危的重要内部原因。裂叶沙参种群除有性生殖外还兼有较弱的无性繁殖,是对其有性生殖的一个重要补充。     

中药材绵萆薢的主要原植物

中药材绵萆解的主要原植物,经与采自日本的七裂叶萆解Dioscorea septemloba Thunb． 相对照,认为系一新种Dioscorea spongiosa J．Q.Xi,M. Mizuno et W．L．Zhao。该二种主要 区别如下：1．绵萆解地下茎直径3—6cm,色枯黄至黑棕; 叶微波缘或全缘,罕掌裂; 蒴果扁球 形,种翅矩圆形,紫红色。七裂叶萆解地下茎直径1—2cm,色枯黄; 叶全为掌裂; 蒴果倒卵 状; 种翅倒卵形,灰棕色。2．绵萆解花粉粒外壁纹饰肋条状,在七裂叶萆解为网状。3．绵萆解地下茎中柱鞘有众多石细胞,在七裂叶萆解则未见石细胞。4．地下茎甾体皂甙元硅胶G 板层析,以苯：乙酸乙酯：石油醚(4：1：1)展开,磷钼酸显色,二者均现6斑点,绵萆解的第5点 面积和第6点R_f值均较七裂叶萆解大。 5．地下茎甾体皂甙元的紫外光谱检测,绵萆解在399nm处有峰,363有谷; 七裂叶萆解在310有峰,250有谷。     

封面植物介绍——太白美花草

太白美花草(Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang)又名重叶莲,隶属于毛茛科美花草属。为多年生草本,高8～10cm,全株无毛。基生叶3～6片,花期不完全展开;叶柄长2～10cm,基部抱茎;叶片深裂,小叶2～3对,再2～3裂。茎生叶1～2片,长1～2.5cm。花直径2.2～2.8cm。萼片5,蓝紫色。花瓣9～,基部褐色,狭倒卵形或倒披针形,长,宽,先端截形。雄蕊长;花丝狭线     

补白

封面植物介绍——太白美花草太白美花草(Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang)又名重叶莲,隶属于毛茛科美花草属。为多年生草本,高8～10cm,全株无毛。基生叶3～6片,花期不完全展开;叶柄长2～10cm,基部抱茎;叶片深裂,小叶2～3对,再2～3裂。茎生叶1～2片,长1～2.5cm。花直径2.2～2.8cm。萼片5,蓝紫色。花瓣9～     

云南高黎贡山西坡玉山竹属二新种

发表了云南高黎贡山西坡玉山竹属二新种:大玉山竹(Yushania gigantea Yi et L.Yang)和片马玉山竹(Yushania pianmaensis Yi et L.Yang)。大玉山竹近似西藏玉山竹(Y.xizangensis Yi),不同在于秆柄粗壮,直径7~12mm,节间长达2.5 cm;秆较高大,高6~7 m,节间分枝一侧基部扁平或具短纵沟槽;小枝具(5)6(7)叶;叶鞘较长,长(2.5)3.2~4.8 cm;叶柄无毛;叶片较大,长(3.5)10~18(20)cm,宽(4.5)8~13(18)mm,易于区别。片马玉山竹相似大玉山竹(Y.gigantea Yi et L.Yang),但本种秆较矮小,高2.5~4 m,直径1~1.8(2.5)cm;枝条较多而细,在秆上每节12~30枚,直径1~1.5(2)mm;箨鞘背面无毛,箨片较小,长1.5~3.5 cm,宽1~2.5 mm;小枝具叶较少,为(3)4~5枚;叶片较小,长达12.5 cm,宽达8 mm。     

封面植物介绍——九翅豆蔻

正九翅豆蔻(Amomum maximum Roxburgh)隶属于姜科(Zingiberaceae)豆蔻属。多年生草本,株高2~3m,茎丛生。叶片长椭圆形或长圆形,长30~90cm,宽10~20cm,顶端尾尖,基部渐狭,下延,叶面无毛,叶背及叶柄均被白绿色柔毛;植株下部叶无柄或近于无柄,中部和上部叶的叶柄长1~8cm;叶舌2裂,长圆形,长约1.2~2cm,被稀疏的白色柔毛,叶舌边缘干膜质,淡黄绿色。穗状花序近圆球形,直径约5cm,鳞片     

中国当归属新分类群

多年生草本,高 1～1.2m。根长圆锥形,棕褐色,长 10～12cm,根颈部直径 2～3cm。茎具纵条纹,被疏柔毛。基生叶有柄,长 10～15cm,被疏柔毛,叶鞘长圆形;叶片轮廊三角     

封面植物介绍——太白美花草

太白美花草(Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang)又名重叶莲,隶属于毛茛科美花草属。为多年生草本,高8～10cm,全株无毛。基生叶3～6片,花期不完全展开;叶柄长2～10cm,基部抱茎;叶片深裂,小叶2～3对,再2～3裂。茎生叶1～2片,长1～2.5cm。花直径2.2～2.8cm。萼片5,蓝紫色。花瓣9～13,基部褐色,狭倒卵形或倒披针形,长11～14mm,宽3.5～6mm,先端截形。雄蕊长4～5mm;花丝狭线形;花药长圆形,长约0.8mm。心皮18～22个。花期6月。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor     

Viewing the difference between the diploid and the polyploid in the light of the upland cotton aneuploid

The aneuploidy of Gossypium hirsutum L. (upland cotton) aneusomatics were obtained by induced parthenogenesis. These aneuploids could grow and set seeds normally. In the process of meiosis there appeared large quantities of heteromorphic pairs and multivalent chromosomes and many cases of cytomixis and multisperm fertilization occurred. The aneuploids produced offsprings through sexual propagation. We explored penetratingly the questions how and why these aneuploids could survive. Through this research, we found that the upland cotton possessed an immense latent capacity to adapt to adverse environments. More importantly, in the case of the upland cotton, we discovered that the genetic pattern of the polyploid differs in some respects from that of the diploid.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

Changes since the turn of the century in the fish fauna and the fisheries of the Oslofjord

Summary 1. The material for this study is drawn from two sources, (a) investigations of the fish fauna in the inner Oslofjord between 1897 and 1967, (b) fish landing statistics available since 1872 at the Oslo fish market.2. The investigations of the fish fauna reveal that 4 species of fish — 2 sharks and 2 arctic bullheads — have disappeared from the deep waters of the Oslofjord where they were known to exist in 1897. We assume that unfavourable conditions, great changes in temperature or lack of oxygen in the stagnant deep water to which these species belonged have been injurious to their propagation and survival.3. The annual fluctuations in the landed quantities of fish are great, but nevertheless there exists a marked decreasing trend since about 1930; total landings in recent years are less than 1/10 of what they were 30 or 40 years ago.4. The fluctuations in the landings of cod, herring and mackerel are studied in some detail. Three periods (of 20 to 22 years' duration) from 1872 to 1932 show increasing average landings of cod: 44, 57, and 74 tons respectively; in the period 1933 to 1955 landings decreased to an average of 16 tons per year. The effect of fluctuating year classes is discussed.5. The landings of herring and mackerel were very good between 1911 and 1919 or 1920 with a maximum of 1500 tons of herring and 800 tons of mackerel. In the following years there was a trend of decrease with a few years of moderately good landings. Mature mackerels are immigrating into the fjord for feeding and spawning, while mature herrings, to a major extent, are supposed to belong to a local stock. The highest landings of both species are due to extremely great catches of young fish, and the success of the fishery in any one year, therefore, dependent of a successful spawning and hatching one ort two years before.6. In conclusion, the attention is drawn to the fact that there are reasons to believe that the profuse growth of bacteria in the polluted waters seems to be injurious to the hatching of fish eggs and to the survival of fish larvae (Dannevig 1945,Oppenheimer 1955).

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Veränderungen der Fischfauna und der Fischerei des Oslofjords seit der Jahrhundertwende

Kurzfassung Das Material zu dieser Untersuchung stammt aus zwei Quellen: (a) vier Untersuchungen über die Fischfauna des Oslofjords im Zeitraum zwischen 1897 und 1967, und (b) Statistiken für den Zeitraum von 1872 bis 1964 über die Fischmengen, die im inneren Oslofjord gefangen und an die Fischhalle in Oslo geliefert worden sind. Ein Vergleich der Resultate mit den vier Untersuchungen über die Fischfauna zeigt, daß vier Arten von Tiefwasserfischen aus dem inneren Oslofjord völlig verschwunden sind, nämlichEtmopterus spinax, Somniosus microcephalus, Artediellus uncinatus undIcelus bicornis, die beiden zuletzt genannten wahrscheinlich schon vor 1930. Eine Anzahl anderer Arten, die früher häufig waren, sind jetzt selten. Statistische Erhebungen über die im Oslofjord gefangenen Fische lassen erkennen, daß die Erträge seit den zwanziger und dreißiger Jahren stark zurückgegangen sind. Gleichzeitig hat die Zahl der Fischer abgenommen. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß die Veränderungen des Oslofjords sich besonders in den letzten 30 Jahren für mehrere Fischarten als schädigend erwiesen haben. Diese Auffassung wird unterstützt durch die Untersuchungen vonDannevig (1945) undOppenheimer (1955), die gezeigt haben, daß die reiche Bakterienflora des Oslofjords für die Entwicklung der pelagischen Fischeier schädlich ist.

     

Characteristics of the ovum cleavage and the importance of the preblastula phase in the embryogenesis of the Nematoda

The figure of tetrahedron is formed in certain species of Plectus and in Tobrilus gracilis at the stage of 4 blastomeres rather than a rhombus which is formed in most highly organized nematodes. The analysis of the Nematoda's embryogenesis allows to conclude that tetrahedron, rhombus as well as some other figures play the role of preblastula sustaining the most expedient disposition of the first blastomers for transition to the formation of the blastula. With the increasing organization of nematodas the tetrahedron preblastula turns into a rhombic, linear-rhombic and at last in aphelenchoid-tylenchoid one. The character of the distribution of structural elements of organs and tissues of the definitive animal in the cytoplasm of the egg of Plectus and Tobrilus confirms the rightness of the division of the class of nematodas into subclasses Enoplia and Chromadoria rather than subclasses Adenophorea and Secernentea.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Topical organization of the projections to the putamen from the nuclei of the amygdaloid body in the cat

The investigation has been performed on the cat by means of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase method and luminescent markers. To the putamen along its rostro-caudal length and to all the segments projection fibers get only from the neurons of the basal nucleus of the amygdaloid body, greater number of the neurons projecting to the antero-ventral parts of the putamen than to the posterior ones. The problem on likeness in organization of the projections of the amygdaloid body and the caudate nucleus is discussed.     

Senescence: the good the bad and the dysfunctional

Nearly 50 years have elapsed since Hayflick challenged the dogma that individual human cells were immortal by demonstrating that after a predictable number of cellular divisions, normal human fibroblasts eventually entered a state of permanent growth arrest [Hayflick L: The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 1965, 37:614-636.; Hayflick L, Moorhead PS: The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 1961, 25:585-621]. This growth arrest, referred to as senescence, was hypothesized to function as a tumor suppressive mechanism, capable of limiting the replicative capacity of an incipient tumor cell. While originally met with skepticism, the existence of senescence and its importance as a tumor suppressive mechanism is now accepted. Here, we highlight this work and introduce studies that indicate that while senescent cells themselves cannot produce a neoplasia, they possess the ability to promote the growth of nearby preneoplastic cells and in this way may contribute to age-related increases in tumor incidences. This added level of complexity suggests that senescence functions as a biological 'double edged sword.'     

Reflection in the electrical activity of the brain of the activities of the mechanisms regulating the functional state

On the basis of analysis of the results of author's studies and literature data, theoretical notions are developed, according to which spatial-temporal organization of cortical biopotentials is a result of activity of nonspecific different level systems subtly regulating current alertness in conformity with needs of the actual and forthcoming activities. In the hierarchy of regulating systems, in conditions of alertness, nonspecific thalamic and midbrain system is leading. Activity of these regulation levels provides in alertness for formation and destruction of functional neuronal ensembles which realize elementary informational transformations. The role is emphasized of asynchronous processes in the central nervous system activity.