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生态社区建设融合了建筑学、生态学、社会学等多学科原理,充分体现了人与自然和谐的理念,是符合可持续发展理念的社区发展模式。生态社区评价指标体系在一定的一级指标框架下,采用定性或定量的评价指标,评判社区的可持续发展水平。对生态社区的概念和内涵、形成与发展历程、国内外生态社区相关评价指标体系进行总结和归纳,在此基础上综述了生态社区评价指标体系的研究进展,包括评价主体、一级指标框架的构建、二三级指标使用的频度分析及指标权重的确定方法。最后总结分析了生态社区指标体系研究中对外环境关联、动态发展、参与性与适应性等方面的不足,提出将复杂性理论、生命周期分析方法和生态足迹分析引入生态社区评价指标体系的研究,以提高指标体系的系统性、科学性和参与性。 相似文献
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衡量教师教学与学生学习优劣的重要手段之一的考试制度,仍是教学工作的重要环节,如何来评价试题的好坏,根据统计分析原理,需计算难度与区别度两个主要指标,以往采用手工计算要花费教师的大量时间,如何解决这一问题,本文从这一实际需要出发,提出用计算机代替手工计算,既省时又准确,具有较好的推广价值。 相似文献
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在人口膨胀和快速城市化的全球化背景下,构建人与自然和谐的生态景观是城市景观规划和设计的基本美学观和价值观.缺乏统一的指导原则和评价标准使得城市生态景观建设出现了很多问题,也限制了生态景观的进一步推广和实践.基于文献调研和专家咨询的方式,归纳了城市生态景观的基本内涵和指导原则,并提出了针对性的评价指标.通过问卷调查的方式,获取了170余份有效问卷,据此分析公众对城市生态景观的理解和需求.可以依据该结果为城市生态景观的定量评价提供初步的权重值,为进一步完善生态景观建设的理论和方法提供了参考和依据. 相似文献
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随着国家对韧性城市和人居环境的重视,城市生态品质正在不断的提升和优化,如何对生态品质进行量化以及如何满足公众需求是当前迫切需要解决的重要问题。内蒙古自治区作为我国北方重要的生态安全屏障,各盟市的自然条件和社会经济差异巨大,城市生态品质公众感知与现状亟需系统研究。从生态资源的数量、质量和可获得性三个维度建立了评价体系,通过收集内蒙古自治区12个盟市612份满意度调查问卷、7项百度指数以及12项城市生态品质现状定量指标,系统分析了城市生态品质公众感知与现状间的差异。研究表明,问卷调查和现状结果均显示出可获得性>数量>质量,而百度指数则相反,表明当前内蒙古自治区各盟市在城市生态品质建设中更需要注重质量上的优化。研究提出了内蒙古自治区城市生态品质建设的发展方向,为公众获得感和幸福感的提升路径提供了参考。 相似文献
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生态效益评价的重要性已经广为人知,但评价内容和指标不统一,大大影响了评价结果的可信度。基本上是各说各有理,很难相互比较。在分析国内外相关生态系统评价方法基础上,提出生态效益评价框架,强调生态效益与经济效益和社会效益共同构成了人类社会的价值判断标准和决策依据,是经济效益和社会效益的基础,应该包括生态系统整体贡献,考虑与生态系统的动态变化的关系;并探讨了生态效益评价指标筛选的原则(关联性、灵敏性、层级性、决策导向性、代表性、可行性、独立性及经济适用性和社会可接受性);提出了生态效益指标筛选的多准则综合法和生态效益评价指标检验的3个标准(可定量化、专一化和震撼性)。本研究将为生态效益指标体系的构建提供重要参考。 相似文献
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农业生态系统的持续性及其评价指标 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
持续发展已成为当今全球关注的热点 ,从学术界、企业界、经济界及政府报告中 ,都在讨论与强调持续发展问题 ,持续发展已得到社会各界的共识。农业生态系统具有四大特性[3] 。一是生产力 ;二是稳定性 ;三是持续性 ;四是公平性。作为四大特性之一的持续性 ,越来越受到农业生态学界的重视。但是关于持续性的定义及评价指标 ,到目前为止还没有一个统一的、公认的定义 ,因此 ,有关持续性的定义及评价指标是近来学术界经常探讨的问题 ,发表了不少有关该问题的学术论文。1 持续性的定义由于环境的退化 ,不可再生资源的浪费 ,可再生资源的过度开发… 相似文献
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植物对SO2气体的敏感性是由多种因素相互作用而形成的复杂综合性状,常用于定性描述大气环境质量状况。通过在密闭的培养瓶中一次性通入不同体积浓度的SO2气体,以不同浓度SO2胁迫下的不同类型植物为例,观察其在不同时间的外观伤害症状和细胞膜透性。结果表明:不同植物对SO2的敏感性不同;低浓度长时间和高浓度短时间的症状基本相同;植物细胞膜透性数据即电导率直接反映植物受损程度。综合植物外观症状指标与生理生化指标并赋予不同权重值,建立了相对定量化的大气质量生物学指标评价模式,以定量判断SO2气体对植物的伤害,为应用植物监测和评价大气环境质量提供了依据。 相似文献
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全面、成功地评价一个与临床发病机制相似的、稳定可靠的支气管哮喘动物模型非常重要,本文参考近年来哮喘动物模型的一般评价指标和机理研究评价指标,对观察与评价指标的研究进展进行了整理分析,以供参考。 相似文献
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城市生态风险评价研究进展 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15
随着城市化发展和城市人居环境的恶化,城市生态风险越来越受到关注,但尚缺乏有关城市生态风险评价的深入系统研究.本文依据城市生态学原理及生态风险评价框架从驱动力、风险源、风险受体与评价终点,以及生态风险综合评价方法等方面对城市生态风险评价研究进行综述.指出城市经济社会活动类型与程度是城市生态风险产生的主要驱动力;城市生态系统不同等级功能实体和城市整体是城市生态风险评价中的风险受体;城市生态风险评价终点包括城市生态系统结构、过程、功能要素,以及城市整体水平的性质和功能变化;耦合了社会经济需求的生态系统模型是城市生态风险评价方法的发展方向.未来城市生态风险评价研究应明确生态风险管理具体目标,确定综合性评价终点,建立多指标评价体系和综合评价方法. 相似文献
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持续发展指标研究简介 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
1 背景《21世纪议程》(第40章)号召建立持续发展的指标体系,它特别要求各国在国家水平,各国际组织和非政府组织在国际水平上建立持续发展指标的概念。因此,在联合国持续发展委员会(CSD)第一次全会上,就提出了持续发展指标的工作规划,并获准通过。那时候,有很多国家一再强调建立指标的迫切性,另外一些国家则表示了某些关注并坚持在建立指标的过程中必须与政府部门密切联系。这个工作计划的目标是通过对指标的定义,方法论的阐述,提供培训和其它相应的能力建设,为各国决策者在国家水平上提供持续发展指标。有许多国家正在建立他们自己的指… 相似文献
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Many people believe that welfare standards for nonhuman animals on farms need to be improved. However, the definition of farm animal welfare (FAW) remains unclear, as different disciplines have developed competing understandings of FAW. Some studies have investigated citizens’ understanding of FAW through quantitative surveys. This study combined both closed-ended and open-ended questions and compared the findings from the different types of questions. For the open-ended question, respondents mostly named criteria in the categories of “housing system” and “management practice”; however, for the closed-ended question, the category “animal health” was most important. These findings suggest that not only whom you ask determines what comprises animal welfare, but how you ask. These findings should be considered when developing new animal welfare programs to increase the likelihood that the new programs will be accepted by the broader public and meet its expectations. In particular, improvements concerning animal health need to be publicized and clearly communicated to citizens, as health-related aspects are important to many people even though those aspects may not be the first thing they mentioned when asked. 相似文献
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本研究以4种酱香型大曲为研究对象,探究微生物因子对大曲理化性质的影响,并结合冗余分析方法研究其关联性。不同区域和工艺条件的酱香大曲样品的磷脂脂肪酸指纹图谱和酿造特性参数相关性研究揭示了大曲中微生物中优势菌群为真菌和革兰氏阳性菌;微生物群落特征受峰值温度和区域环境影响显著;糖化力等与产率直接相关理化指标参数和真菌和革兰氏阳性菌的量及比例呈正相关。将冗余分析与磷脂脂肪酸技术相结合,应用于大曲体系,为开展同类工作提供了方法和思路。 相似文献
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为了揭示不同土地利用状态下蚂蚁群落在物种层面的变化,采用陷阱法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林、桉树林、紫胶林、紫胶-玉米混农林、橡胶林、旱地和农田7种类型样地地表蚂蚁群落。共采集地表蚂蚁16704头,隶属于8亚科44属106种。不同类型样地地表蚂蚁群落结构有差异(ANOSIM Global R=0.786,P=0.01),桉树林、紫胶林和紫胶玉米混农林地表蚂蚁群落结构与天然次生林相似,与橡胶林和农田不相似。不同样地具有各自的特有种,旱地和农田中各为1种,其余样地有5-8种。在多个样地中均有出现的物种在不同类型样地中的多度变化明显。对群落结构相似性贡献率≥5%的特征物种分析显示,天然次生林中的特征物种明显与旱地和农田不同。天然次生林中的指示物种为毛发铺道蚁Tetramorium ciliatum,桉树林中为亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta,紫胶林中为飘细长蚁Tetraponera allaborans,旱地中为伊大头蚁Pheidole yeensis。不同特征物种及指示物种的生物学特性与不同样地特征相关联。地表蚂蚁通过物种组成及多度变化响应土地利用变化,蚂蚁特征物种可以作为指示物种的补充。 相似文献
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Abstract Sustainable forest management (SFM) is presently widely accepted as the overriding objective for forest policy and practice. Regional processes are in progress all over the world to develop and implement criteria and indicators of SFM. In continental Europe, a set of 35 Pan-European indicators has been endorsed under the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) to measure progress towards SFM in the 44 countries of the region. The formulation of seven indicators (forest area, growing stock, age structure/diameter distribution, deadwood, tree species composition, damaging agents, naturalness) requires national data to be reported by forest types. Within the vast European forest area the values taken by these indicators show a considerable range of variation, due to variable natural conditions and anthropogenic influences. Given this variability, it is very difficult to grasp the meaning of these indicators when taken out of their ecological background. The paper discusses the concepts behind, and the requirements of, a classification more soundly ecologically framed and suitable for MCPFE reporting than the three (un-informative) classes adopted so far: broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, mixed broadleaved and coniferous forest. We propose a European Forest Types scheme structured into a reasonably higher number of classes, that would improve the specificity of the indicators reported under the MCPFE process and its understanding. 相似文献
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Shane S. Brooks Margaret A. Palmer Brad J. Cardinale Christopher M. Swan Suzanna Ribblett 《Restoration Ecology》2002,10(1):156-168
Inappropriate land use practices, pollutants, exploitation, and overpopulation have simplified stream habitats and degraded water quality worldwide. Management agencies are now being tasked to ameliorate impacts and restore stream “health,” yet there is a dearth of rigorous scientific methods and theory on which to base sound restoration design and monitoring. Despite this, many localized restoration projects are being constructed to stabilize erosion and enhance habitat heterogeneity in streams. Many restoration attempts adopt the paradigm that increasing habitat heterogeneity will lead to restoration of biotic diversity, yet there have been few studies that have manipulated variation of a physical parameter independent of the mean to isolate the effects of heterogeneity per se. We conducted a field experiment to mimic restoration of habitat heterogeneity in a shallow. stony stream. By using an experimental approach rather than a detailed assessment of existing restoration work, we were able to control the starting conditions of replicate riffles so that organism responses could be unambiguously attributed to the heterogeneity treatments. We successfully manipulated the variability of streambed particle sizes and consequently near‐bed flow characteristics of entire riffles. These factors define axes of habitat heterogeneity at scales relevant to the resident macroinvertebrate fauna. Despite this, we were unable to distinguish differences in community structure between high and low habitat heterogeneity treatments. Power analysis indicated that macroinvertebrate populations were more sensitive to individual site conditions at each riffle than to the heterogeneity treatments, suggesting that increasing habitat heterogeneity may be an ineffective technique if the restoration goals are to promote macroinvertebrate recovery in denuded streams. With extremely high variability between replicate riffles, monitoring programs for localized restoration projects or point source impacts are unlikely to detect gradual shifts in community structure until the differences between the reference and treatment sites are extreme. Innovative measurement of other parameters, such as ecosystem function variables (e.g., production, respiration, decomposition), may be more appropriate indicators of change at local scales. 相似文献
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作为体现“心物合一”的自然、物质空间、心理和文化等多维度的整体存在,优质的景观对人类的福祉至关重要。面对存量发展背景下社区可持续发展的要求,景观更新正在成为社区营造的重要途径。厦门市院前社通过多层次的景观更新激发了一系列的社区营造活动,重塑了社区凝聚力与认同感,业已成为“共同缔造”模式下社区营造的典范案例。从院前社景观更新切入,结合近3年的调研成果,探讨景观更新作为社区营造实现途径的可能性。通过定性和定量的方法,梳理院前社以景观更新为途径,从“拆迁村”转型为“生态文化示范村”的过程,并以社区可持续发展为价值标准,具体评价景观更新对社区营造的促进作用。 相似文献
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节肢动物是湿地生物多样性的重要组分,在维持湿地生态功能,指示湿地环境变化中发挥重要作用。在2020年7月对黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的23个采样点进行节肢动物样品采集,运用统计方法分析人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物数量、群落组成、多样性的影响以及节肢动物对人类活动干扰的指示作用。共采集到节肢动物10目47科1825只,主要以双翅目和半翅目昆虫为主。自然湿地节肢动物的多度是干扰湿地的4.27倍;生物多样性指数在不同湿地类型之间存在一定差异,节肢动物的物种丰富度在自然湿地显著高于干扰湿地(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数在干扰湿地显著高于自然湿地(P<0.05)。人类活动干扰对湿地节肢动物群落组成影响显著,聚类和非度量多纬尺度排序(NMDS)显示,两种湿地类型节肢动物群落结构相似性较低。指示值法分析显示,自然湿地的指示类群为叶甲科、蚁形甲科、叶蝉科、蚜科、盲蝽科、摇蚊科以及姬蜂总科,干扰湿地未发现指示类群。综上所述,湿地节肢动物对人类活动干扰响应十分敏感,可以作为指示湿地健康状况的关键生物类群。 相似文献
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The European Green Deal and the German Resource Efficiency Programme both aim at decoupling resource consumption and associated environmental burdens from economic growth. Monitoring the progress of such policies requires robust estimates of environmental pressures and impacts, both from a domestic and a footprint perspective. Building on the life cycle assessment-based consumption footprint (CoF) indicator, developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre, we assess the environmental impacts of Germany's consumption in the areas of food, mobility, housing, household goods, and appliances during the period 2010–2018. A comparison between European and national consumption statistics revealed some differences in terms of data composition, granularity, consumption intensities, and calculated environmental impacts. Using national data sources results in slightly lower environmental impacts (e.g., due to differences in the assessment scope of national statistics) and requires some data preparation to match the CoF indicator. Emerging consumption trends can be highlighted using national data. Both data sources converge on main trends: Germany transgresses the safe operating space for several impact categories, with consumption of food, household goods, and mobility being the main drivers. Domestic impacts have decreased over time at the expense of outsourcing environmental pressures and impacts to other countries. The CoF indicator could complement resource monitoring frameworks and might be further aligned to the national context using country-level consumption statistics and life cycle inventory data. 相似文献