不同育苗方式对移栽后侧柏和白榆幼苗根系生长的影响

不同类型苗木,具有不同的根系结构特征,其根系结构也将影响林木的生长和恢复生态系统的稳定性。以侧柏和白榆为研究对象,对移栽18个月后的种基盘苗与营养钵苗根系的生长进行了调查。结果表明:侧柏种基盘苗的总根长和平均直径比营养钵苗分别增加了316.20 cm和0.05mm,白榆苗则分别增加了651.54 cm和0.88mm。侧柏和白榆种基盘苗的根系表面积比营养钵苗分别增加了40.05%和73.04%。侧柏种基盘苗的根系总体积与营养钵苗的差异不显著,而白榆种基盘苗的根系总体积则比营养钵苗增加了54.70%。侧柏和白榆营养钵苗的一级侧根数量大于种基盘苗,增幅分别为42.31%和30.65%。对于侧柏来说,营养钵苗的根尖总数比种基盘苗的增加324个,但白榆苗差异不显著。各种处理的幼苗总根长与根系表面积都有显著相关性,但与根体积不具有显著相关性。营养钵苗的根系平均直径和根尖数量具有相对独立性,而种基盘的根系平均直径与总根长以及根体积均表现为显著相关。种基盘苗能提高侧柏、白榆幼苗的根冠比,促进幼苗株高、地径和主根的生长。采用种基盘苗进行植被恢复,由于其具有较大的根表面积和根长度,林木便具有了较大的吸收水分和营养的能力,以及较高的固结表层土壤能力。     

空气断根对侧柏实生苗生物量分配和根系生长的影响

为探求林木幼苗生物量分配和根系生长对空气断根的响应,以侧柏(Platycladus Orientalis)实生苗为材料,设置空气断根(T)和不断根(CK)处理,研究了空气断根10、30 d和50 d后对侧柏生物量、根系形态特征及吸收面积的影响。结果表明:(1)T处理的侧柏幼苗地上生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积及根尖数在断根10、30 d和50 d后均大于CK,且显著扩大了根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。(2)空气断根显著影响了侧柏实生苗的生物量分配格局,其根冠比在整个试验阶段呈先增大后减小的趋势,而CK逐渐减小。(3)两种处理的侧柏幼苗根系直径集中在0-0.5 mm。与CK相比,T处理侧柏随空气断根时间延长,单株根系直径在0-0.5 mm的根数量急剧增多,占总根尖数的79%,根平均长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数显著增大。(4)生物量参数和根形态参数之间关系密切。根生物量与地上生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。除根系平均直径外,根生物量、地上生物量和总生物量分别与根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数呈显著正相关,根冠比与地上生物量呈负相关。因此,空气断根有效改善了侧柏幼苗的根系形态特征,提高了吸收面积,显著促进侧柏实生苗在生长早期快速发育。     

不同土壤水分和养分条件下喜旱莲子草与同属种生长状况的比较研究

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵已在中国造成巨大的生态和经济损失。为揭示喜旱莲子草成功入侵的生态机制并预测其种群扩张趋势及其与环境因子的关系, 作者比较了喜旱莲子草与其同属的外来弱入侵种刺花莲子草(A. pungens)以及土著种莲子草(A. sessilis)在不同土壤水分、养分条件下的生长状况。结果显示: 在高水高肥条件下, 喜旱莲子草的生物量要高于刺花莲子草和莲子草, 而在低水低肥条件下却不如这两个同属种; 弱入侵种刺花莲子草在低水条件下的生物量要高于强入侵种喜旱莲子草和土著种莲子草, 说明植物的入侵性受环境条件的影响。另外, 强入侵种喜旱莲子草形态学性状的可塑性较高, 在各种条件下都具有较高的比叶面积, 暗示这两个指标可作为莲子草属外来植物入侵性的预测指标。     

Diterpenoids from the pericarp of Platycladus orientalis

Eight labdane-type diterpenes, 7beta,13S-dihydroxylabda-8(17),14-dien-19-oic acid (1), 12R,15-dihydroxylabda-8(17),13E-dien-19-oic acid (3c), 12R,15-dihydroxylabda-8(17),13Z-dien-19-oic acid (3d), 12R,13R,14S-trihydroxylabda-12,15-epoxy-8(17)-en-19-oic acid (4a), 12S,13S,14R-trihydroxylabda-12,15-epoxy-8(17)-en-19-oic acid (4b), 15-hydroxy-12-oxolabda-8(17),13E-dien-19-oic acid (5), 14R,15-dihydroxylabda-8(17),12Z-dien-19-oic acid (7a) and 14S,15-dihydroxylabda-8(17),12Z-dien-19-oic acid (7b), along with 20 known diterpenoids, were isolated from the pericarp of Platycladus orientalis. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated by NMR spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, as well as via chemical correlation conversion. NMR spectroscopic data of known isomers 8c and 8d were reported as a supplement to existing data.     

侧柏扦插不定根发生模式研究

该研究以侧柏一年生硬枝插穗为实验材料,利用连续组织切片技术观察插穗不定根发生发育过程中的组织结构变化,分析插穗外部形态变化、不定根原基起源和不定根的形成过程,探讨侧柏插穗不定根发生模式和不定根的组织学起源。结果显示:侧柏扦插后可由愈伤组织、皮部诱导产生不定根,出现皮部生根、愈伤组织生根、愈伤组织兼具皮部生根3种类型;侧柏插穗中存在少量潜伏根原基,但插穗生根类型以诱导生根为主;不定根原基诱导产生于愈伤组织、木质部、形成层及次生韧皮部等部位。研究认为侧柏扦插生根属于多位点发生模式,不定根原基的组织学起源是愈伤组织、髓射线、射线原始细胞、尚未分化成熟的木质部细胞,通过人工诱导同时激活这些不定根起源位点能够显著提高生根率和生根质量。     

北京山区侧柏林林内降雨的时滞效应

林内降雨通常在开始和结束的时刻上都要迟于林外降雨,这种作用可称之为林内降雨的时滞效应,目前对该方面的研究尚处于探索阶段.研究地点设在北京妙峰山林场,利用侧柏林样地林内和林外的两台全自动激光雨滴谱仪在2010年雨季自动观测获取的数据,研究了典型场降雨的林内降雨时滞效应特征以及主要影响因素.研究结果表明,在观测的18场完整降雨中林内降雨在开始时间上均晚于林外降雨,平均延滞时间为21 min;而降雨结束的时间绝大部分也出现了明显的延滞现象,平均延滞时间为46 min.通过回归分析得出,林内降雨延滞开始时间随延滞期的雨强增大呈对数曲线递减,延滞结束时间随场降雨量增大而呈对数曲线递增.林冠层对林内降雨的延滞作用可有效的削减洪峰流量和延长汇流时间,对减少山洪、泥石流和滑坡等地质灾害产生具有积极的生态意义.     

干旱和坡向互作对栓皮栎和侧柏生长的影响

用年轮学方法测定了不同坡向的栓皮栎和侧柏的年轮宽度及相应的年树干面积增长量,同时测定了旱季碳稳定同位素比值(δ13C)及不同坡向之间的微气象指标差异,分析了不同坡向两种树木径向生长与旱季降雨量的关系,目的是探索在华北石质山区季节性干旱条件下坡向对栓皮栎和侧柏生长的影响。结果显示阴坡栓皮栎和侧柏年轮和年增加的截面积显著大于阳坡,两个树种都表现出阳坡δ13C值显著(P<0.05)大于阴坡,阳坡栓皮栎δ13C值比阴坡高1.17,而阳坡侧柏的δ13C值比阴坡高0.56。白天,阳坡气温高于阴坡、相对湿度低于阴坡、饱和蒸汽压匮缺高于阴坡。分析显示旱季降雨量和栓皮栎的树干截面积年增长量显著(P<0.05)相关,而旱季的降雨量和侧柏的截面积年生长没有显著关系。结果表明:相对于侧柏,干旱条件更严重的影响到栓皮栎生长和叶片水分利用效率,反映出这两种树木耐旱能力的差异,以及应对干旱策略的不同。华北石质山区的土壤储水能力低,阳坡较大的蒸散加剧了干旱对树木生长的不利影响。     

北京山区侧柏林冠层对降雨动力学特征的影响

林冠层枝叶对雨滴的能量要进行再次分配,从而在降雨雨滴大小分布、降落速度及动能等性质上都发生了变化,是森林水文生态功能的重要环节。然而目前国内外在森林影响降雨动力学特征方面的研究较少且研究方法不够完善。研究地点设在北京妙峰山林场,利用激光雨滴谱仪对侧柏人工林林内和林外进行了长期同步观测,对典型场降雨中林内与林外雨滴的数量、大小、速度、动能等动力学特征值进行了对比分析。结果表明：林内的雨滴总数高于林外37.8%,林内小径级和大径级的雨滴数目都有所增加,而中间径级雨滴减少。林外降雨体积贡献率随雨滴直径增加呈单峰曲线变化,而林内降雨呈多峰山状变化;在试验侧柏林下雨滴的终点速度有所减小,特别是对直径0.75-4.5mm范围的雨滴更为明显。林内降雨相比于林外其雨滴直径与雨滴终点速度的相关性降低,雨滴谱分布更加分散;林外降雨动能贡献值随雨滴直径增加呈单峰曲线变化趋势,而林内降雨呈多峰山状变化。在雨滴终点速度为4-9m/s的区间内林外雨滴贡献的动能明显高于林内降雨。侧柏林地雨滴降落到地面的动能比林外空旷地减少了27.0%,林内雨滴动能减小的最主要原因是林冠层削减了林内降雨量。     

N:P ratios, δN fractionation and nutrient resorption along a nitrogen to phosphorus limitation gradient in an oligotrophic wetland complex

The vegetation N:P ratio is thought to be a diagnostic indicator of the nature of nutrient limitation in wetland vegetation. It should therefore be closely linked to other indicators of nutrient acquisition and conservation, such as nitrogen stable isotope fractionation (δ¹⁵N), nutrient resorption efficiency (RE) and resorption proficiency (RP). However, the interrelationships among these traits and the N:P ratio remain unclear. We compared tissue nutrient concentrations, N:P ratios, δ¹⁵N fractionation, RE, and RP along an N to P limitation gradient in an oligotrophic wetland valley in the South Island of New Zealand. Within the valley, the soil TN:TP ratio increased from 1.3 to 18.0 in three discrete wetlands along the gradient. In pooled data from all vegetation communities within each site, the mass-based vegetation N:P ratio correlated significantly (r² = 0.35, P < 0.01) to soil TN:TP ratios and increased from 10.2 ± 2.7 to 13.5 ± 3.6 along the N to P limitation gradient. This was accompanied by an increase in tissue δ¹⁵N enrichment from 2.05 ± 1.12‰ to 6.27 ± 1.70‰, consistent with more open N cycling and lower N demand. These trends held within all vegetation types, but were particularly strong in a Typha orientalis (C-strategist) community (soil TN:TP vs vegetation N:P correlation r² = 0.78, P < 0.001; δ¹⁵N increase from 1.81 ± 0.44‰ to 7.73 ± 1.79‰). The individual N and P concentrations and retention patterns were more species-specific and less responsive to the nutrient limitation gradient. T. orientalis maximised N resorption as N limitation increased (increasing NRE from 50.8 ± 3.3% to 71.7 ± 7.4%; reducing NRP from 0.70 ± 0.12% to 0.36 ± 0.13%) but did not alter PRE or PRP, whereas the S-strategist Schoenus pauciflorus maximised P resorption as P limitation increased (increasing PRE from 48.0 ± 5.6% to 73.5 ± 10.1%; reducing PRP from 0.053 ± 0.008% to 0.015 ± 0.004%) but did not alter NRE or NRP. These results show that the tissue N:P ratio and its associated δ¹⁵N enrichment are highly responsive indicators of the relative availability of N and P at the site and community level. However, they are not indicators of species-specific physiological requirements for N and P, or of likely responses of individual species to N or P enrichment, which are better interpreted from indicators such as RE and RP that describe nutrient retention behaviour.     

Infection status with trematode metacercariae in pond smelts, Hypomesus olidus

Many Koreans usually eat raw pond smelts, Hypomesus olidus, in the winter. This study was performed to evaluate the infection status with trematode metacercariae in pond smelts from January 1998 through February 1999. Among 1,305 fish collected, 459 were purchased from wholesale dealers in Chinchon-gun, Chungchongbuk-do, and the rest of them were caught with a casting net in Soyangho (Lake), Taehoman (Bay) and Paekkokchosuchi (Pond). Seven species of trematode metacercariae including two unidentified ones were detected from 1,305 pond smelts. The number of detected trematode metacercariae according to the species are as follow: Clonorchis sinensis 8, Holostephanus nipponicus 7, Cyathocotyle orientalis 24, Diplostomum sp. 14, and Metorchis orientalis 7. From the above results, it was confirmed that H. olidus plays a role as the second intermediate host of some kinds of trematode including C. sinensis in Korea. Our report shows possible clonorchiasis caused by eating raw pond smelts.