太白山南北坡高山林线太白红杉对气候变化的响应差异

气候变化对秦岭植被生长的影响已经引起了人们的广泛关注,在相同的立地条件下,植被对气候变化的响应会因坡向不同而产生差异,秦岭的分水岭太白山尤为典型,为更进一步揭示不同坡向太白红杉(Larix chinensis)对气候变化响应的差异,以树木年代学为依据,利用采自太白山南、北坡相同海拔的太白红杉树芯样本分别建立了树轮年表,并分析了两者的年表特征,探讨了树轮宽度指数与气候因子之间的相关性及逐步线性回归方程。结果表明:太白山南、北坡太白红杉年表的平均敏感度、样本间平均相关系数、样本总体代表性等特征值较高,表明两个不同坡向年表中皆含有丰富的环境信息,相对而言,北坡样地植被对气候的响应较南坡样地敏感;由相关性分析可知,南北坡太白红杉差值年表对气温和降水响应显著的月份有所差异,北坡样地轮宽指数与当年和前一年1—6月平均气温皆为显著正相关关系,而南坡样地轮宽指数仅与当年5—6月平均气温通过显著性检验。南、北坡太白红杉径向生长都明显受到前一年6月降水"滞后效应"的一致影响,但北坡仅与当年8月的降水呈显著正相关,南坡与当年1—4月的平均降水量存在十分显著的负相关;多元线性逐步回归模型显示,气温因子对回归方程的贡献最大值均大于降水因子的贡献最大值,表明气温因子的变化更易引起太白红杉树轮宽度的变化,另外,气温因子对北坡样地回归模型的贡献值比气温因子对南坡样地回归模型的贡献值大,表明北坡样地处树轮宽度指数对气温因子更敏感,并且与相关分析结果一致。     

Climate controls act at different scales on the seasonal pattern of Quercus ilex L. stem radial increments in NE Spain

Long-term data on radial increment dynamics in Mediterranean species may identify which climatic variables are the main constraints for radial growth and at which temporal scales they act. To this end, we examined stem radial fluctuations in Quercus ilex L., the dominant evergreen oak species in the Western Mediterranean Basin, over a period of 11 years (1994–2004) at a coastal site in north-eastern Spain. We used manual band dendrometers to record girth changes in trees on north- and south-facing slopes. Annual increments measured by dendrometers showed good agreement with annual tree-ring width. North-facing trees showed a lower long-term cumulative radial increment than south-facing trees. The seasonal radial increment pattern of Q. ilex was bimodal, being characterized by a greater increase in May and a lesser, more variable increase peak in September. Both phases corresponded to warm and moist climatic conditions, whereas radial increase of stems stopped in winter and occasionally in summer. Considering the whole year, mean maximum air temperature was the main factor positively affecting radial increment of Q. ilex from short- (5 days) to- long (30 days) time scales, whereas the accumulated precipitation exerted a similar effect at longer (30 days) scales, but only on south-facing trees. In summer, all trees were positively correlated with precipitation at long-time scales (30 days); however, only stem increment of south-facing trees showed a significant relation to the temperature at short-time scales (10 days). We confirmed the dominant role of temperature as the major constraint on radial increment at short time scales, despite most previous studies were mostly biased towards precipitation effects at monthly scales.     

The effect of climate on radial growth of Quercus liaotungensis forest trees in Loess Plateau, China

Annual ring growth of Quercus liaotungensis trees in natural forests bounded by desertified region in the Loess Plateau of China was investigated for the evidence of climatic influence. Increment cores were sampled and cross-dated for 120 trees from six stands 0.5–2.5 km apart. Site tree-ring chronologies were created using general dendrochronological techniques. The results of correlation analyses between tree-ring indices and monthly climatic variables indicated that radial growth was positively correlated with precipitation in September of the previous year and that from April to June of the current year. Ring widths were negatively affected by temperature during spring and summer. In contrast, mild temperature in the previous October showed a positive influence. The results suggest that precipitation is important in the early growing season when soil and air are dry, and that high temperatures tend to reduce radial growth in this region. September rainfalls and a warm October may provide conditions that facilitate carbon storage, favor soil microbial activity, and promote root growth and shoot maturation against detrimental effects of stresses in the following seasons. There were also some differences among plots in the effects of both climatic variables probably as a result of different structures and geographical conditions that modified microenvironments. The results may contribute to the reforestation management of the area. It is expected that Q. liaotungensis forests should be ecologically established in this region on shady and half-shady slopes where air and soil drought stresses are not serious.     

莽山不同海拔华南五针松径向生长对气候因子的响应

为了解全球升温背景下我国亚热带地区树木生长对气候变化的响应,基于树木年轮学方法,在湖南莽山建立不同海拔（1 400、1 200、1 000 m）华南五针松（Pinus kwangtungensis）标准年表,利用响应分析和单年分析研究其径向生长与气候因子的相关关系。结果表明,海拔1 400 m处华南五针松的径向生长与当年6月均温和最高温显著负相关,与当年4月的降水量呈显著正相关关系;海拔1 200 m处的径向生长与当年3月均温及上年和当年10月均温、最低温显著正相关,与当年7月的最低温显著负相关,与上年11月降水量呈显著正相关关系;海拔1 000 m处的径向生长与当年6月均温、最高温和当年1月的平均温、最低温以及上年10月的最低温显著负相关,与当年3月、上年10月和当年10月的降水呈显著正相关关系。温度和降水共同影响着该地区华南五针松的径向生长,生长季初期的温度和降水以及夏季温度是影响其生长的关键气候因子。     

升温突变对川西道孚林线川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉生长的影响

高山林线作为理想的全球气候变化监测器,是研究植被与气候变化关系的重要场所。利用川西道孚县高山林线川西云杉（Picea likiangensis var.balfouriana）和鳞皮冷杉（Abies squamata）的年轮宽度资料,基于树木年代学的方法,构建差值年表并通过升温突变前后（1995年前后）年轮指数与气候要素的相关分析,探讨了该区林线主要针叶树种的年轮响应变化,为研究青藏高原地区树木与气候响应关系提供研究基础。结果表明：（1）年尺度上,1995年气温突变前后川西云杉和鳞皮冷杉年轮指数和生长弹性时间变化趋势均不显著,没有发生显著的响应分歧现象。（2）月尺度上,升温突变前川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均最高温、5-7月月均温、6月月均最高温、7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;鳞皮冷杉则与前一年11月月均温、11月月均最高温和12月月均温呈显著正相关;表明升温突变前林线树木生长分别受夏季和冬季温度控制;升温突变后川西云杉年轮指数与前一年11月月均温呈显著负相关,和当年2月降水量及7月月均最低温呈显著正相关;而鳞皮冷杉则与当年5月月均温和5月月均最低温呈显著负相关,与5月降水的正相关性达到最大;表明升温突变后林线川西云杉生长依然受夏季温度控制,而鳞皮冷杉生长则受到春季干旱胁迫的影响。未来气候若随着升温出现干暖化,则林线鳞皮冷杉可能会发生明显的响应分歧现象。     

Tree-ring growth of Gmelin larch under contrasting local conditions in the north of Central Siberia

While the forest-tundra zone in Siberia, Russia has been dendroclimatologically well-studied in recent decades, much less emphasis has been given to a wide belt of northern taiga larch forests located to the south. In this study, climate and local site conditions are explored to trace their influence on radial growth of Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) trees developed on permafrost soils in the northern taiga. Three dendrochronological sites characterized by great differences in thermo-hydrological regime of soils were established along a short (ca. 100 m long) transect: on a river bank (RB), at riparian zone of a stream (RZ) and on a terrace (TER). Comparative analysis of the rate and year-to-year dynamics of tree radial growth among sites revealed considerable difference in both raw and standardized tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies obtained for the RZ site, characterized by shallow soil active layer depth and saturated soils. Results of dendroclimatic analysis indicated that tree-ring growth at all the sites is mostly defined by climatic conditions of a previous year and precipitation has stronger effect on TRW chronologies in comparison to the air temperatures. Remarkably, a great difference in the climatic response of TRW chronologies has been obtained for trees growing within a very short distance from each other. The positive relation of tree-ring growth with precipitation, and negative to temperature was observed in the dry site RB. In contrary, precipitation negatively and temperature positively influenced tree radial growth of larch at the water saturated RZ. Thus, a complicate response of northern Siberian larch forest productivity to the possible climate changes is expected due to great mosaic of site conditions and variability of environmental factors controlling tree-ring growth at different sites. Our study demonstrates the new possibilities for the future dendroclimatic research in the region, as various climatic parameters can be reconstructed from tree-ring chronologies obtained for different sites.     

宝天曼自然保护区不同针叶树径向生长对气候的响应

树木年轮资料能够提供区域内过去长时间的环境和气候信息,成为获取过去气候变化信息的重要手段之一。利用采自宝天曼自然保护区的两种针叶树种油松和华山松树木年轮样本分别建立了油松和华山松树轮宽度标准年表PT和PA,并将油松和华山松样本合并建立了联合树种的区域年表(RC)。3种年表分别与不同气候要素(月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温、月降水量)及其不同月份组合进行相关分析,结果表明,油松年表PT和华山松年表PA都包含较高的气候信息,且都和生长季不同月份温度显著负相关和降水显著正相关。其中,油松和华山松都与当年4月和5月降水显著正相关,油松还与当年5月的平均最高温度和上年11月最低温显著负相关,与当年3月平均最低气温显著正相关;华山松与上年10月和当年4月的平均最高温度显著负相关,与上年12月和当年7月平均最低温度显著正相关;联合年表RC包含了单个年表PT和PA共同的气候信息,与当年4—5月降水和3月最低温显著正相关,与当年7月最低温和4、5月最高温显著负相关。不同年表与生长季(3—8月)内气候要素月份组合的相关分析也表明联合年表RC包含和单物种年表PT、PA相似的气候信息并加强了PT、PA受当年生长季气候变化影响的公共信号。可见,同一地区的多树种联合年表一定程度上能体现出区域性树木生长对气候变化响应的生态生理特征,为同地区建成多树种联合年表来探讨当地区域性气候变化提供了可行性的理论基础和一定的参考作用.     

芦芽山阳坡不同海拔华北落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

为研究树木生长对气候变化的响应状况,选取芦芽山阳坡的3个海拔高度建立了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树轮宽度年表。年表的统计参数表明,3条年表均为研究气候信息的可靠资料。结果表明,芦芽山阳坡华北落叶松的径向生长和生长与气候的关系均具有海拔差异,中海拔(2440 m)和高海拔(2540 m)的华北落叶松具有相似年际生长变化,而二者均与低海拔(2330 m)华北落叶松的年际生长不同。低海拔华北落叶松的生长与4月平均气温和上一年11月降水量显著负相关,而中海拔和高海拔的生长均与上一年10月平均气温和6月降水量显著负相关。通过年表与气候因子之间的滑动相关分析发现,3个海拔高度华北落叶松生长与气候因子的关系均不稳定,生长与气温条件之间的显著相关关系是随着气温升高而出现的。气温的升高引起了华北落叶松生长与气温因子关系的海拔差异,以及径向生长的海拔差异。这一结果对于气候变化对植被垂直梯度影响的研究具有一定参考价值。     

Growth patterns of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus pumilio</Emphasis> trees along altitudinal gradients in Tierra del Fuego,Argentina

The influence of ecological factors resulting from altitude on growth characteristics of Nothofagus pumilio was analyzed. N. pumilio forests grow in the southern Andes from near sea level to 600 m.a.s.l. Eight study sites were selected in the southwestern area of Tierra del Fuego, on north- and south-facing slopes, and distributed along an altitudinal gradient (200–600 m.a.s.l.). Growth cycles throughout time were identified. The correlation between climate and tree growth was determined. Tree diameter and height decreased whereas stand density increased towards tree-line. South-facing slopes showed higher values in common growth variability, probably because of stronger climatic controlling factors. Climate-growth correlation models revealed long-term temperature influences on growth variability, and showed variations among the different plots. Differences were detected in the spectral power component of the chronologies throughout the altitudinal profile. The series had a significant spectral peak at frequencies around 7 years, possibly related to mast seeding cycles. This signal became weaker as the altitude increased probably due to lower seed production. These results suggest a strong altitudinal component in growth variability of N. pumilio in Tierra del Fuego.     

不同海拔温度和降水对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松径向生长的影响

为定量并分离关键气候因子对新疆阿尔泰山不同海拔树木径向生长的影响,通过对高、中和低海拔的西伯利亚落叶松(Larixsibirica)树轮宽度标准年表与气候因子分别进行相关、多元线性回归等统计分析,并进一步计算了线性模型中不同气候因素的绝对和相对贡献率。结果表明,高海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释西伯利亚落叶松径向生长变异的33.1%,相对贡献率分别为66.2%和33.8%;中海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年6月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的26.8%,相对贡献率分别为40.1%和59.9%;低海拔地区,上年6月温度和7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著负相关和正相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的29.4%,相对贡献率分别为31.9%和68.1%。这表明限制树木径向生长的主要影响因子随海拔的不同而异,在高海拔地区,温度是主要限制因子;而在低海拔地区,降雨是主要限制因子。     

模拟降水减少对帽儿山地区兴安落叶松径向生长的影响

以2004年在小兴安岭帽儿山地区栽植的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)为研究对象,在2012年,经过100%减雨、50%减雨、冬季除雪和对照4种处理,在控雨的前期(6月)和后期(8月)用微生长锥取样利用石蜡切片方法测量扩大细胞的径向长度和数量。在10月末用生长锥取样,打磨后测量成熟管胞的径向长度和数量,进而分析降水减少对兴安落叶松径向生长的影响。结果表明:在帽儿山地区,生长季温度与兴安落叶松径向生长显著正相关,降水在生长季后期为负相关。大树芯成熟管胞测定表明,3块样地综合而言,除雪组成熟管胞数量最多,其次是对照组,50%减雨组和100%减雨组成熟管胞数量最少;管胞径向长度在各个处理组之间差异不显著。但是,在3块样地中,成熟管胞数量和径向长度在相同处理间测定结果有差别,样地1的100%减雨组、50%减雨组、除雪组和对照组中成熟管胞数量随土壤湿度增加而增加,径向管胞长度差异不明显;样地2的除雪组中成熟管胞径向长度显著小于其他3个实验组,而50%减雨组、100%减雨组和对照组的成熟管胞径向长度和数量均差异不显著;样地3中4个实验组的成熟管胞数量均差异不显著,成熟管胞径向长度100%减雨组略小于其他3个实验组,这与样地3遮阴较大、土壤湿度较高有关。石蜡切片的形成层扩大细胞分析表明:在减雨处理的初期(6月份),样地3在扩大细胞的数量上,随着不同处理间土壤湿度的减小而减少。在减雨处理的后期(8月份),样地1扩大细胞的数量随着不同处理间土壤湿度的减小而减少。研究结果表明降水减少会对兴安落叶松径向生长产生影响,其影响程度取决于微环境条件的差异,且不同时期降水减少的影响也有差异。     

芦芽山华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)树轮宽度年表对气候因子的响应

在芦芽山地区采集3个不同海拔的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii),在传统去趋势的基础上,采用"signal-free"方法对拟合曲线进行修正,避免了中等频率的气候信息引起的拟合偏差,最终建立3个不同海拔树轮宽度标准年表(STD)。同时以10a为界对上述年表进行滤波处理,得到3个低频年表。年表特征值表明,随着海拔升高,年轮平均轮宽变窄,敏感性和高频信息增强,低频信息减弱,这可能与逐渐恶劣的生境有关。中、低海拔年表的低频信息更一致,中、高海拔的高频信息更接近,而高、低海拔无论是标准年表还是高频、低频年表相似性均较差。树轮气候响应分析显示,低海拔STD年表与5月最低温负相关最为显著,STD和低频年表均与5、6月份土壤温度显著负相关,说明生境暖干,树木主要受生长季的干旱胁迫;中海拔STD年表与当年5月最高温正相关最为显著,STD和低频年表与土壤温度相关均不显著,说明生境逐渐变得冷湿,生长季的低温成为树木生长的限制因子;高海拔STD年表与气象要素相关不显著,低频年表与当年4月土壤温度正相关,说明高海拔最为冷湿,并有季节性冻土分布,生长季的土壤低温成为树木生长的限制因子。因此,全球变暖的趋势将更有利于高海拔树木的生长,而低海拔树木的干旱胁迫进一步加剧。     

Climatic signals in tree ring of Picea schrenkiana along an altitudinal gradient in the central Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China

Tree-ring samples of Picea schrenkiana (Fisch. et Mey) were studied along an altitudinal gradient in the central Tianshan Mountains, and ring-width chronologies were developed for three sites at different altitudes: low-forest border (1600–1700 m a.s.l.), interior forest (2100–2200 m a.s.l.), and upper treeline (2600–2700 m a.s.l.). Annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites but variability was greatest at the low-forest border site. The statistical characters of the chronologies showed that mean sensitivity (MS) and standard deviation (SD) decreased with increasing elevation. In other words, the response of tree growth to environmental changes decreased with increasing altitude. To understand the differing response of trees at different elevations to the environmental changes, response function analysis was used to study the relationships between tree-ring widths and mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation from 1961 to 2000. The results showed that precipitation was the most important factor limiting tree radial growth in the arid central Tianshan Mountains, precipitation in August of the prior growth year played an important role on tree's radial growth across the entire altitudinal gradient even at the cold, high-elevation treeline site. It is expected that with increasing altitude air temperature decreased and precipitation increased, the importance of precipitation on tree growth decreased, and the response of tree growth to environmental changes decreased, too. This conclusion may be helpful to understand and research the relationship between climatic change and tree growth in arid and semiarid area.     

Crossdating and analysis of eucalypt tree rings exhibiting terminal and reverse latewood

We investigated crossdating and climate sensitivity in tree-ring series from Eucalyptus delegatensis Baker, R.T. and E. obliqua L'Herit. We first visually crossdated the measured ring width series and then independently verified this crossdating using Xmatch and cross-correlation significance tests. Crossdating was verified in 28 of the 32 study trees. Crossdating success differed between E. delegatensis and E. obliqua. In E. delegatensis crossdating success appears to be related to tree dominance and elevation. In E. obliqua radial azimuth appears to affect crossdating success. We developed two chronologies for each of the species studied. The first of these chronologies was based on all visually crossdated radii and the other on radii for which crossdating had been independently verified. Signal strength was higher in the verified chronologies. Correlation analysis between the verified chronologies and climate data revealed no significant correlation between precipitation and ring width for either species. E. obliqua ring width was significantly correlated with mean minimum and maximum air temperature and vapour pressure deficit during summer of the growing season. The E. delegatensis chronology was significantly correlated with air temperature and frequency of frost during the preceding winter. Ring width in both species was significantly correlated with air temperature during the preceding summer. Potential physiological explanations for these results are discussed. Further study is required to verify the results of climatological analysis and to explore the causes of variation in signal strength within and between trees.     

辽宁省人工林樟子松径向生长对水热梯度变化的响应

基于树轮年代学的理论和方法,建立辽宁地区人工林樟子松年轮宽度年表网络,研究人工林樟子松树木年轮生长变化,探讨樟子松生长与气候变化的关系以及其对水热梯度变化的响应规律。结果表明,研究区各采样点人工林樟子松的径向生长变化呈现较为一致的显著下降趋势(P0.05),并且下降趋势由西北至东南降低。空间上水平上,研究区樟子松的径向生长与研究区降水和相对湿度的空间梯度变化吻合(P0.05),均呈西北至东南增加的特点;各采样点樟子松年轮宽度变化的平均敏感度与降水量、相对湿度显著负相关关系(P0.05),但与温度的正相关关系不显著。各样点樟子松径向生长与月降雨量和月平均相对湿度多呈正相关关系,与月平均温度多呈负相关关系,进一步表明区域水分因子对人工林樟子松生长的限制作用明显。     

秦岭中西部油松径向生长对气候因子的响应差异研究

在气候变暖背景下,树木径向生长对气候因子的响应会随区域干湿变化而有所差异。秦岭属于气候敏感区和生态脆弱区,南北气候特征差异明显,分析气候变化背景下树木径向生长对气候因子及干旱事件的响应,对准确预测未来气候变化对树木生长的影响至关重要。为探究该地区不同干湿环境下油松对气候因子及干旱事件响应的特点及差异,共采集秦岭中西部南北坡共4个样点的油松树轮样芯,利用树木年轮生态学的方法,分析各地油松年表与气候因子之间的关系,通过计算抵抗力、恢复力、恢复弹力等指标探究树木径向生长对干旱事件的应对能力,结果表明：1)在西部和北坡的3个样点,油松径向生长主要与前一年7—9月、当年5—7月的气温呈显著负相关,与当年5月降水呈显著正相关,在中部南坡油松径向生长主要与当年2—4月、9月气温呈显著正相关,与当年4月降水呈显著负相关;2)生长季气温升高所引发的水分亏缺,是研究区西部和北坡油松径向生长受限制的主要原因,且中部南坡油松生长受气温和干旱因子的制约要明显弱于其它3个样点;3)西部北坡油松对干旱的抵抗能力、恢复能力及恢复弹力均弱于西部南坡及中部北坡油松。在未来对研究区树木的管理与保护工作中,应更加关注西部北坡...     

Climate-tree-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the French Permanent Plot Network (RENECOFOR)

The influence of climate on the radial growth of Fagus sylvatica was investigated using 15 chronologies developed from mature stands of the French Permanent Plot Network (RENECOFOR) growing under different climatic and soil conditions. The relationships between climate and ring widths were analyzed using extreme growth years, simple correlations and response functions analysis. Monthly climatic regressors were derived by a physiological water balance model that used daily climatic data and stand parameters to estimate soil water deficits. The three most frequent negative pointer years (1959, 1989, 1976) result from a particularly intense and durable drought, whereas positive years (1977, 1958) coincide with wet conditions. The total ring chronology variance attributable to climate averages 34.1% (15.8% –57%). Current early-summer soil water deficit enters in 10 models and the deficit in June explains alone a large part of the radial growth variability (mean value: 26.6%). Temperature or soil water deficit for the other months and weather conditions during the previous season were of little consistency across stands. The response pattern of earlywood is very similar and the percentage of variance explained is higher (16.2% –57.8%). Latewood widths present a different response pattern. High minimum temperature in August and/or September often favour wide latewood widths and monthly water deficits play a secondary role. The percentage of variance explained ranges from 8.8% to 67.4%. Soil water capacity strongly modulates ring characteristics and climate-growth relationships. Mean sensitivity, expressed population signal, signal-to-noise ratio and the strength of growth-climate correlations increase with decreasing soil water capacity.     

阿尼玛卿山地不同海拔青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应

利用位于同一坡面的青海云杉树芯样本,建立了4个海拔高度的树轮宽度指数年表。分析结果表明年表序列特征值大都因海拔而不同,各年表序列对气候因子的相关性在不同高度也表现出一定的差异:树木生长都与前一年10月份月均温显著正相关,与前一年8月份和当年5、6月份月均温显著负相关;与前一年9、10月份和当年5月份的降水量都呈显著正相关,但都随海拔升高呈波状变化。树轮宽度指数与不同时段的温度和温暖指数都呈负相关,表明5～9月是该地区青海云杉生长较为活跃的季节。响应函数分析结果表明该地区低海拔生长的青海云杉受温度和降水的影响都比高海拔生长的更显著,显然不同于以前研究的森林上下限树木的生长模式。4a表主成分中的第一主分量贡献率为81.071%,表明同一坡面影响树木生长的大环境因子是一致的。第一主分量与气候因子的相关分析同样显示出前一年生长季末和当年生长季初的水热组合是树木生长的主要限制因子,区域模拟也进一步证明了这一点。并认清了同一坡面青海云杉树轮记录的共性和差异,为今后树轮采样和研究提供一定的理论依据。     

不同林龄樟子松人工林径向生长对气候及地下水位变化的响应

全球气候变化导致森林生态系统的结构与功能发生改变,甚至出现树木死亡与林分衰退的现象,研究林分生长对气候变化尤其是干旱事件的响应有助于预测未来气候变化下生态系统的稳定性。以辽宁章古台5个林龄的樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析了树木径向生长对气候因子与地下水位的响应,结果表明：秋季气温,尤其是最低气温显著影响樟子松林的生长（44年生林分除外）;低林龄樟子松林（36、39年）生长与当年夏季及生长季内的降水显著正相关,而高林龄樟子松林（52年）生长则与当年春季尤其是当年2月与5月降水显著正相关;36、39、52年生樟子松人工林年表与当年夏季的Palmer干旱指数（PDSI）显著正相关,44、58年生樟子松人工林年表则与地下水位显著正相关。应对早期干旱（即1997年）时,樟子松人工林表现为随林龄增加,其抵抗力增加而恢复力降低;在随后的两个干旱事件中,高林龄樟子松林的抵抗力不再明显高于低林龄,可能是由于地下水位显著降低影响根系吸水;受累积干旱的影响,所有林龄樟子松人工林对2007-2008干旱事件的弹性力均小于1,径向生长量明显降低。地下水位是影响不同林龄樟子松人工林生长及对干旱抵抗力的重要因子,考虑地下水位有助于进一步提升森林生态系统对气候变化响应研究的准确性。     

Spatial and age-dependent tree-ring growth responses of Larix gmelinii to climate in northeastern China

Tree-ring width chronologies from 276 Larix gmelinii cores taken in northeastern China were used to analyze spatial and age-dependent growth–climate response relationships. Tree radial growth from five localities showed similar patterns, while exhibiting different tree-ring growth responses to local climate. The rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) indicated that tree age, growing season moisture conditions, and ambient air temperature variations resulted from location differences (e.g., longitude, latitude, and altitude), which could explain the non-stationary spatial climate–growth relations observed. The study tested the fundamental assumption that the climate–growth of L. gmelinii was age independent after the removal of size trends and disturbance signals. The age-related climate–growth relationship might potentially improve the veracity of past climate reconstructions. Bootstrapped correlation function analyses suggested that the response of L. gmelinii radial growth to climate differed between trees ≥150 years old and <150 years old. Mean sensitivity and standard deviation for trees increased with age in the <150 years old tree class; whereas trees ≥150 years old had no significant relationship with age. These results showed that the assumption of age-independent climate–growth relationship is invalid at these sites. Physiological processes and/or hydraulic constraints dependent on tree age, together with detrending techniques could be the possible causal factors of clear age-dependent responses. These results suggested the importance of incorporating trees of all ages into the chronology to recover a detailed climatic signal in a reconstruction of L. gmelinii for this region.