胜红蓟化感作用研究 Ⅱ.主要化感物质的释放途径和活性

研究了南方重要杂草胜红蓟(Ageratumconyzoides)挥发物质的化感作用。结果表明,胜红蓟鲜叶的挥发物质和挥发油对所有受试植物的幼苗生长有显着的抑制作用。用色谱法鉴定并分离了胜红蓟挥发油的主要成分早熟素Ⅰ和早熟素Ⅱ,两者分别占总量的30.93%和51.61%.胜红蓟水溶物中的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是从挥发物中而来,挥发是胜红蓟释放化感物质的主要途径。分离纯化的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的饱和水溶液对萝卜、番茄和黑麦草的幼苗生长均有显着的抑制作用,特别是早熟素Ⅱ具有强烈的化感作用,在25μg·ml^-1低浓度下,仍能抑制植物幼苗的生长,但早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的混合溶液对植物的抑制作用并无显着增强,两者之间不存在协同作用。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅱ.主要化感物质的释放途径和活性

研究了南方重要杂草胜红蓟（Ａｇｅｒａｔｕｍｃｏｎｙｚｏｉｄｅｓ）挥发物质的化感作用．结果表明,胜红蓟鲜叶的挥发物质和挥发油对所有受试植物的幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用．用色谱法鉴定并分离了胜红蓟挥发油的主要成分早熟素Ⅰ和早熟素Ⅱ,两者分别占总量的３０．９３％和５１．６１％．胜红蓟水溶物中的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是从挥发物中而来,挥发是胜红蓟释放化感物质的主要途径．分离纯化的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的饱和水溶液对萝卜、番茄和黑麦草的幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用,特别是早熟素Ⅱ具有强烈的化感作用,在２５μｇ·ｍｌ－１低浓度下,仍能抑制植物幼苗的生长,但早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的混合溶液对植物的抑制作用并无显著增强,两者之间不存在协同作用．     

华南农区典型植物的他感作用研究

研究华南农业区典型植物的他感作用,结果表明,用萝卜作生测受体时地上部水浸出物表明有他感作用的植物有拧檬按、隆缘按、赤按、木麻黄、茶、蟛蜞菊、胜红蓟、三叶鬼针草、香芳、马唐、马占相思、马尾松、蕃茄等,但无明显他感作用的有白茅、铺地木兰、凤尾竹、大叶桉、糖蜜草。研究表明柠檬桉、蟛蜞菊、胜红蓟的地上部挥发物和地部分泌物都有他感作用。木麻黄、茶、蟛蜞菊地上部水浸出物有自毒作用,花生、大豆、绿豆发芽中分泌出的物质也有自毒作用。三叶鬼针革、胜红蓟、香芳、蟛蜞菊、柠蒙桉和木麻黄地上部水浸物他感作用强度一般随着浓度而加剧,但低浓度下常表现有促进作用。三叶鬼针草水提物及柠檬桉地上部挥发物的他感效应强度与采集前一个月降雨量呈显著负相关。木麻黄小枝他感作用物浓度与温度有交互效应。柠檬桉的水浸提物在土壤中易随水流失而挥发物却易被土壤吸附。在土壤中柠檬棕叶的他感作用效应随时间成负指数减少,蟛蜞菊在土壤分解后的残留率与残留物的他感效应指数绝对值显著正相关。他感成份的分离鉴定结果表明,茶叶他感作用的主要成份为茶多酚与咖啡因,木麻黄小枝他感物中分离出五种黄酮类化合物和一种阿魏酸,胜红蓟地上部分离出胜红蓟素和一种豆甾醇。     

阔叶丰花草与2种菊科植物之间的化感作用

阔叶丰花草是一种适用于华南果园生草控草的一年生植物。为了揭示阔叶丰花草与果园常见杂草之间的竞争关系,研究了阔叶丰花草与两种菊科植物(胜红蓟和白花鬼针草)之间的化感作用。结果表明: 10～50 mg·mL^-1的阔叶丰花草水浸液处理显著抑制胜红蓟和白花鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的胚根长分别比对照降低57.4%～90.2%和57.3%～62.3%。胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液对阔叶丰花草种子萌发也有较强的化感效应,在50 mg·mL^-1的浓度处理下,阔叶丰花草种子几乎不能萌发。经10 mg·mL^-1阔叶丰花草水浸液处理30 d后,胜红蓟播种苗的净光合作用、株高和生物量分别比对照降低15.2%、20.6%和41.5%,白花鬼针草播种苗的生物量也出现下降趋势;但胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液处理对阔叶丰花草播种苗生长的影响均不显著。在混种条件下,阔叶丰花草的生物量与单种的水平相当,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的生物量则分别比单种降低86.0%和27.1%。与胜红蓟和白花鬼针草相比,阔叶丰花草的化感优势在于除了能抑制对方的种子萌发,也能抑制其植株生长。     

5种入侵植物补偿反应及其形态可塑性比较

通过模拟刈割试验,研究了5种外来入侵植物(黑麦草、空心莲子草、三叶鬼针草、薇甘菊和胜红蓟)的补偿能力及其形态可塑性。结果表明:多数植物的补偿能力与形态可塑性有一定相关性,刈割和非刈割条件下空心莲子草和薇甘菊都具有较强的形态可塑性,其补偿指数较高,分别为1.65和1.27;多年生黑麦草和三叶鬼针草的形态可塑性在刈割条件下得到增强,补偿指数分别为1.44和1.28;刈割条件下胜红蓟的形态可塑性变化不大或有所降低,其补偿指数最低,为0.82。研究认为,5种植物具有不同的限制其形态可塑性和补偿能力比较理想的刈割时期,薇甘菊攀援生长方式下为30d前和60d后,空心莲子草为60d后,胜红蓟为40～50d,鬼针草为30d前,黑麦草为40～50d。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究I.水溶物的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了胜红蓟水溶物对植物的化感作用,结果表明,胜红蓟水溶物溶液浓度在０．２５ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时对所有供试植物的萌发和幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用,浓度降至０．１０ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时其抑制作用基本消失,胜红蓟不同器官,不同生育期水溶物的化感作用是有差异的,特别是不同生境条件下生长的胜红蓟水物化感作用有显著差异,表明在恶劣生境下胜红蓟的化感作用更为强烈,对胜红蓟水溶物中的化感活性物质进行了分离和分子     

3种菊科入侵植物不同生长时期的土壤酶活性和养分变化

【目的】黄顶菊、三叶鬼针草和豚草是我国危害较严重的3种菊科入侵植物。了解3种菊科植物生长过程中土壤养分和酶活性的变化,可以为研究其入侵机制提供依据。【方法】在中国农业科学院植物保护研究所廊坊中试基地开展同质园实验,比较分析了黄顶菊、三叶鬼针草和豚草3种菊科入侵植物在幼苗期、旺盛生长期和生殖生长期根际土壤养分和酶活性的变化。【结果】3种外来菊科植物的生长时期对土壤养分和酶活性存在显著影响。3种外来植物入侵域的土壤速效磷、硝态氮含量以及磷酸酶活性随生长时期变化都表现出先升高后降低的趋势,均在旺盛生长期达到最大值。入侵域土壤速效磷和硝态氮含量的变化趋势与狗尾草明显不同。3种外来植物入侵降低了土壤速效钾含量,提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性。【结论】3种外来菊科植物的入侵改变了土壤养分和酶活性,创造出更有利于自身生长和繁殖的条件,以利于其进一步扩张。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅰ.水溶物的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了胜红蓟水溶物对植物的化感作用 .结果表明 ,胜红蓟水溶物溶液浓度在0 .2 5gFW·ml- 1 时对所有供试植物的萌发和幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用 ,浓度降至0 .1 0 gFW·ml- 1 时其抑制作用基本消失 ;胜红蓟不同器官、不同生育期水溶物的化感作用是有差异的 ,特别是不同生境条件下生长的胜红蓟水溶物化感作用有显著差异 ,表明在恶劣生境下胜红蓟的化感作用更为强烈 .对胜红蓟水溶物中的化感活性物质进行分离和分子结构鉴定 ,得到早熟素Ⅰ、早熟素Ⅱ和 5,2 2 二烯 3β 豆甾醇 3个化感化合物 .     

假臭草等12种植物对白花鬼针草幼苗的化感作用

用具有化感作用或潜在抑草活性的12种植物的叶片水浸液对白花鬼针草(Bidens alba)幼苗进行处理,对其幼苗的生长 进行研究,以期筛选出对白花鬼针草生长有较强抑制作用的植物种类。结果表明,12种供体植物叶片水浸液(0.05 g DW mL^-1) 均能显著抑制白花鬼针草幼苗的生长(P<0.05),综合化感效应(SE)均为负值(≤-0.2),抑制强度依次为假臭草(Eupatorium catarium)>胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)>海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)>水茄(Solanum torvum)>马缨丹(Lantana camara)>薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)>构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)>南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)>三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)>葛藤(Pueraria lobata)>鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)>五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica),其中假臭草叶水浸液浓度仅为0.04 g DW mL^-1时就可以使白花鬼针草死亡。假臭草和胜红蓟的茎水浸液也可以显著抑制白花鬼针草的生长(P<0.05),抑制效果略低于叶水浸液。回归分析表明,假臭草叶水浸液浓度与白花鬼针草的生物量等指标之间有线性回归关系(R²>0.85, P<0.001),随着水浸液浓度的增加,白花鬼针草的生物量等指标下降。防除白花鬼针草时使用假臭草和胜红蓟的茎、叶水浸液, 其有效浓度低且资源丰富,可作为白花鬼针草天然除草剂的主要资源植物。     

土壤养分对菊科一年生入侵种和本地种繁殖性状的影响

入侵植物繁殖性状的研究可为揭示植物入侵机制提供重要的科学依据。为研究土壤养分对入侵植物和本地植物繁殖性状的影响, 并进一步研究养分添加是否更能促进入侵植物的繁殖能力, 我们设置了低、高两个养分水平, 通过同质园实验比较了不同土壤养分对假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa) 3种菊科一年生入侵种和夜香牛(Vernonia cinerea)、一点红(Emilia sonchifolia)、墨旱莲(Eclipta prostrata) 3种本地种繁殖性状的影响。研究结果显示, 养分添加提高了6种菊科植物的开花株高、株高、地上生物量、单粒种子重量、总花序数、每花序种子数、总种子数量、总种子重量, 并使开花时间提前、花期延长。养分添加对入侵种的开花株高和单粒种子重量的提高幅度要比本地种更显著。相对于部分本地植物(夜香牛、墨旱莲), 养分添加更能促进部分入侵植物(假臭草、胜红蓟)的繁殖能力。三叶鬼针草和一点红的总种子数量和总种子重量在两种土壤养分水平下均较小。本地种墨旱莲的总种子数量和总种子重量在低养分条件下高于3个入侵种。这些结果表明, 高土壤养分仅能促进部分入侵植物相对于部分本地植物的繁殖能力。     

Allelochemicals and their transformations in the Ageratum conyzoides intercropped citrus orchard soils

Intercropping Ageratum conyzoides in citrus orchards may effectively suppress weeds and control other pests. Investigations showed that the inhibition of major weeds and soil pathogenic fungi in citrus orchards was significantly correlated with the allelochemicals released into the soil by intercropped A. conyzoides. Three flavones, ageratochromene, and its two dimers were isolated and identified from the A. conyzoides intercropped citrus orchard soil. These allelochemicals had different biological actions on major weeds and soil pathogenic fungi in the citrus orchard. Three flavones and ageratochromene could significantly inhibit the growth of weeds Bidens pilosa, Digitaria sanguinalis and Cyperus difformis, and spores germination of soil pathogenic fungi Phytophthora citrophthora, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium solani. However, two dimers of ageratochromene had no inhibitory actions on them. The presence of these allelochemicals in soils suggests that they may be able to make a major contribution to control some weeds and diseases in citrus orchards. Further studies revealed that dynamic transformation between ageratochromene and its two dimers in the A. conyzoides intercropped citrus orchard soil was reversible, that is, ageratochromene released from ground A. conyzoides plants was transformed into its dimers, and the dimers can be remonomerized in the soils. However, this dynamic transformation did not occur in the soil with low organic matter and fertility. The dimerization was not correlated with microorganisms in the soil, but the biodegradation of both ageratochromene and its two dimers may have occurred, particularly in the soil with low organic matter and fertility. Our results strongly suggest that the reversible transformation between ageratochromene and its dimers in the A. conyzoides intercropped citrus orchard soil can be an important mechanism maintaining bioactive allelochemicals at an effective concentration, thus, sustaining the inhibition of weeds and pathogenic fungi in soil.     

黄顶菊对入侵地群落动态及植物生长生理特征的影响

为明确黄顶菊对入侵地植物群落和土著植物生理生长的影响机制,采用同质园试验对入侵和非入侵土壤的植物群落开展了整个生育期动态监测,并分析了黄顶菊入侵对狗尾草、羽叶鬼针草、灰绿藜、地肤4种土著植物生长和生理特征的影响规律。结果表明:黄顶菊入侵土壤植物群落多样性指数低于非入侵地,且有季节性差异,随生育期的推进差异逐渐减小;黄顶菊对本地植物的生长指标有显著影响(P0.05),随时间变化显著,但存在物种差异;4种植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cd)、蒸腾速率(Tr)在非入侵土壤生长显著高于入侵地土壤(P0.05);而4种植物在入侵土壤生长的比叶面积(SLA)、比根长(SRL)、比根面积(SRA)显著高于本地土壤(P0.05)。综上,黄顶菊入侵抑制了本地植物的光合效率,减少了生物量的积累,导致本地植物群落的生物多样性水平降低,但表现出季节差异;不同物种对黄顶菊入侵胁迫的响应表现种间特异性,为理解入侵种对群落结构影响和实现入侵生境恢复提供了理论依据。     

Metabolic adaptation to flooding stress in upland and lowland rice seedlings

Ability of metabolic adaptation in upland and lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings to flooding stress was compared. Flooding stress increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and ethanol concentration in shoots and roots of the upland and lowland rice seedlings. The difference in ADH activity and ethanol concentration in shoots between the upland and lowland rice was not apparent. However, both ADH activity and ethanol concentration in roots of the lowland rice were 2-fold greater than those in roots of the upland rice, suggesting that flooding-induction of ethanolic fermentation in lowland rice roots may be significantly greater than that in the upland rice roots. Since flooding often causes the anaerobic conditions in rooting zone than aerial part of plants and ethanolic fermentation is essential to survive in the anaerobic conditions, the ability of metabolic adaptation in lowland rice seedlings to flooding stress may be greater than that in upland rice seedlings.     

Assessment of the Allelopathic Potential of Ageratum Conyzoides

The allelopathic potential of Ageratum conyzoides, which is one of the most dominant weeds in upland-crop areas of Southeast Asia, was investigated under laboratory conditions. The residue obtained from an aqueous acetone extract of the plant shoots inhibited the germination and the growth of roots and shoots of Amaranthus caudatus, Digitaria sanguinalis and Lactuca sativa. The concentration-dependent responses of the test plants suggest that the residue of Ageratum conyzoides might contain allelochemical(s).     

Nitrogen addition drives convergence of leaf litter decomposition rates between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flaveria bidentis</Emphasis> and native plant

Evidence is growing that invasive species can change decomposition rates and associated nutrient cycling within an ecosystem by changing the quality of the litter entering a system. However, the relative contribution of their distinct litter types to carbon turnover is less understood, especially in the context of enhanced N deposition. The objective of this study was to investigate the whole-plant responses of an invasive plant Flaveria bidentis in litter decay to simulated N eutrophication. A 1-year study was conducted to assess if N enhancement influenced decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litters from foliage, fine roots and twigs of F. bidentis compared to co-occurring native species Setaria viridis. N fertilization significantly decreased the decomposition rate of the foliage of the invasive F. bidentis by more than 25% relative to the water control, but had relatively minor effects on decomposition of its twigs and fine root litter or leaf litter from the native species. Collectively, decomposition rates of foliar litters of the invasive and native species become convergent over time in the presence of N addition. Moreover, net N loss was predominately influenced by litter species, followed by the litter type, while N addition had little effect on net N loss. Our study showed that the variation in litter decomposition was much greater between litter types of the invasive F. bidentis than between different plant species under the N addition and that the litter of invasive species with higher inherent decomposability did not always decompose more rapidly than the litter of native species in response to predicted N deposition enhancement.     

不同植物(组合)对入侵杂草黄顶菊功能性状的影响

【目的】外来植物的入侵能力与其性状之间的关系是入侵生态学中的基本问题之一。外来植物成功入侵具备哪些植物功能性状,一直是研究的热点问题,研究和把握这些性状对外来植物的入侵机理研究具有重要的现实意义。【方法】利用同质园实验,以入侵植物黄顶菊为研究对象,设置不同的植物(或组合)与黄顶菊竞争处理,研究不同植物(组合)对黄顶菊植物功能性状的影响,从而探究不同植物对黄顶菊的抵御能力。【结果】地肤、苘麻、苏丹草和苏丹草与地肤、黄花草木樨组合对黄顶菊有一定抑制作用,混种处理中黄顶菊的生物量、分枝数、株高显著低于黄顶菊单种处理,且对叶片功能性状、根功能性状、植株的全C和全N量等都有一定程度的影响。而反枝苋、反枝苋和紫花苜蓿组合对黄顶菊的生长有一定的促进作用,混种处理中黄顶菊的生物量与全C、全N含量较单种黄顶菊显著增加。【结论】不同植物与黄顶菊竞争生长对黄顶菊的影响不同,地肤和苘麻可以显著地抑制黄顶菊的主要功能性状生长发育,而反枝苋和紫花苜蓿促进黄顶菊生长发育。     

Role of root-mediated interactions in phytotoxic interference of Ageratum conyzoides with rice (Oryza sativa)

Ageratum conyzoides L. (billy goat weed; Asteraceae) is an annual invasive weed native of tropical America and has now naturalized worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. The present study investigated the nature and potential of root-mediated allelopathic interference of A. conyzoides against rice (Oryza sativa). Root and shoot length and biomass accumulation of rice were significantly reduced (by 18–30%) when grown in the rhizosphere soil of the weed indicating the release of putative allelochemicals from the weed into the soil. The growth of rice was also progressively reduced in the soil amended with increasing amounts of root residues (5, 10 and 20 g kg⁻¹ soil) of A. conyzoides. The addition of activated charcoal, an inert material with high affinity for organic biomolecules, partly ameliorated the negative effects of root residues amended in the soil. Further, there was no negative effect on the availability of soil nutrients in the root-amended soils. These were rather nutrient rich with greater electrical conductivity, and higher amount of organic matter, thus indicating no role in observed growth reduction. The reduction in allelopathic effects of root residue upon charcoal addition further indicated that putative phytotoxins released from the weed roots are water-soluble phenolic compounds. A significant amount of water-soluble phenolics were present in rhizosphere (∼6-times higher) and root-amended soils (∼5–10-fold higher) and their content was reduced (to ∼3.6–7.0-fold higher) when charcoal was added. The observed growth reduction in Ageratum rhizospheric or root-amended soils was concomitant with the amount of phenolic compounds. Upon HPLC analyses, these were identified as p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and anisic acid. Under laboratory conditions, these phenolic acids reduced the root length and seedling weight of rice individually as well as in equimolar mixture, though no synergistic effect was noticed. The study concludes that root exudates and residues of A. conyzoides suppress the growth of rice by releasing phenolic allelochemicals into the soil rhizosphere and not through alteration of soil nutrients, and allelopathy plays a significant role in root-mediated negative interference of A. conyzoides.     

Biosynthesis of precocenes-I and -II,anti-juvenile hormones

Administration of [2-¹⁴C]-sodium acetate and [2-¹⁴C]-mevalonic acid to Ageratum conyzoides plants has shown that the aromatic moiety of the precocenes is derived from acetate and the other five carbon atoms are of terpenoid origin.