美洲斑潜蝇自然种群的生态控制研究

应用作用因子生命表方法以及在此基础上提出的干扰作用控制指数法评价了不同的生态控制措施（施用马缨丹Lantana camara L．乙醇提取物、施用机油乳剂和释放寄生性天敌）对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard种群动态控制的作用,结果表明,在喷施马缨丹乙醇提取物（浓度为1gDW／100mL）和机油乳剂（300x）,释放寄生性天敌各处理区中的干扰作用控制指数分别为0．176、0．252、和0．377,表明这几种控制措施对美洲斑潜蝇的种群数量具有明显的控制作用,对美洲斑潜蝇种群的控制效果分别为82．4％、74．8％和62．3％。在此基础上,建立了美洲斑潜蝇自然种群的生态控制系统,在田间评价了自然控制因子与人工控制措施联合对美洲斑潜蝇种群的控制作用,结果表明,在美洲斑潜蝇成虫产卵高峰期施用马缨丹乙醇提取物（1gDW／100mL）和机油乳剂（300x）,在幼虫高峰期释放寄生蜂（2000头／100m^2）,处理后美洲斑潜蝇的种群趋势指数I值小于1,表明可以达到控制美洲斑潜蝇种群增长的效果。     

马缨丹乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇种群的控制作用

应用作用因子生命表方法以及在此基础上提出的干扰作用控制指数法评价了马缨丹(LantanacamaraL.)乙醇提取物(干重1g·100mL-1)在美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard种群控制中的作用。结果表明,马缨丹乙醇提取物对保护菜豆(PhaseolusvagarisL.)免受美洲斑潜蝇为害起着明显的作用。处理区的干扰作用控制指数为0.135,即对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果可达86.5%。马缨丹乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌的作用无影响。     

非嗜食植物次生化合物与生态措施对美洲斑潜蝇种群控制作用的评价

应用种群动态控制的状态空间分析法,通过生命表参数模拟美洲斑潜蝇种群数量动态,通过输入不同的控制措施(施用非嗜食植物次生化合物即马缨丹乙醇提取物、施用机油乳剂和释放美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌)对美洲斑潜蝇种群动态控制的作用,研究这些控制措施的组合对美洲斑潜蝇种群动态的控制,模拟结果表明,在美洲斑潜蝇成虫产卵高峰期施用马缨丹乙醇提取物(1g·100ml^-1和机油乳剂(300X),在幼虫高峰期释放寄生蜂(2000头·100m^-2),可以达到控制美洲斑潜蝇种群增长的效果,起到保护菜豆免害的作用。     

异源次生化合物对美洲斑潜蝇种群控制作用的田间试验

应用作用因子生命表方法以及在此基础上提出的干扰作用控制指数法评价了异源植物次生物质在美洲斑潜蝇种群控制中的作用。结果表明,非寄主植物的乙醇提取物（浓度为1gDW·100ml^-1）即马缨丹（Lantana camara）、飞机草（Expatorium odoratum）、蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinensis）和机油乳剂（C23）对保护菜豆免受美洲斑潜蝇为害起着明显的作用,这些作用物质处理区的干扰作用控制指数分别为0.136、0.163、0.213和0.222,对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果可达86.4%、83.7%、78.7%和77.8%。同时,这些作用物质不会影响美洲斑潜蝇的寄生性天敌的寄生作用,反而在一定程度上可加强寄生蜂的寄生作用。因此,4种供试作用物质对美洲斑潜蝇种群起着重要的控制作用。     

马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表的组建及影响因子

应用作用因子生命表方法,组建了马铃薯2代马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表,并采用排除分析法分析了作用因子对马铃薯甲虫种群数量的控制作用.结果表明:马铃薯甲虫卵期和1龄幼虫期的存活率分别为79.1％和69.3％,显著低于其他虫态的存活率,表明该阶段为马铃薯甲虫种群生存的脆弱阶段,是马铃薯甲虫防治的关键时期.“自然死亡”的排除作用控制指数最大(1.87);其次为“捕食及其他”,排除作用控制指数为1.51;寄生性天敌对马铃薯甲虫没有控制作用.如果排除所有天敢等因子的作用,马铃薯甲虫自然种群趋势指数将增长2.8倍.表明天敌等自然因子虽对马铃薯甲虫种群数量有一定的控制作用,但控制能力较弱.     

寄生蜂对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群控制作用的评价

应用作用因子生命表方法以及在此基础上提出的排除作用控制指数法评价了寄生蜂对美洲班潜蝇自然种群的控制作用,结果表明,底比斯釉姬小蜂,丽潜蝇姬小蜂,冈崎釉姬小蜂,异角姬小蜂,黄潜蝇姬小蜂,甘蓝潜潜蝇茧蜂和离潜蝇的种群数量将比原各群增长1．23,2．73,5．98,5．92和5．71倍,在春季菜豆,豇豆,丝瓜和黄瓜上第2代美洲斑潜蝇中,若排除寄生蜂作用因子后,美洲斑潜蝇在上述4种蔬菜上的种群数量将分别多增长2．73,2．87,2．24和1．89倍,寄生蜂对美洲班潜蝇3龄幼虫的控制作用大于1龄,2龄幼虫和蛹的控制作用;春季美洲斑潜连续世代中,第1,2代寄生蜂的控制作用较第3,4,5代低,寄生蜂有菜豆和豇豆上的控制作用比在丝瓜和黄瓜上高。     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第４代和第８代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用．结果表明,低龄（１～３龄）幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子．对第４代和第８代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为１３．９０４和１２．９４６．如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的１５．１２０６和７４．６７８倍．病原微生物是影响第４代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为２．４７２６．     

美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生性天敌的生态位

通过调查美洲斑潜蝇及其主要寄生性天敌冈崎姬小蜂Neochrysoclaris okazakii Kamijo,芙新姬小蜂Neochrysoclaris formosa Westood和攀金姬小蜂Chrysocharis petheus Walker的时间和空间生态位,测定出生态位宽度,重叠和比例相似性,在生态位测定的基础上,按生态位的理论观点,探讨了寄生性天敌在美洲斑潜蝇综合治理中的控制作用。     

烟草和香芋上斜纹夜蛾的自然种群生命表

应用作用因子生命表方法,组建烟草和香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura（Fabricius）自然种群生命表,分析作用因子对斜纹夜蛾种群数量的控制作用。结果表明,2005和2006年烟草和香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾种群的增长倍数均以香芋高于烟草。无论烟草还是香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾,均以“捕食及其它”的排除作用控制指数最大。如排除所有天敌等作用因子的作用,2005年烟草上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长31．2029和50．0371倍,香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长29．3492和41．2873倍;2006年烟草上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长33．1421和75．4167倍,香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长31．5357和70．5355倍。说明天敌等自然作用因子对斜纹夜蛾种群数量有较为明显的控制作用,而烟草上的自然作用因子的作用要强于香芋上的自然作用因子。     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第4代和第8代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用。结果表明,低龄(1～3龄)幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子。对第4代和第8代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为13.904和12.946.如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的15.1206和74.678倍。病原微生物是影响第4代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为2.4726.     

Impact of natural enemies on coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) population dynamics in Chiapas, Mexico

Coffee leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella, is a pest in many New World coffee growing areas. Previous studies suggested that its population dynamics were strongly affected by natural enemies, particularly of larvae, and physical environmental conditions. Our study documented through field surveys and life table analyses (i) the natural enemy complex associated with coffee leafminer and (ii) the impacts of natural enemies on the population dynamics of coffee leafminer, on coffee (Coffea arabica) at two elevations and two rainfall levels in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Twenty-two larval parasitoid species (including 14 morphospecies) were collected. Egg and pupal parasitoids were not recovered. Life table analyses showed that parasitism contributed 10% of real mortality, and parasitism rates were 8–10-fold higher at the low (<550 m) versus high (>950 m) elevation; parasitism rates were similar under low (<100 mm) and high (>400 mm) rainfall. Seventeen predator species (including five morphospecies) were collected, of which most were ants (Formicidae, 14 species) that contributed >58% of real mortality. Life table analyses showed that predation rates were higher at high versus low elevation and under high versus low rainfall. Independently of elevation and rainfall, egg predation (likely by ants) was the most important source of indispensable mortality (range = 0.13–0.30), except at low elevation and high rainfall where pupal predation (=0.14) was similarly important. Also, predation was the main source of coffee leafminer larval and pupal mortality during a 13-month period in a low elevation coffee farm and was highest during the rainy season (>400 mm rainfall/month), when coffee leafminer prevalence was highest. Overall, predation of eggs and pupae (the latter particularly at low elevation), mostly by ants, were the most important sources of coffee leafminer mortality. Because ants were the main source of coffee leafminer egg and pupal mortality, their importance and potential role in coffee pest management strategies were discussed.     

冈崎姬小蜂生物学特性的研究

对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生蜂──冈崎姬小蜂Neochrysocharis okazakii Kamijo生物学特性的研究结果表明：（1）补充蜜汁能显著延长成蜂寿命;（2）在20～33℃范围内各虫态发育速率与温度呈线性相关,发育起点温度8.1℃,完成一个世代需要188.7日·度的积温;成蜂寿命与温度呈负线性相关,产卵量在30℃时达到最大;内禀增长率与温度呈线性相关。     

冈崎姬小蜂生物学特性的研究

 对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生蜂──冈崎姬小蜂Neochrysocharis okazakii Kamijo生物学特 性的研究结果表明：（1）补充蜜汁能显著延长成蜂寿命;（2）在20～33℃范围内各虫 态发育速率与温度呈线性相关,发育起点温度81℃,完成一个世代需要1887日·度的积 温;成蜂寿命与温度呈负线性相关,产卵量在30℃时达到最大;内禀增长率与温度呈线性相 关。     

柑桔潜叶蛾对柑桔的为害及经济阈值的研究

调查福州市郊柑桔园柑桔潜叶蛾（Ｐｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓｃｉｔｒｅｌａ）在雪柑、芦柑、蕉柑、福桔４个品种上的为害情况．根据其为害特性和柑桔果实产量大小年份可能给经济阈值带来的误差,采用同一树上以秋梢为计量单位,环割被测枝条（避免枝条间养分重新分配而带来误差）的方法,研究了为害秋梢的叶片光合作用强度,当年和翌年春夏梢的生长量,翌年果实品质和重量,以及叶片被害程度与柑桔潜叶蛾幼虫密度的关系．结果表明,柑桔受潜叶蛾为害后具有一定的光合补偿及组织愈伤的补偿能力;根据福州地区１９９４年柑桔生产力,以雪柑为品种确定经济阈值为１．２１头１龄幼虫／嫩叶;缩小了经济阈值受果实产量大小年份差异而带来的误差;同时考虑品种、柑桔园水热条件、产量水平、天敌作用等多种生态因子,建立了多因子经济阈值模型     

Natural control ofLiriomyza sativae [Dip.: Agromyzidae] in pole tomatoes in southern California

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and its associated parasites were monitored during the growing season on untreated fresh market tomatoes in southern California in 1978.Chrysonotomyia (Achrysocharella) punctiventris (Crawford) andChrysocharis parksi Crawford were the predominant larval and larval-pupal parasites, respectively, parasitizing the leafminer. A significant linear relationship was found between the percentage parasitization of viableL. sativae larvae byC. parksi and the number ofL. sativae viable pupae per sampling unit.     

Natural mortality factors of Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) on Coffea arabica

The natural mortality of the coffee leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) was investigated in three strata of coffee plant canopy for three seasons through construction and analysis of ecological life tables. Mortality of the leafminer was similar on all thirds of the canopy. Total mortality of immature stages was 95%, with 38.5, 43.8 and 12.7% occurring during egg, larval, and pupal stages. Rainfall killed 39.3% of eggs and larvae, and together with egg inviability (16.3%) and Vespidae (11.3%), were the highest mortality factors. Six wasp parasitoids caused 8% of larval mortality. Egg and larva were the critical stages. Variation in mortality was primarily associated with egg inviability, rainfall, and parasitism by Horismenus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Physiological disturbances during molting and metamorphosis also contributed for fluctuations in mortality of the leafminer. Tactics of integrated pest management to enhance natural mortality of the leafminer while conserving or augmenting the action of natural enemies are discussed.     

Predator complex of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella: identification and impact assessment

Abstract:  The control of Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) by natural enemies in Europe is poor. Thus, in the past 15 years epidemic population densities of the moth regularly caused a continuous pre-mature defoliation of horse chestnut trees, Aesculus hippocastanum L.. Whereas several studies investigated the parasitoid complex of the leafminer and revealed its inefficiency, only little is known about the predators of C. ohridella . The aim of this study was to identify the predator complex in European horse chestnut stands by visual observations and exposure experiments and to assess the impact of different predator guilds on C. ohridella populations by an exclusion experiment. Of all potential predators observed, only blue tits, Parus caeruleus L., great tits, Parus major L., marsh tits, Parus palustris L. and the southern oak bushcricket Meconema meridionale (Costa) were found to prey on the pre-imaginal leafminer stages. Bushcrickets have to our knowledge never before been recorded preying on leafminers; moreover M. meridionale showed a measurable negative impact on the C. ohridella population. However, birds seem to be of greater importance as predators of C. ohridella than arthropods. Predation rates of birds ranged from 2 to 4% of leafminer populations, which is of the same order of magnitude as published parasitism rates. We conclude that the augmentation of tit densities, for example via nesting boxes in chestnut trees, should be considered as a component of an integrated control strategy against the horse chestnut leafminer.     

假眼小绿叶蝉自然天敌控制作用的评价

对假眼小绿叶蝉的卵期寄生蜂－缨小蜂进行了初步调查观察,并应用生命表方法对假眼小绿叶蝉的寄生性和捕食性天敌作用作了评价,提出了卵期寄生是一种重要的天敌控制因子,通过高峰期世代自然园与化防轩绿叶蝉生命表比较,结果表明,自然园种群趋势指数为１．０９,化防园为２．７１,模拟采摘试验,下一世代种群趋势指数均小于１,数量将下降。