苹果三维树冠的净光合速率分布模拟

构建三维树冠光合模型可模拟出叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和光能利用效率(LUE)在树冠内的三维分布。以17年生纺锤形"富士"苹果树(Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’)为试材,通过实测确定三维树冠内叶片和辐射分布,根据不同部位叶片最大光合速率经验公式模拟叶片P_n 在三维树冠空间内分布,并据2007-2009年测定数据拟合相关模型参数。模拟表明,苹果树冠叶片P_n 和辐射的三维分布相似,在树冠上部P_n 三维分布比较平缓,然后随辐射的减少而迅速降低。高辐射条件下(PAR=1500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),从树冠上部3 m处降到到1 m,平均相对辐射从71.18%降到8.05%,减少了89%,叶片平均P_n从15.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1降到1.92 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,减少了87%。单位体积小室内的总净光合速率大小主要取决于叶面积密度,部分取决于P_n。G_s三维分布与P_n相似,而LUE分布与辐射相反,中下部高,上部低。根据光合机理模型、树冠内辐射和叶面积三维分布可模拟出苹果三维树冠内叶片的P_n、G_s和LUE分布,该模型参数少,可方便用于其它果树三维光合模型构建和果树整形修剪研究。     

短期寒潮天气对福州市绿地土壤呼吸及组分的影响

城市生态系统土壤呼吸在区域乃至国家尺度上的碳预算与碳循环中都具有重要地位,研究突发天气下城市生态系统土壤呼吸及其组分的变化对准确估算城市土壤碳排放具有重要意义。以亚热带城市草坪(沟叶结缕草,Zoysia matrell)和片林(南洋杉,Araucaria heterophylla)为研究对象,于2011年2月10日至19日通过监测一次突发短期降温天气前后土壤呼吸及其组分(微生物呼吸和根系呼吸)的动态变化,探讨了短期低温天气对城市生态系统土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:在突发寒潮天气发生后,片林和草坪的土壤温度均显著降低,降温幅度最大分别达7.4℃和5.5℃,二者的土壤呼吸均因降温而骤降,降低比例分别高达79.4%和71.2%。但土壤呼吸及组分也随期间的降水事件而呈现出明显波动。整个观测期间片林土壤呼吸、微生物呼吸与根系呼吸的日均值分别2.54 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、0.76 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和1.78 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1,而在草坪中三者分别为1.07 μmol · m^-2 ·s^-1、0.83 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和0.24 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1。土壤温度是控制降温过程中城市绿地土壤呼吸及其组分的关键限制因子并与之呈指数正相关关系,但由于冠层结构简单、耐寒性较低,草坪对温度变化的响应更加敏感。在短期降温中草坪土壤呼吸、微生物呼吸与根系呼吸的Q₁₀值明显提高,分别高达4.18、8.17和18.17。受降水与降温的共同影响,草坪与片林各土壤呼吸类型同时受土壤温度、土壤含水量与降水量的控制,由这3个因子构成的多元回归模型可以较好地拟合各呼吸类型的日均值变化(R²>0.55)。     

修剪节位及修剪时期对四季蜜芒枝条生长及反季节开花的综合效应

五种模型分别运用于紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的拟合,研究其光合效率参数的变化,探讨紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应的最适模型。结果表明:(1)紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应改进指数模型拟合R²均为0.999,拟合效果优于非直角双曲线、直角双曲线和直角双曲线修正模型。其饱和光强和最大净光合速率分别为797.299和7.879 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,饱和CO₂浓度和最大光合能力分别为1 264.447和16.783 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,均与实测值最接近;(2)五个模型拟合和预测的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE),都是改进指数模型小于其他模型。改进指数模型为紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的最佳模型,实验结果可为紫茉莉的生理生态应用研究提供参考。     

模拟氮沉降对石栎和苦槠幼苗土壤呼吸的影响

用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定模拟氮沉降4种不同处理水平(0、60、120\,240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)下石栎(Lithocarpus glabra)和苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)幼苗的土壤呼吸速率及土壤温度、含水量对其土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,氮沉降对土壤呼吸的影响根据施氮水平和幼苗的种类不同而异。低氮(60 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理下石栎和苦槠的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为(4.014±0.812)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(5.170±0.689)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1,比对照组(0 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)土壤呼吸速率平均值(3.802±0.948)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(3.557±0.906)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1分别高5%和45%;两树种在中、高氮处理下均出现对土壤呼吸明显的抑制。其中石栎中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率分别为(2.653±0.681)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(2.592±0.736)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低27%和29%。苦槠中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率为(3.563±0.402)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(3.466±0.994)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低7%和8%;石栎在高氮(240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理水平下,其土壤呼吸速率同10cm土壤温度之间呈现显著的指数关系(R²=0.811,P=0.001),而在低、中氮实验均未发现有明显指数关系。苦槠各处理水平下其土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间均未发现有明显的指数关系;在土壤呼吸与5cm土壤含水量的相关性方面,仅有苦槠高氮实验组表现出明显的二次方程关系(R²=0.722),而其低、中氮实验组及石栎各实验组均未有明显的相关性;与单因素(温度、含水量)拟合它们与土壤呼吸速率的方程相比,多元回归分析得到的土壤呼吸速率同土壤温度和含水量之间的拟合方程在P=0.05水平上能更好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况。石栎和苦槠在氮沉降处理下的土壤呼吸温度系数Q₁₀值分别为2.29、1.95、1.59和1.46、1.41、1.76,同对照组2.64和1.78相比,均有明显降低,且两者Q₁₀值的变化分别呈递减和先减小后增大的趋势,表明氮沉降是影响石栎和苦槠土壤CO₂通量的一个重要因素。     

环境因子对小球藻生长的影响及高产油培养条件的优化

探讨了不同环境条件对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)叶绿素荧光动力学参数以及净光合放氧速率的影响,确定了以L₁海水培养基为基础,以8.8 mmol/L浓度的(NH₂)₂CO为氮源、0.145 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄ · H₂O浓度为磷源,在150 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1光照强度、培养温度为18 ℃的小球藻最优培养条件。在此条件下,明显加快了小球藻细胞的生长速度,促进了油脂和脂肪酸的积累,细胞密度增加24%,油脂和脂肪酸含量分别增加了16.8%和66.6%。在培养液中添加外源柠檬酸(最适浓度以0.06 mmol · L^-1 · d^-1为宜)可以明显提高小球藻的生长速度,促进其脂肪酸的积累。同时也可看出,筛选的小球藻藻种具有生长快、易培养、产油高的优点,可作为生物能源研究的良好材料,为海洋微藻的开发利用奠定了基础。     

甜瓜幼苗叶片光合变化特性

为探讨甜瓜光响应变化特性与环境因子的关系,选择光响应曲线适宜测定的时段,以甜瓜幼苗为试材,将1 d分为3个时段:10:00-12:00、12:00-15:00和15:00-17:00,每个叶位叶片测定1 d,并采用直角双曲线修正模型拟合光响应曲线,研究不同时段下甜瓜叶片光响应曲线、光响应参数的变化趋势和不同叶位叶片光响应参数特性。结果表明:当环境中光合有效辐射增强,叶面温度(Tl)升高,空气相对湿度(RH)降低;当环境中光合有效辐射减弱,Tl降低,RH升高。10:00-12:00光响应曲线和12:00-15:00的第1-4叶光响应曲线呈双曲线,在强光下趋向饱和状况,12:00-15:00的第5叶光合速率和15:00-17:00光合速率在强光下出现明显的光抑制现象。1 d的不同时段均表现为10:00-12:00最大净光合速率(P_max)和光饱和点(LSP)最高,12:00-17:00降低;12:00-15:00光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)较高,其它两个时段较低,10:00-17:00光补偿点量子效率(φ_c)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)总体呈降低趋势,气孔限制值(L_s)升高。10:00-15:00相同时段测得的不同叶位叶片光响应参数,以第4-5叶光合性能较好,15:00-17:00以第3叶P_max最高,第5叶次之;10:00-17:00 G_s和C_i以第5叶较低,第1叶较高,L_s以第5叶较高,第1叶较低。RH为影响P_max的主要决策因子,测定时段、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)和Tl为主要限制因子。10:00-12:00适宜进行光响应曲线测定,气孔限制为不同时段光合作用不同的主要因素,非气孔限制为影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要因素。     

Diurnal and seasonal changes in the intensity of photosynthesis in stems of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.)

It has been demonstrated that during the whole year the stems are photosyntheticaly active and capable of assimilating atmospheric CO₂. The intensity of photosynthesis varies. During the vegetation period the registered net photosynthesis lasted up to 13 hours per day, and in the leafless period for 2–3 hours a day. Photosynthesis was registered also at temperatures below zero (−3 °C) as a reduced CO₂ evolution in light in comparison with darkness. The maximal net photosynthesis values during the vegetation period amounted to 6 up 8 μmol (CO₂)·m⁻²·s⁻¹, and in the leafless period 0.5 – 1 μmol (CO₂)·m⁻²·s⁻¹, and they were close to being up to twice as big as the values obtained of darkness respiration. An increase of the photosynthetic activity of stems preceded the spring development of the leaves.     

The Photosynthetic Characteristics of Saplings of Eight Canopy Tree Species in a Disturbed Neotropical Rain Forest

Foliar gas exchange characteristics, understorey microclimate, and crown irradiation were assessed for saplings of eight canopy tree species in two plots of neotropical rain forest with different degrees of canopy opening. Species studied belonged to different putative guilds: shade intolerants (both short-lived--pioneers--and long-lived), intermediates, and shade-tolerants. A considerable overlap was recorded between species in values of the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (P_N). The highest median P_N (1.26 μmol m^-2 s^-1) was recorded in the pioneer Croton killipianus, while slightly lower median values were recorded in Simarouba amara and Pentaclethra macroloba, and markedly lower values in two species of Vochysiaceae (Qualea paraense and Vochysia ferruginea), both putative intolerants. Highest median stomatal conductance (g_s) was also shown by C. killipianus, while S. amara, P. macroloba, and L. procera exhibited intermediate values, and the lowest g_s was shown by V. ferruginea and Q. paraense. Overall irradiance and crown irradiation, P_N, and g_s of saplings were higher in the plot which had previously received a silvicultural treatment. Most values of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were <100 μmol m^-2 s^-1 in both plots, with shortlived peaks of up to 2000 μmol m^-2 s^-1 in the treated plot. When the relationship between P_N and irradiance (I) was examined by fitting P_N/I curves, the degree of fit varied markedly between species, values of the regression coefficient r² were between 0.09 and 0.51. No significant differences between species were recorded in P_max and species also demonstrated little variation in the predicted values of dark respiration (R_D), values varying between -0.51 and -1.46 μmol m^-2 s^-1 in Q. paraense and Minquartia guianensis, respectively. Fitted values of apparent quantum efficiency were also fairly uniform, generally falling within the range 0.02-0.03 mol(CO₂) mol^-1(photon). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐分胁迫下杠柳叶片光合特性的光响应研究

利用CID型便携式光合作用仪测定不同NaCl浓度下杠柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率（WUE）及光能利用率(LUE)生理参数的光响应过程,阐明盐分胁迫下其对光照响应的规律,探讨有利于杠柳正常生长的盐分浓度和光照条件。结果表明:（1）各盐分浓度下杠柳叶片光补偿点（LCP）在21.89～65.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间变动,介于阴性植物与阳性植物之间;杠柳随土壤盐分的不同,其光合作用参数对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性;50 mmol·L^-1盐分浓度下杠柳光合同化能力最强,最有利于其干物质的积累,表现出一定的耐盐性。（2）轻度的盐分胁迫（小于50 mmol·L^-1）可以提高杠柳叶片的P_n、G_s、WUE和LUE,而盐分胁迫对杠柳的T_r有抑制作用,并随着盐分浓度的增加其抑制作用愈强烈。（3）维持杠柳正常生长的土壤盐分浓度小于50 mmol·L^-1,最佳PAR为1 000～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而保持杠柳最大WUE和LUE的光照强度分别为800和100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

地质封存CO2泄漏对玉米根系形态的影响

碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS）是应对全球气候变化、实现煤炭清洁利用的有效手段之一,但是地质封存的CO₂存在泄漏的风险,可能对农田生态系统产生重大威胁,影响我国粮食安全。根系生长是地上部和地下部相互作用、相互促进的统一过程,其形态特征对作物生产力有显著影响,但CCS泄漏对植物根系的影响评估尚不多见。本文以玉米为研究对象,采用盆栽底部通入CO₂的方法模拟不同CO₂泄漏情景,研究CK（0 g m^-2 d^-1）和G1000（1000 g m^-2 d^-1）和G2000（2000 g m^-2 d^-1）三种泄漏情景下CO₂对玉米根系形态的影响。结果表明：CO₂泄漏对玉米根系形态有明显的影响,随着泄漏量的增大总根长从40290.81 cm减少至21448.18 cm,减少46.77%,其中细根大幅减少;CO₂泄漏造成玉米明显减产,最大减产率达26.64%;玉米的地上部生物量较地下部生物量对CO₂泄漏更加敏感。综合来看,随着CO₂泄漏量增大,对玉米根的生长、地上部生物量、地下部生物量以及产量有显著的抑制作用。作物根系形态对封存CO₂泄漏的响应可为CCS泄漏监测和生态修复提供系统科学依据。     

热带季节雨林生态系统净光合作用特征及其影响因子

以西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统为对象,利用涡度相关系统定量分析了2003-2006年该生态系统光合作用特征及其环境控制因子.结果表明： 2003-2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统净光合作用年际变化较小,其最大光合速率(P_eco,opt)、昼间呼吸速率(R_eco,d)和表观量子效率(α)平均值分别为-0.813 mg·m^-2·s^-1、0.238 mg·m^-2·s^-1和-0.0023 mg·μmol^-1受气温(T_a)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)等环境因子的交互影响,不同季节生态系统光合作用特征有所差异.雨季的降水量大、气温较高,生态系统的光合能力最强;雾凉季的浓雾为植物提供了部分水分,其光合水平仍较高;干热季气温较高、降水少,T_a和VPD升高,P_eco,opt和α下降.净生态系统CO₂交换主要受>20 ℃的T_a和>1 kPa VPD的影响.     

Potential and limitations of inferring ecosystem photosynthetic capacity from leaf functional traits

The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the potential and limitations of using plant functional trait observations from global databases versus in situ data to improve our understanding of vegetation impacts on ecosystem functional properties (EFPs). Using ecosystem photosynthetic capacity as an example, we first provide an objective approach to derive robust EFP estimates from gross primary productivity (GPP) obtained from eddy covariance flux measurements. Second, we investigate the impact of synchronizing EFPs and plant functional traits in time and space to evaluate their relationships, and the extent to which we can benefit from global plant trait databases to explain the variability of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity. Finally, we identify a set of plant functional traits controlling ecosystem photosynthetic capacity at selected sites. Suitable estimates of the ecosystem photosynthetic capacity can be derived from light response curve of GPP responding to radiation (photosynthetically active radiation or absorbed photosynthetically active radiation). Although the effect of climate is minimized in these calculations, the estimates indicate substantial interannual variation of the photosynthetic capacity, even after removing site‐years with confounding factors like disturbance such as fire events. The relationships between foliar nitrogen concentration and ecosystem photosynthetic capacity are tighter when both of the measurements are synchronized in space and time. When using multiple plant traits simultaneously as predictors for ecosystem photosynthetic capacity variation, the combination of leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio with leaf phosphorus content explains the variance of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity best (adjusted R² = 0.55). Overall, this study provides an objective approach to identify links between leaf level traits and canopy level processes and highlights the relevance of the dynamic nature of ecosystems. Synchronizing measurements of eddy covariance fluxes and plant traits in time and space is shown to be highly relevant to better understand the importance of intra‐ and interspecific trait variation on ecosystem functioning.     

Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity

We use eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 21 FLUXNET sites (153 site-years of data) to investigate relationships between phenology and productivity (in terms of both NEP and gross ecosystem photosynthesis, GEP) in temperate and boreal forests. Results are used to evaluate the plausibility of four different conceptual models. Phenological indicators were derived from the eddy covariance time series, and from remote sensing and models. We examine spatial patterns (across sites) and temporal patterns (across years); an important conclusion is that it is likely that neither of these accurately represents how productivity will respond to future phenological shifts resulting from ongoing climate change. In spring and autumn, increased GEP resulting from an ‘extra’ day tends to be offset by concurrent, but smaller, increases in ecosystem respiration, and thus the effect on NEP is still positive. Spring productivity anomalies appear to have carry-over effects that translate to productivity anomalies in the following autumn, but it is not clear that these result directly from phenological anomalies. Finally, the productivity of evergreen needleleaf forests is less sensitive to phenology than is productivity of deciduous broadleaf forests. This has implications for how climate change may drive shifts in competition within mixed-species stands.     

Soil CO2 efflux in contrasting boreal deciduous and coniferous stands and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance

Similar nonsteady‐state automated chamber systems were used to measure and partition soil CO₂ efflux in contrasting deciduous (trembling aspen) and coniferous (black spruce and jack pine) stands located within 100 km of each other near the southern edge of the Boreal forest in Canada. The stands were exposed to similar climate forcing in 2003, including marked seasonal variations in soil water availability, which provided a unique opportunity to investigate the influence of climate and stand characteristics on soil CO₂ efflux and to quantify its contribution to the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) as measured with the eddy‐covariance technique. Partitioning of soil CO₂ efflux between soil respiration (including forest‐floor vegetation) and forest‐floor photosynthesis showed that short‐ and long‐term temporal variations of soil CO₂ efflux were related to the influence of (1) soil temperature and water content on soil respiration and (2) below‐canopy light availability, plant water status and forest‐floor plant species composition on forest‐floor photosynthesis. Overall, the three stands were weak to moderate sinks for CO₂ in 2003 (NEE of ?103, ?80 and ?28 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for aspen, black spruce and jack pine, respectively). Forest‐floor respiration accounted for 86%, 73% and 75% of annual ecosystem respiration, in the three respective stands, while forest‐floor photosynthesis contributed to 11% and 14% of annual gross ecosystem photosynthesis in the black spruce and jack pine stands, respectively. The results emphasize the need to perform concomitant measurements of NEE and soil CO₂ efflux at longer time scales in different ecosystems in order to better understand the impacts of future interannual climate variability and vegetation dynamics associated with climate change on each component of the carbon balance.     

Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacityand net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest

Temporal trends in photosynthetic capacity are a critical factorin determining the seasonality and magnitude of ecosystem carbonfluxes. At a mixed deciduous forest in the south‐eastern United States (Walker Branch Watershed, Oak Ridge, TN, USA), we independently measured seasonal trends in photosynthetic capacity (using single‐leaf gas exchange techniques) and the whole‐canopycarbon flux (using the eddy covariance method). Soil respiration was also measured using chambers and an eddy covariance system beneath the canopy. These independent chamber and eddy covariance measurements, along with a biophysical model (CANOAK), areused to examine how leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of carbon uptake during the growing season. When the measured seasonality in photosynthetic capacity is representedin the CANOAK simulations, there is good agreement with the eddy covariance data on the seasonal trends in carbon uptake. Removing the temporal trends in the simulations by using the early season maximum value of photosynthetic capacity over the entire growing season over estimates the annual carbon uptake by about 300 g C m^?2 year^?1– halfthe total estimated annual net ecosystem exchange. Alternatively, use of the mean value of photosynthetic capacity incorrectly simulates the seasonality in carbon uptake by the forest. In addition to changes related to leaf development and senescence, photosynthetic capacitydecreased in the middle and late summer, even when leaf nitrogenwas essentially constant. When only these middle and late summer reductions were neglected in the model simulations, CANOAK still overestimated the carbon uptake by an amount comparable to 25% ofthe total annual net ecosystem exchange.     

生态系统光合与呼吸拆分的同位素理论、方法和应用进展

生态系统光合和呼吸是构成净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)的重要组分。涡度相关技术可直接观测生态系统NEE,并通过建立温度回归或光响应曲线等函数将NEE统计拆分为生态系统光合和呼吸,但是存在自相关和高估白天呼吸等问题。稳定同位素红外光谱技术的进步使高时间分辨率大气CO₂及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)的连续观测成为可能,与涡度相关技术观测的NEE数据相结合,可实现昼夜和季节尺度生态系统光合和呼吸拆分。本文系统阐述了生态系统光合与呼吸的同位素通量拆分方法的基本理论与假设,阐述了同位素通量观测技术的发展及其应用进展,综述了同位素通量拆分理论解析生态系统光合与呼吸过程的新机制认识,最后总结并展望了同位素通量拆分理论的不确定性以及开展多种拆分方法综合比较的必要性。     

基于EALCO模型对中亚热带人工针叶林CO2通量季节变异的模拟

 EALCO模型是一个基于生理生态学过程,模拟生态系统下垫面与大气之间水、热和碳通量交换的综合模型。将该模型应用在亚热带常绿针叶林, 对其生态系统过程进行了模拟,以深入探讨季节性干旱对生态系统过程的影响。对EALCO模型进行了参数化与初始化并对模型的光合作用时段和 落叶机制进行了改进,以更好地模拟亚热带人工针叶林生态系统。千烟洲通量观测站自2002年底开始应用涡度相关技术对中亚热带人工针叶林 生态系统进行通量观测,该站点2003年经历了一次较严重的季节性干旱(由高温与少雨综合作用造成),降水量仅为多年平均值的65%,而2004年 的年降水量与多年平均值较为接近,利用该站点2003和2004年特殊的气候条件,使用其通量观测数据对模型的模拟效果进行检验。从模拟结果 的总体趋势来看,模型能较好地从半小时、日及年尺度上反映两年内土壤-植被-大气之间的碳交换状况。总初级生产力(Gross primary production, GPP)在一年中呈现单峰型变化,遇高温及干旱胁迫GPP值下降。由于受到干旱胁迫的影响,2003年GPP值比2004年偏低12.9%。模拟 结果显示,2003年GPP值比2004年偏低11.2%。观测数据与模拟结果均显示,水分胁迫期间净碳交换量(Net ecosystem production, NEP)模拟值 与实测值的日变化均呈现一种“偏态",即一天中生态系统碳交换量最大值出现在上午某一时刻,之后逐渐降低。 模拟结果显示,水分匮缺对 光合能力的影响比对生态系统呼吸作用的影响更为强烈,因而导致了净生态系统生产力的降低。进一步分析表明,水分匮缺期间,晴天正午之 前,深层土壤( >20 cm) 水分的匮缺抑制了光合作用能力,正午之后,高温与深层土壤水分匮缺共同削弱光合作用能力,影响各占一半。     

涡度相关法和静态箱/气相色谱法在生态系统呼吸观测中的比较

基于涡度相关法和静态箱/气相色谱法(箱式法)的碳通量观测数据,对比分析了两种方法在评价禹城冬小麦 夏玉米复种农田生态系统和海北高寒矮嵩草草甸生态系统呼吸中的差异.结果表明：在保证涡度相关法和箱式法观测数据质量的条件下,两种方法实时观测的夜间通量结果具有较好的一致性,相关系数达0.95～0.98;箱式法白天的观测结果与涡度相关法估算的白天生态系统呼吸值有较好的一致性,但前者普遍大于后者;两种方法测定生态系统呼吸日平均值的差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,但二者的季节变化趋势较一致.在整个观测期内, 冬小麦-夏玉米复种农田观测箱内外平均温差为1.8 ℃,涡度相关法较箱式法测定的生态系统呼吸日平均值偏低30.3%;高寒矮嵩草草甸观测箱内外平均温差为1.9 ℃,涡度相关法较箱式法测定的生态系统呼吸日平均值偏低31.4%.两种方法对生态系统生长季呼吸日平均值测定结果的偏差高于非生长季.     

涡度相关法和静态箱/气相色谱法在生态系统呼吸观测中的比较

基于涡度相关法和静态箱/气相色谱法(箱式法)的碳通量观测数据,对比分析了两种方法在评价禹城冬小麦 夏玉米复种农田生态系统和海北高寒矮嵩草草甸生态系统呼吸中的差异.结果表明：在保证涡度相关法和箱式法观测数据质量的条件下,两种方法实时观测的夜间通量结果具有较好的一致性,相关系数达0.95～0.98;箱式法白天的观测结果与涡度相关法估算的白天生态系统呼吸值有较好的一致性,但前者普遍大于后者;两种方法测定生态系统呼吸日平均值的差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,但二者的季节变化趋势较一致.在整个观测期内, 冬小麦-夏玉米复种农田观测箱内外平均温差为1.8 ℃,涡度相关法较箱式法测定的生态系统呼吸日平均值偏低30.3%;高寒矮嵩草草甸观测箱内外平均温差为1.9 ℃,涡度相关法较箱式法测定的生态系统呼吸日平均值偏低31.4%.两种方法对生态系统生长季呼吸日平均值测定结果的偏差高于非生长季.     

Model-data synthesis of diurnal and seasonal CO2 fluxes at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Eddy covariance records hold great promise for understanding the processes controlling the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE). However, NEE is the small difference between two large fluxes: photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration. Consequently, separating NEE into its component fluxes, and determining the process‐level controls over these fluxes, is a difficult problem. In this study, we used a model‐data synthesis approach with the Simplified PnET (SIPNET) flux model to extract process‐level information from 5 years of eddy covariance data at an evergreen forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. SIPNET runs at a twice‐daily time step, and has two vegetation carbon pools, a single aggregated soil carbon pool, and a soil moisture submodel that models both evaporation and transpiration. By optimizing the model parameters before evaluating model‐data mismatches, we were able to probe the model structure independent of any arbitrary parameter set. In doing so, we were able to learn about the primary controls over NEE in this ecosystem, and in particular the respiration component of NEE. We also used this parameter optimization, coupled with a formal model selection criterion, to investigate the effects of making hypothesis‐driven changes to the model structure. These experiments lent support to the hypotheses that (1) photosynthesis, and possibly foliar respiration, are down‐regulated when the soil is frozen and (2) the metabolic processes of soil microbes vary in the summer and winter, possibly because of the existence of distinct microbial communities at these two times. Finally, we found that including water vapor fluxes, in addition to carbon fluxes, in the parameter optimization did not yield significantly more information about the partitioning of NEE into gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration.