The effect of solvent extraction on antioxidant properties of apricot fruit

Two solvent extraction procedures were used to investigate the extraction efficiency in terms of total antioxidant capacity and total phenols in apricot fruit. Samples were either sequentially extracted with aqueous ethanol (ethanol/water 80% v/v) and tetrahydrofuran or directly extracted with tetrahydrofuran. Each extract was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity by the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay and total phenols by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The results showed that using sequential solvent extraction, the majority (85%) of the total antioxidant capacity and total phenols was due to hydrophilic compounds. In tetrahydrofuran direct extractions, the total antioxidant capacity and total phenols were higher than values obtained with aqueous ethanol and the sum of results obtained from sequential extracts for either total antioxidant capacity or total phenols was similar to the tetrahydrofuran-extract antioxidant values. A linear correlation between total antioxidant capacity and total phenols was found and was independent of the solvent extraction method. In conclusion, the choice of solvent is related to the antioxidant potential of fruit and depends on the food hydrophilic/lipophilic composition.     

深山含笑叶片总酚超声波提取工艺的优化

采用单因素实验方法研究了超声波辅助提取过程中乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度和提取时间对深山含笑（Michelia maudiae Dunn）叶片总酚提取率的影响,并采用正交实验方法确定了最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,深山含笑叶片总酚超声波辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为：按1：30（质量-体积比）的料液比加入体积分数70％的乙醇,于65℃条件下用超声波辅助提取30min。采用最佳的超声波提取工艺,深山含笑叶片的总酚提取率可达到11．41％。定性分析结果显示,深山含笑叶片的总酚提取物具有典型的酚类化合物特性,并显示出鞣质类成分、黄酮类成分和香豆素类成分的定性反应特征。     

Total Phenols and Flavonoids in Germinated Barley Using Different Solvents

Sprouts are a source of secondary metabolites as phenolic compounds. Germination and the use of solvents can affect their content. The aim of this work was to identify the total content of phenols and flavonoids in ungerminated and germinated (3, 5, and 7 days) Esmeralda and Perla barley. Different solvents (water, 50 % acetone, 80 % methanol, 80 % ethanol) were used to recover total phenols and flavonoids. The 7-day germination proved to be ideal for total phenol and flavonoid obtention from Esmeralda barley and the highest total phenol and flavonoid content in Perla variety was observed at 5 and 7 days of germination, respectively. Methanol and ethanol (80 %) yielded the highest extraction percentage of total phenols; 50 % acetone recovered the highest flavonoid concentrations in Esmeralda barley and 80 % methanol in Perla barley. The highest total phenol concentration was obtained from Perla samples at 13.60 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoids were observed in Esmeralda barley at 1.73 mg QE/g. A high correlation was found between the concentration of phenols (0.995) and total flavonoids (0.780) with the radicle size in the Esmeralda samples.     

Microalga Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BBKLP-07, a new source of bioactive compounds with in vitro pharmacological applications

Microalgae are photosynthetic eukaryotes which are primary producers in the food chain and also excellent sources for bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and other fine chemicals. In the present study, the microalga Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BBKLP-07 was subjected to soxhlet extraction using solvents like chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous solvents. All the solvents were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, lignin’s, saponins, sterols, tannins, anthraquinone and reducing sugar using the standard procedures. Furthermore, all the crude extracts were subjected to antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Antidiabetic activity of the microalgal extracts was observed maximum in Aqueous extract. Methanolic extracts have shown maximum antioxidant activity and chloroform extracts have exhibited highest anti-inflammatory effects. Antimicrobial activities were tested against E.coli, S, typhi, C.perfringens and B.subtilis bacteria and fungi A.niger, and C. albicans. Therefore, the green microalga Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BBKLP-07 is a rich source of biological active compounds and nutraceuticals and can be exploited for commercial applications.

     

生姜不同有机溶剂提取物的GC-MS分析

用GC－MS方法从生姜的甲醇、乙酸乙酯和正己烷提取中分别鉴定了35、36和44个成分。 显示三种有机溶剂提取物主要成分均为萜类化合物,但萜类含量各不相同：总萜类及倍半萜类成分的含量随提取溶剂极性增大而增多,单萜类成分则随提取溶剂极性增大而减少;具抗氧化活性的不饱和倍半萜成分随提取溶剂性增大而增多,说明了生姜有机溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性随提取溶剂极性增大而增强的原因。     

葡萄籽中原花青素提取方法优化处理

溶剂提取法是提取葡萄籽原花青素的常用方法 ,然而 ,在不同提取条件下 ,提取效果并不一致。利用水、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮及它们的水溶液提取葡萄籽中的原花青素 ,而后用铁盐催化比色法测原花青素含量 ,考察了提取剂的浓度、粉碎度对提取的影响。在优化处理的基础上 ,获得了有效的提取条件 :葡萄籽粉碎度 10 0目 ,提取剂 70 %甲醇水溶液。     

Radical scavenging potential of phenolics from Bryophyllum pinnatum (LAM.) OKEN

Optimization of the extraction process of phenolics from Bryophyllum pinnatum was carried out using response-surface methodology (RSM). The effect of different variables such as ratio of solvents, plant material/solvent ratio, extraction time, and temperature were investigated. An optimal phenolics yield of 7.952 mg/g gallic acid equivalence (GAE) was achieved at reduced levels of methanol/water ratio (1:1, v/v). During optimization, the product yield was enhanced by ～2-fold at reduced extraction solvent (methanol/water) up to 37%. Validation of the RSM model for extraction of total phenolic content (TPC) was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The obtained experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted values, thereby indicating the appropriateness of the model generated. Phenolic extracts from B. pinnatum were further examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods for determining the radical scavenging activities. EC(50) values of B. pinnatum extracts (BPEs) obtained by these methods were in accordance with the amount of phenolics present in the extract. Significant correlation was found between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (p < 0.05).     

基于GC-MS和UPLC-QTOF/MS技术的灵芝孢子粉化学成分分析

采用极性不同的6种溶剂（石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和水）、按索氏提取法逐级萃取破壁灵芝孢子粉,并同时运用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC/MS）和超高效液相串联四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-QTOF/MS）技术对各萃取物进行化学成分分析与鉴定。结果表明：GC/MS共鉴定出101种化合物,其中酸类10种、酯类40种、醇类7种、酮类6种、酚类2种、烃类18种、甾类9种和杂原子化合物9种;UPLC-Q-TOF/MS共推断出40种化合物,其中倍半萜类1种、二萜类1种、三萜类9种、生物碱类4种、酰胺类7种、有机酸类9种以及其他化合物9种。两种测定方法间共有化合物仅1种,仅存在于5种有机溶剂（石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇和甲醇）萃取物之一的化合物共105种,2种或2种以上萃取物共有的化合物共31种,实验方法较好地实现了样品中化合物组分的充分分离,扩大了可检测化合物的范围。研究结果为灵芝孢子粉中化学成分的系统分析与鉴定、及灵芝孢子粉的化合物谱图库的完善提供了基础资料,为相关药理、药效分析及灵芝的药用模式真菌研究提供参考。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of marigold at high pressures: comparison of analytical and pilot-scale extraction

The effects of pressure and co-solvent on the extraction of anti-inflammatory faradiol esters in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) were investigated by supercritical fluid extraction at laboratory and pilot scales. Pressures higher than 300 bar and modifier (ethanol) concentrations ranging from 0 to 20% (v/v) were used at an extraction temperature of 50 degrees C. With an analytical extractor, exhaustive extraction of the drug and highest concentrations in the extracts were achieved with 0.5% ethanol at the maximum pressure of 689 bar. Increased modifier concentrations improved the extractability at lower pressure, but the higher amount of total extractables led to a lower concentration of faradiol esters in the extracts. The HPLC fingerprints of the extracts, the yields of total extract and the concentration of faradiol esters obtained with analytical and pilot scale extractors under the same conditions were comparable.     

Influence of the extraction solvent on antioxidant activity of Althaea officinalis L. root extracts

Althaea officinalis (Malvaceae) is a well-known plant that is widely distributed throughout the world. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from A. officinalis root are used mainly because of their antitussive and expectorant activity. It is well known that these activities are based on the polysaccharide composition, but little is known about the possible antioxidant activity of root extract. The present study evaluated antioxidant activity of root extracts prepared with different extraction solvents applying ABTS^·+ (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hypochlorous acid scavenging assay and iron-induced lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the extract prepared with water as extraction solvent did not possess antioxidant activity, whereas the extracts obtained using ethanol:water as extraction agent showed well pronounced antioxidant activity. In particular, the extracts obtained at low concentration of ethanol in the mixed solvent (50:50 and 70:30, v/v) showed higher scavenging activity for ABTS^·+ radicals and hypochlorite ions than the extract obtained with the higher ethanol concentration (90:10, v/v). These results correlated very well with phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts. The extracts did not show cytotoxic effect on human BV-173 leukemic cells but may have immunomodulating effects due to their antioxidant properties.     

Solvent based optimization for extraction and stability of thymoquinone from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nigella sativa</Emphasis> Linn. and its quantification using RP-HPLC

The Nigella sativa pharmacological properties are mainly ascribed to its volatile oil, of which thymoquinone is an important bioactive component. Surprisingly, till date, no standard formulation or thymoquinone rich N. sativa extract is under clinical use probably due to its poor extraction and lesser stability in the already used solvents. In the present investigation solubility, extraction, percent composition and total antioxidant activity from the seeds of N. sativa was explored using five solvents. An HPLC method was standardized in an isocratic system (C-18 column, flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, mobile phase—water:methanol: 30:70, detection wavelength—254 nm, retention time—8.77 min) for quantification of thymoquinone. To further confirm the presence of thymoquinone in the respective extracts absorbance spectra analysis has been carried out and compared with pure thymoquinone. Additionally total antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa extracts has been evaluated using ascorbic acid as standard. Our results showed maximum percentage yield in aqueous extract while methanol having the least yield and the ethanol, benzene and hexane extracts exhibited moderate yields. A linear standard calibration curve of thymoquinone showed R² as 0.999 and % RSD as 7.166. The HPLC analysis revealed maximum percentage composition of thymoquinone in the benzene extract, whereas in the hexane and methanol extracts the content was less. Aqueous and ethanol extracts displayed insignificant thymoquinone content. Absorbance spectra analysis confirms the presence of thymoquinone peak in the benzene, hexane and methanol extracts while aqueous and ethanol extracts showed minimal absorbance. Maximum total antioxidant activity was observed in the aqueous extract while minimum was observed in the methanolic extract. Weak positive (+?0.3676) correlation was established between percent composition of thymoquinone and antioxidant activity among different extracts indicating that thymoquinone may not be the only factor for antioxidant activity, but other phytochemicals might also contribute. However, we for the first time demonstrated that the benzene extract of N. sativa has better solubility and percent composition of thymoquinone as compared to other solvents. It can be concluded that the solubility, differential composition of bioactive components among these extracts may have diverse effects on the total antiradical activity. Thus, our study provides insights on optimization and standardization of bioactive rich formulation of N. sativa.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of homoharringtonine from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cephalotaxus koreana</Emphasis>

An efficient method using microwave energy was developed to extract homoharringtonine (HHT), an alkaloid component effective in the treatment of leukemia, from Cephalotaxus koreana. The effects of major process parameters on extraction efficiency were also investigated. Using a fixed biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:8 (w/v), an extraction temperature of 30°C, an extraction time of 20 min, and a stirrer velocity of 250 rpm, a 25% higher yield of HHT was achieved using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) than using conventional solvent extraction. It was possible to recover more than 95% of the HHT by extracting twice using MAE. In addition, the HHT yield increased as the extraction temperature increased, but the content of plant-derived tar and waxy compounds increased as well. Removal of these impurities and of the pigments from extracts was most effectively accomplished at a mixing ratio of biomass-to-sylopute of 1:1.5 (w/w). The effects of using different organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, ethanol, or methanol) for MAE were also assessed; the highest extraction efficiency was obtained using methanol. When the agitation speed was altered, most of the HHT (> 99%) was recovered at 250 rpm. A mixing ratio of biomass-to-methanol of 1:6 (w/v) at an extraction temperature of 40°C and an extraction time of 10 min proved to be the most effective for reducing processing time and organic solvent usage while enabling nearly all of the HHT (> 99%) to be recovered.     

Production and Characterization of Wine from Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica L)

Summary Mango (Mangifera indica L) is the most popular and the choicest fruit of India. A major portion (nearly 60–70%) of the total quantity produced is locally consumed and a sizable portion is exported to other countries. In the present study, six varieties of mango, which are abundantly available in the region were selected for wine production and the conditions for juice extraction were optimized. It was found that the mango juices were similar to grape juice in terms of sugar and acidity. After fermentation, the ethanol concentration was 7–8.5% w/v, the methanol concentration was slightly higher than that of grape wines and other volatile compounds were present in comparable amounts. From the physicochemical characteristics of the mango wine produced, it was observed that aromatic components were comparable in concentration to those of grape wine.     

真眼点藻类色素的提取与测定方法

分别采用甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种有机溶剂提取7种真眼点藻的色素,比较3种有机溶剂提取色素的效果,测定3种有机溶剂色素提取液的吸收光谱,利用分光光度法计算藻的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量,并比较甲醇和乙醇色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰。结果表明:使用乙醇比甲醇和90%丙酮操作更简便、快捷并且毒害低。3种有机溶剂色素提取液的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05),提取率基本一致。色素在3种有机溶剂中的吸收光谱相似,甲醇和乙醇的色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。乙醇色素提取液可使用Lichtenthaler的公式计算色素含量。     

Silene vulgaris subsp. macrocarpa leaves and roots from Morocco: assessment of the efficiency of different extraction techniques and solvents on their antioxidant capacity,brine shrimp toxicity and phenolic characterization

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of various solvents and techniques on the extractability of antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolics, from leaves and roots of Silene vulgaris subsp. macrocarpa grown wild in Morocco. Maceration and hot extraction with methanol or water and Soxhlet ethanol extraction were utilized. Aimed at establishing the potential safety of the extracts, Artemia salina lethality bioassay was performed. All the extracts were found to be non-toxic, except for the leaf Soxhlet ethanol. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated in vitro by DPPH, reducing power, and ferrous ions chelating activity assays. The leaf extracts displayed noticeable radical scavenging and chelating activities, and maceration with methanol (Mac-MeOH) resulted the most suitable extraction method for an effective recovery of antioxidants; further, the root Mac-MeOH extract demonstrated good chelating properties (IC₅₀ = 335.49?±?0.70?µg/mL). Thus, leaf and root Mac-MeOH extracts were subjected to phytochemical investigations. The total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content was determined spectrophotometrically. Thirteen polyphenolic compounds were positively identified, by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS, in the leaf extract for the first time, with p-coumaric acid derivatives being the most abundant ones (81%), whereas only catechin and procyanidin B1 were found in the root extract.     

Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm.

The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.     

Extracts of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. show anxiolytic and antidepressant effects but neither sedative nor myorelaxant properties.

Extracts of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. are used for treating mild sleep disorders and nervous tension. Despite intensive research efforts, the pharmacological actions accounting for the clinical efficacy of valerian remain unclear. Thus, it was the aim of this study to evaluate CNS-related effects of different valerian extracts using behavioral paradigms (mice and rats). Following oral administration two commercially available preparations (extraction solvents: 45% methanol m/m and 70% ethanol v/v), a 35% ethanolic v/v extract and a refined extract derived from it (patented special extract phytofin Valerian 368) were tested for sedative (locomotor activity, ether-induced anaesthesia) and anxiolytic (elevated plus maze) activity. Using the forced swimming and the horizontal wire test the latter two extracts were additionally tested for antidepressant and myorelaxant properties. Up to maximum dosages of 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw none of the valerian extracts displayed sedative effects. Neither spontaneous activity was reduced nor the duration of ether-induced narcosis was prolonged. In contrast, results obtained in the elevated plus maze test revealed a pronounced anxiolytic effect of the 45% methanolic and 35% ethanolic extract as well as of phyotofin Valerian 368 in a dose range of 100-500 mg/kg bw. Additionally and different from its primary extract (35% ethanolic extract) phytofin Valerian 368 showed antidepressant activity in the forced swimming test after subacute treatment. Myorelaxant effects were not observed in dosages up to 1000 mg/kg bw. Due to these findings it is proposed that not sedative but anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, which was elaborated particularly in the special extract phytofin Valerian 368, considerably contribute to the sleep-enhancing properties of valerian.     

Effect of ethanol and methanol on the motility of Saccostrea commercialis sperm and sperm models

The organic solvents methanol and ethanol at concentrations of 2.5% and 5% (v/v), respectively, were found to significantly (P < 0.001) decrease the radius of curvature and track velocity of S. commercialis sperm. To observe the effects of the solvent directly on the axoneme, S. commercialis sperm models were prepared by extraction with Triton X-100 and reactivation with ATP in media containing acetate anions, DTT, magnesium, and cAMP. Concentrations of 0.1% Triton X-100 demembranated sperm while 0.01% and 0.05% Triton X-100 permeabilized sperm. Sperm models were successfully produced after reactivation with 1 mM ATP. At pH 8.25, 1% (v/v) ethanol or methanol was observed to increase waveform asymmetry and significantly (P < 0.001) decrease track velocity of 0.1% Triton X-100 demembranated sperm models. Similarly 1% (v/v) ethanol increased tailwave asymmetry and decreased track velocity of 0.01% and 0.05% Triton X-100 permeabilized sperm models. Reactivated motility of 0.05% Triton X-100 permeabilized sperm models prepared at pH 7.8 were poor and improved after treatment with 7% (v/v) ethanol, which increased waveform asymmetry and doubled the track velocity of sperm. This stimulatory effect of ethanol was unchanged in the presence of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor pyrazole. Concerning the precise mechanism of action of ethanol on the axoneme, we conclude that a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of ethanol is dependent on the pH of the sperm model system used.     

烟草废料中绿原酸的提取工艺研究

讨论了从烟草废料中提取绿原酸的优势和甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、水等不同溶剂经超声波辅助提取绿原酸的效果：研究结果表明,用体积分数40％的甲醇得到的浸提液中,绿原酸质量浓度为2．11mg／mL,比以水为溶剂时高出近50％.不同浓度的甲醇溶液中,体积分数50％的甲醇提取绿原酸的浓度最高。对树脂的吸附动力学分析表明,大孔树脂CN-101对烟草浸提液中绿原酸的吸附遵循Freundlich等温方程,吸附和解析分离所得的绿原酸收率为87．6％.在超声辅助条件下,利用甲醇等有机溶剂提取烟草中的绿原酸,进而用大孔树脂进行吸附分离的方法可行。     

Lignin is linked to ethyl-carbamate formation in ume (Prunus mume) liqueur

Ethyl carbamate concentrations in oak barrel-aged ume (Prunus mume) liqueurs were measured, and possible explanations for elevated levels were examined. The average concentration was 0.30 mg/L, significantly higher than in ume liqueurs not aged in oak (0.08 mg/L). Oak powder extracts were prepared from both untoasted and toasted oak powder by extraction with aqueous ethanol, and these were used to make ume liqueurs. Relative to a no-oak control, the ethyl carbamate concentrations were 3.8 and 11 times higher in the ume liqueur made with the untoasted and toasted oak powder extracts respectively. The extracts were loaded onto a C18 column, washed with water, and eluted with methanol. The (13)C-NMR spectra for the main constituents of the methanol elution fractions were consistent with those for lignin or fragments thereof. The methanol fractions were added to ume liqueur which was stored for 3 months. Relative to a control, the ethyl carbamate concentrations in the 3-month old liqueurs were found to be 1.2 and 4.6 higher for the untoasted oak-powder and the toasted oak-powder respectively. Ethyl carbamate was formed when lignin was added to a 40% aqueous ethanol solution that contained potassium cyanide. These observations suggest that lignin or fragments thereof promote the formation of ethyl carbamate.