华山新麦草自然居群沿海拔梯度的遗传分化

华山新麦草为我国特有种 ,仅分布于陕西华山 ,是国家一级珍稀濒危植物和急需保护的农作物野生亲缘种。应用 RAPD技术 ,选取 8条引物对华山新麦草自然分布区的 3个山峪(种群 ) 1 1个样方 (亚居群 ) 79个华山新麦草个体的总 DNA进行随机扩增 ,共得到 65个RAPD位点。统计分析表明 ,在华山的 3个山峪 (居群 )中 ,黄埔峪 (居群 )与其它 2个山峪 (居群 )发生较显著的遗传分化 ;华山峪 6个亚居群的个体平均 RAPD位点数有随海拔的升高而下降的趋势 ;6个亚居群间的相似性系数也有随海拔的升高而下降的趋势 ;华山峪的高海拔亚居群和低海拔亚居群间表现出明显差异。主成分分析结果进一步证明了黄埔峪居群与华山峪居群和仙峪居群间、以及华山峪的高海拔亚居群与低海拔亚居群间已发生一定程度的分化。研究结果暗示海拔差异是导致华山新麦草自然居群遗传分化的主要因素 ,海拔差异造成的有限的基因流可能才是影响居群和亚居群遗传分化的主要因子 ,而亚居群内遗传变异程度则与该亚居群的所处的特定生境有关     

华山新麦草自然居群沿海拔梯度的的遗传分化

华山新麦草为我国特有种,仅分布于陕西华山,是国家一级珍稀濒危植物和急面保护有农作物野生亲缘种。应用RAPD技术,选取8条引物对华山新麦草自然分布分布区的3个山峪（种群）11个样方（亚居群）79个华山新麦草个体的总DNA进行随机扩增,共得到65个RAPD位点。统计分析表明,在华山的3个山峪（居群）中,黄埔峪（居群）与其它2个山峪（居群）发生较显著的遗传分化,华山峪6个亚居群的个体平均RAPD位点数有随海拔的升高而下降的趋势,6个亚居群间的相似性系数也有随海拔的升高而下降的趋势,华山峪的高海拔亚居群和低海拔亚居群间表现出明显差异。主成分分析结果进一步证明了黄埔峪居群与华山峪居群和仙峪居群间、以及华山峪的的高海拔亚居群与低海拔亚居群间已发生一定程度的分化。研究结果暗示海拔差异是导致华山新麦草自然居群遗传分化的主要因素,海拔差异造成的有限的基因流可能才是影响因居群和亚居群遗传分化的主要因子,而亚居群内遗传变异程度则与该亚居群的所处的特定生境有关。     

华山新麦草自然居群的遗传结构和种内遗传多态性研究

华山新麦草为我国特有种,公分布在陕西华山,应用5种酶系统共13个基因位点对采自华山13个亚居群的华山新麦草进行等位酶分析,研究结果发现,多态性位点的比例（P）为69％,个位点等位基因的平均数（A）为1．8,平均每个位点的预期杂合性（He)为0．344,Simpson指数为0．998,证明华山新麦草居群内有较高的遗传多态性和克隆多样性,固定指数（F）显示有意义的负值（－0．252),预期的随机交配相比较,居群内有过多的杂合体,这可能与华山新麦草的交酸系统和繁育方式有关,平均的遗传距离为0．046（变化范围：0－0．139）,大约有91％的遗传变异存在于亚居群内,应用间接法测得华山新麦草自然居群间的基因流（Nm)为2．77,明显你于一般风媒传粉植物（5．24）,暗示华山新麦草自然居群的基因流水平似乎正处于一种临界状太,有进一步分化的潜能,但受多种因素的影响。     

新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬居群的遗传结构和分化

应用RAPD技术,对新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬进行了居群遗传分析。结果表明：①用14个随机引物对5个叉毛蓬亚居群的98个个体进行了RAPD扩增,共检出3919条扩增片段,多态带3868条,总的多态位点百分率为98．7％;②Shannon多样性指数(HPOP／HSP＝0．6933)和Nei基因多样性指数(HS／HT＝0．6948)显示出大部分的遗传变异存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,遗传分化系数(GST＝o．3052)表明亚居群问的分子变异占居群总遗传变异的30％以上;②5个叉毛蓬亚居群间的平均遗传距离为0．1817,变异范围从0．1258到0．2445,与同一物种亚种间遗传距离的变幅较一致(0．02—0．20),表明5个亚居群间产生了遗传分化;④叉毛蓬亚居群的基因流Nm＝1．138,低于一般广布种的基因流水平(Nm＝1．881),且远低于毛乌素沙地柠条的基因流(Nm＝5．9529),相对有限的基因流可能在叉毛蓬居群遗传分化的维持中起着作用。以上分析表明,尽管大部分的遗传多样性存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,但5个亚居群间已有明显遗传分化的趋势。     

8个山荆子居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR标记对中国北方地区的8个山荆子居群进行了遗传多样性分析,以探讨山荆子在苹果属植物演化过程中的作用.结果显示:(1)从55个ISSR引物中,筛选出11个多态性引物,共扩增出71个位点,其中多态性位点69个,多态位点达97.47%.(2)在物种水平上,有效等位基因数Ne=1.467 0,Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.284 6,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.439 9,多态位点百分率(PPB)=80.22;基因流(Nm)为1.659 1,居群间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.231 6,Φst值为0.236 0.(3)聚类分析结果显示,在遗传距离为0.155 5、0.136 9、0.125 8处8个山荆子居群分别聚为两大类、三亚类、四小类,但居群聚类位置与地理位置无明显的相关性.(4)山荆子的居群内遗传多样性贡献率占76.40%,而居群间的贡献率占23.60%,说明山荆子的遗传多样性主要分布在居群内,但居群间的遗传分化程度也较高.由此推测,山荆子的起源中心在华北和东北范围内,其中灵空山(山西)和塞罕坝(河北)居群可近似为核心居群;ISSR标记与花部的一些性状可能有连锁关系.     

利用SSR分子标记分析秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性

利用10对SSR引物对濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)6个自然居群的120个个体进行了遗传多样性研究,旨在分析秦岭冷杉6个自然居群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及基因流变化.研究结果表明,120个个体在10个位点上共检测到149个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)为14.9,每个位点的有效等位基因数(e)为7.7,每个位点的平均预期杂合度(He)和平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.841和0.243,Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)为2.13,自然居群杂合性基因多样度的比率(FsT)为6.7％,居群间的基因流(Nm)为3.45.利用Mantel检测到自然居群的遗传距离与地理距离间无显著相关性(r=0.490 6,P＞0.05).秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传变异主要存在于居群内部.结合研究数据、实地调查及相关资料,推测秦岭冷杉自然居群间基因流较原来增大可能是因为居群间发生了远交衰退.     

太白山独叶草6个海拔居群的遗传多样性SSR分析

采用SSR分子标记对独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)6个海拔居群的遗传多样性进行分析,研究其居群遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。结果表明:(1)独叶草居群具有较低的遗传多样性,平均多态位点百分率(PPB)、Shannon多样性指数(I)、Nei’s多样性指数(H)分别为47.04%、0.241 6、0.161 4,总基因多样性(Ht)、居群内基因多样性(Hs)分别为0.419 0、0.163 7,基因流(Nm)为0.527 4。(2)6个居群遗传多样性变化规律随海拔增加先降低后升高。(3)AMOVA分析显示,居群间遗传变异占总遗传变异的66%,与基因分化系数(Gst=0.611 8)相一致。(4)聚类分析将6个居群聚为2支,海拔相近区域的居群优先聚类,但各海拔居群并不严格按照地理距离的远近聚类,与Mantel(r=0.341,P0.05)相关性检测结果相吻合。     

基于RAPD标记的5个南京椴居群遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD标记技术,对分布于江苏省(紫金山、牛首山和宝华山)及安徽省(皇藏峪和琅琊山)的5个南京椴(Tilia miqueliana Maxim.)居群的遗传多样性进行了分析,并采用UPGMA聚类方法研究了5个居群的遗传关系.结果表明:使用10条多态性引物从5个居群的总DNA中扩增出169条带,其中多态性条带151条,多态性条带百分率达89.34％.各居群的多态性条带百分率(PPB)、有效等位基因数(Ⅳe)、Nei's基因多样度(h)和Shannon's多样性指数(I)均有明显差异,其中,宝华山居群的各项指标均最高,紫金山和牛首山居群的PPB值最低,琅琊山居群的Ne值最低,紫金山居群的h和I值均最低.5个居群的I、h和Ⅳe值分别为0.2430～ 0.335 1、0.1544 ～0.218 2和1.248 9～1.362 7;在种水平上的I、h和Ne值分别为0.359 4、0.223 6和1.352 9.居群内变异占总变异的75.95％,居群间变异占总变异的24.05％.居群内和居群间的基因多样度分别为0.218 5和0.173 2,物种水平上的基因分化系数为0.207 5,居群间的基因流为1.909 3.各居群间的遗传距离差异较大;其中,皇藏峪与牛首山居群的遗传距离最近,仅为0.026 5;宝华山与紫金山居群的遗传距离最远,为0.134 4.通过聚类分析可将5个南京椴居群分为3支,宝华山和琅琊山居群各自独立为2支,皇藏峪、紫金山和牛首山居群聚为1支,且可进一步分为2个亚支,皇藏峪居群为1个亚支、紫金山和牛首山居群聚为1个亚支.研究结果表明:南京椴居群内的遗传多样性较高,但居群内的变异占主导地位,居群间存在明显的遗传分化.     

北京东灵山地区不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性

利用ISSR技术对北京东灵山地区不同海拔的6个柴胡居群进行分析,观察不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性。结果表明,东灵山地区不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性差异较大,海拔1135m居群表现出较高的遗传变异水平,高海拔居群遗传多样性较低;遗传距离与海拔差距有一定的相关性,相邻海拔的不同柴胡居群间具有相对较低的遗传距离;柴胡具有较强的遗传分化趋势,且大部分变异存在于居群内。不同海拔导致的异质生境及基因流是影响柴胡居群遗传多样性的主要原因。     

瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群的遗传变异和分化

应用等位酶分析技术,沿两个海拔梯度在瑞士阿尔卑斯山研究了欧洲落叶松（Larix decidua Mill.)居群内和居群间的遗传多态性,结果表明,多态性位点的比例为22.9%,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.3,平均期望杂合度为0.095,遗传变异的5.8%存在于居群之间,平均遗传距离为0.006。几个有统计意义的基因频率差别在不同树龄类被发现,正在繁育系数值表明在瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群有相当的杂合体缺乏,在阿尔拜特（Ar-pette),海拔最高的亚居群与其他亚居群相比较显示最低的遗传多态性（如显示最低的我态性位点比例和最低的平均期望杂合度）和最大的遗传距离值,在最高亚居群和其他亚居群间的遗传差别暗示奠基效应可能是影响这个定样场所欧洲落叶松居群遗传分化的主要因素。     

Genetic structure and differentiation of Psathyrostachys huashanica populations detected with RAPD markers

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is a perennial grass and belongs to genus Psathyrostachys under Triticeae.sathyrostachys is found in the center of Middle Asia and the Caucasus Mountain,while P.huashanica,a species endemic to China,is only located in Mt.Hua in the Shaanxi province,China.At present,the population of this species is decreasing,and reaching the edge of extinction.Due to the limitation in distribution and the importance as breeding material for germplasm storage,it has been considered as first class among the national protected rare plants.For this reason,the present study is significant in probing plant flora,origin and evolution of Triticeae,and crop breeding.Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers were used to analyze the genetic structure and differentiation of P.huashanica populations sampled in three valleys (Huangpu,Xian,and Huashan Valleys)in Mr.Hua.One hundred and twenty-two RAPDfragments were obtained in all 266 individuals with 20 primers with a mean of 6.1 (2-10)fragments per primer.The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB)was 60.66%in Huangpu Valley,90.98%in Xian Valley,95.08%in Huashan Valley,and the total PPB was 95.08%,which indicated a highly genetic variability of P.huashanica.The Shannon's Information index and GST were 0.3306 and 0.3263,respectively,indicating that there were more genetic variations within the subpopulations than those among the subpopulations.The gene flow among the subpopulations of P.huashanica (Nm=1.0322)was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm=5.24).Mean genetic distance is 0.1571(range:0.0022-0.2901).The highest value of genetic distance was found between the subpopulation (hp1)of Huangpu Valley and the highest altitude subpopulation (h8)of Huashan Valley.Correlation analysis detected significant correlation between genetic distance and vertical distance of altitude.Clustering analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed the genetic differentiation among the populations of P.huashanica.Differentiation mainly occurred between the higher altitude subpopulations and the lower altitude subpopulations,suggesting that altitude might be the major factor that restricted the gene flow between different altitude subpopulations and resulted in differentiation of subpopulations.     

华山新麦草濒危原因及种群繁殖对策

华山新麦草特产于我国华山,为国家一级保护植物。由于华山新麦草和小麦属于亲缘种,并且具有很强的抗旱性和耐盐性,所以对其的研究就 很有实践意义。从生境特征和繁殖对策的角度对其濒危原因进行了探讨。华山新麦草生长在恶劣和不连续的生境中,每个居群个体数量都很少。极低的繁殖分配造成其有性繁殖水平低下。脆弱的竞争力和沉重的环境压力共同作用使华山新麦草侧重选择了营养繁殖方式,在生活史上策略上选择上偏重于K－策略。     

Phylogenetic relationships among Hystrix species and related species based on expressed sequence tag-polymerase chain reaction

Twelve species, including three Hystrix species, five Leymus species, Hordeum bogdanii, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Psathyrostachys huashanica, and Roegneria ciliaris, were used for expressed sequence tag-polymerase chain reaction (EST-PCR) assay. A total of 125 products were amplified by 72 sets of EST-PCR markers developed in barley, among which 106 (84.8%) products were found to be polymorphic. Each EST-PCR marker produced 0–6 polymorphic bands, with an average of 1.47. The relationship between H. duthiei s...     

华山新麦草开花物候期观测和自然种群基因流的间接估测

华山新麦草（Psathyrostachys huashanica keng)为我国特有种,仅分布在陕西华山。通过对自然种群传粉物候期观测发现,华山新麦草的传粉高峰期与海拔有一定关系。海拔每升高200m,传粉物候期就推迟2－3d;海拔差异超过500m的亚种群,传粉物候期就不会出现重叠。同时应用等位酶分析技术和E－统计分析间接估测华山新麦草自然种群的基因流（Nm）,其值较一般风媒传粉植物低。通过华山新麦草资源状况、生长环境的调查以及移栽试验的观察,认为该物种稀的主要原因之一 可能是其生存竞争能力弱,最终被迫生长在其它物种所不能生存的环境。     

Cytogenetic studies of the hybrid between Psathyrostachys juncea and P. huashanica (Poaceae)

The interspecific diploid hybrid between Psathyrostachys juncea (2x = 14) and the Chinese endemic species P. huashanica (2x = 14) was obtained and although completely sterile, developed normally. Chromosome pairing observed at MI in the hybrid was high, i.e. 6.57 chiasmata per cell. The average number of bivalents was 4.04 ranging from 2–7. These results indicate a close relationship between the genome of P. huashanica and that of P. juncea.     

A Biosystematic Study on Hybrids Between Psathyrostachys huashanica and Two Species of Roegneria

Intergeneric crosses were made betweem Psathyrostachys huashanica (2n=14, NN)and two Roegneria species, namely, R. ciliaris (2n=28, SSYY), and R. tsukushiensis (2n=42, SSHHYY). Two combinations of P. huashanica crossed with R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents.Two spikelets per node in part were observed in hybrids, which evidently came from P. huashanica. The chromosome configurations of R. ciliaris × P. huashanica and R. tsukushiensis × P. huashanica were 20.73 I+0.318 II, 24.80 I+1.578 II+0. 012 III, respectively. Polypolar division was found at anaphase I in meiosis of two hybrids. Abnormal meiosis in two hybrids was observed. The chromosome pairing indicates that there is only a little chromosome homoeology between “N” genome of P. huashanicaand “S”, “Y” or “H” genomes of R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis.     

普通小麦与华山新麦草的杂交

华山新麦草是分布在秦岭山脉华山段的1个特有种,经细胞学鉴定为二倍体种(2n=14)。利用普通小麦与之杂交并通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.19%,幼胚培养出苗率为33.3%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型,杂种F_1体细胞染色体数为2n=28,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每细胞平均0.99个二价体,26.01个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育,以小麦花粉与杂种回交时获得了种子,回交结实率为2.5%。回交一代体细胞染色体数为2n=49,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型多数为2Ⅲ 7Ⅰ。     

A new Chinese species of Psathyrostachys (Poaceae) with notes on its karyotype

The new species Psathyrostachys stoloniformis native to China is described. The karyotype was investigated by C-, N-, and Ag-banding. The new species has 2n = 2x = 14, including 8 metacentric and 6 SAT-chromosomes with minute satellites, distributed either on 3 or on 4 chromosome pairs. The C-banding pattern comprises from one to six conspicuous and from zero to three very small bands per chromosome. Often two bands placed close together appear as one large band. The karyotype suggests that P. stoloniformis is closely related to P. juncea. N-banding produced very weak or no bands. Meiotic analyses of interspecific hybrids revealed a high chiasma frequency indicating that P. stoloniformis has the same basic genome (N) as P. huashanica , and P. fragilis.     

Intergeneric crosses of Psathyrostachys huashanica with Elymus spp. and cytogenetic studies of the hybrids with E. tsukushiensis (Poaceae, Triticeae)

Intergeneric crosses have been made between Psathyrostachys huashanica (2x= 14, NN) and three Elymus species, namely, E. pendulinus (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), E. ciliaris (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), and E. tsukushiensis (2n = 6x = 42, SSHHYY). Three accessions of E. tsukushiensis from different localities crossed with P. huashanica produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents. Chromosome configuration of 24.62I + 1.51II + 0.03III per cell characterized meioses of the hybrids, but there existed slight variations among different combinations. These results indicate that there is little or no chromosome homoeology between "N" genome of P. huashanica and "S", "H" or "Y" genomes of E. tsukushiensis.