中国嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征

 为了明确嵩草属(Kobresia)植物分布与气候要素的关系, 收集了嵩草属植物地理分布资料和气象台站气候数据, 应用ArcGIS软件及SPSS软件中的聚类分析方法, 分析了嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征。结果显示: 嵩草属植物分布在青藏高原、西北、华北和东北部分地区, 广泛分布13种, 间断分布10种, 分布海拔为1 400–5 000 m, 经度和纬度范围分别为81–112° E和23–46° N。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素平均值范围: 年生物学温度为4–19 ℃, 年平均气温为0–20 ℃, 年平均最高气温为7–28 ℃, 年平均最低气温为–6–16 ℃, 极端最高气温为25–40 ℃, 极端最低气温为–37.0–0.0 ℃, 1月和7月平均气温分别为–14–13 ℃和11–24 ℃, 1月和7月最高气温分别为–7–23 ℃和18–30 ℃, 1月和7月最低气温分别为–22–7 ℃和5–20 ℃, 春夏秋冬季气温分别为–4–19 ℃、9–23 ℃、6–21 ℃和–11–15 ℃, 温暖指数为23–159 ℃, 寒冷指数为–36–0 ℃, 年降水量为154–1 500 mm, 春夏秋冬降水量分别为19–135 mm、53–662 mm、48–545 mm和5–92 mm, Holdridge潜在蒸散量为261–1 100 mm, Thornthwaite潜在蒸发量为399–895 mm, 干燥度为167–786, 湿润指数为179–816, 4–10月日照时数为990–2 100 h。在热量要素平均值较低和中等、降水量与干燥湿润度平均值中等或辐射时数平均值较高范围下分布种数较多。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素极值, 年平均气温最小最大值范围为–6–21 ℃, 年平均最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为–12–28 ℃, 极端最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为–48–42 ℃, 最冷最热月气温范围为–32–33 ℃, 冬夏季最低最高气温范围为–20–25 ℃, 降水量最小最大值范围为15–1 800 mm, 干燥度最小最大值范围为7–890, 日照时数最小最大值范围为701–2 300 h。在热量要素极值较低、降水量及干燥度极值中等或日照时数极值较大范围下分布种数较多。说明嵩草属植物主要适应于低温亚湿润型和中温湿润型气候。     

利用最大熵模型和规则集遗传算法模型预测孑遗植物裸果木的潜在地理分布及格局

利用野外调查的16个居群分布点和7个环境因子图层,选择最大熵模型(MAXENT)和规则集遗传算法模型(GARP),在地理和环境空间上模拟了第三纪孑遗植物裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)在中国西北地区的潜在分布。结果表明:(1)裸果木的潜在适生区全部集中在西北荒漠区,其中最佳适生区主要集中在3个区域,一是河西走廊中部和玉门以西、宁夏北部及内蒙古乌拉特后旗;二是塔里木盆地西北缘;三是柴达木盆地西北缘两片极小的高度适生区。裸果木的生态位被确定在一个较广的干旱环境空间:适生区极端最高气温基本上在29.2–36.8℃之间,极端最低气温在–18.3至–13.4℃之间;年平均降水量40–200mm;潜在蒸发率在3–15之间。(2)MAXENT和GARP模型都较好地预测了裸果木的潜在分布,但GARP产生了相对较大、较连续的潜在分布区,部分过预测了破碎化生境;而MAXENT预测到的潜在分布区,在不同区域具有不同的环境适生性指数,而且成功地排除了不合理的破碎化分布,从而更直观地展示了裸果木的潜在分布格局和生态位要求。     

孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的地理分布与潜在适生区预测

以孑遗濒危植物四合木( Tetraena mongolica Maxim.)为对象,利用MaxEnt模型和Bioclim模型预测其在我国的潜在适生区,结合刀切法及环境变量响应曲线评估影响四合木分布的主导环境因素,运用ArcGIS软件自然间断法对其适生等级进行划分。结果显示:四合木主要分布于我国新疆、西藏、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、陕西、山西、河北、辽宁、吉林和黑龙江等省区;在中国的适生区面积为1. 49 × 10 6 km 2 ,高适生区集中在乌海市毛乌素沙地、阿拉善左旗腾格里沙漠、阴山南部和贺兰山低山地区;2050年四合木潜在分布区将向内蒙古地区北部和东北地区西部方向缩减;两个模型的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC值)平均值均达到0. 8以上,预测结果较准确;环境因子评估结果显示,影响四合木分布的主要环境因子是最冷季度的平均降水量和年温的变化范围,其次是降水量变异系数和温度季节性变化的标准差。     

孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的地理分布与潜在适生区预测

以孑遗濒危植物四合木（Tetraena mongolica Maxim.）为对象,利用MaxEnt模型和Bioclim模型预测其在我国的潜在适生区,结合刀切法及环境变量响应曲线评估影响四合木分布的主导环境因素,运用ArcGIS软件自然间断法对其适生等级进行划分。结果显示：四合木主要分布于我国新疆、西藏、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、陕西、山西、河北、辽宁、吉林和黑龙江等省区;在中国的适生区面积为1.49×10⁶ km²,高适生区集中在乌海市毛乌素沙地、阿拉善左旗腾格里沙漠、阴山南部和贺兰山低山地区;2050年四合木潜在分布区将向内蒙古地区北部和东北地区西部方向缩减;两个模型的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积（AUC值）平均值均达到0.8以上,预测结果较准确;环境因子评估结果显示,影响四合木分布的主要环境因子是最冷季度的平均降水量和年温的变化范围,其次是降水量变异系数和温度季节性变化的标准差。     

木本能源植物文冠果的生态特征及区划

利用文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge)160个分布点和19个生态因子数据,采用BIOCLIM、DOMAIN、MAXENT和GARP四种模型预测文冠果的生态适宜区,分析其生态特征并以受试者工作特征曲线ROC对各模型进行评价。结果显示,文冠果最适宜生态区主要分布于西北黄土高原一带,如陕西、山西、宁夏、河北、内蒙古等省区。模型评估结果显示上述4个模型的AUC值均达到0.75以上,表明预测精度良好,均可用来预测文冠果的生态适宜区。文冠果的生态特征为:年平均温度1.9~16℃,昼夜温差月平均8.3~16℃,昼夜温差与年温差比值为22~33,温度变化方差值为7523~14198;最热月份最高温度为20.1~33.5℃;年平均降水量37~952 mm,最湿月份降水量11~219 mm,最干月份降水量0~29 mm,雨量变化方差值为40~137。研究结果表明文冠果适宜生态区包括我国西部的黄土高原地区和北方土石山区以及新疆北部地区。     

新疆贝母潜在分布区域及生态适宜性预测

基于新疆贝母的62个自然分布点和15个环境因子,利用Arc GIS软件和最大熵模型(MAXENT),预测、分析了该植物在基准气候1961—1990及2050 (2041—2060,基于RCP2.6和RCP6.0情景)条件下的潜在适生区、驱动因子及其生态位参数。结果表明:(1)基准气候下,新疆贝母的适生区主要集中在阿勒泰地区、准噶尔盆地西部、南部、阿拉山口西南部、伊犁河谷南部及吐鲁番盆地西部地区。其中,最适宜的分布主要集中在准噶尔盆地西南部、塔城地区和伊犁河谷中部和南部;(2)新疆贝母在2050时段气候情境下的潜在分布范围与基准气候相比,将分别增加0.94%和0.23%,新增的潜在生境主要分布在准噶尔盆地西部。但最适生的分布区将在伊犁河谷中部、南部及塔城地区略有减少(0.42%和0.39%);(3)年平均降水量、最干月降水量、最干季平均气温和海拔主要限制了新疆贝母的潜在分布,累积贡献率之和达88.58%;基准气候下该植物最适宜分布区的生态位参数为:年平均降水量248—469 mm,最干月降水量3—19 mm,最干季平均气温-22.7—-2.0℃,海拔1350—2100 m。     

茶园重要捕食性天敌白斑猎蛛在中国的潜在适生区预测

白斑猎蛛是茶园重要的捕食性天敌,对茶园害虫生物防治起着重要作用。研究白斑猎蛛的潜在分布范围以及气候变暖对其分布潜在的影响,对保护和利用白斑猎蛛,充分发挥其对茶园害虫的生态调控作用具有重要意义。基于白斑猎蛛当前在中国的163个分布点和6个环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型预测当前及未来(2050年)2种气候情景(SSP2＿4.5、SSP5＿8.5)下白斑猎蛛在中国的潜在适生区。结果显示,MaxEnt模型对白斑猎蛛潜在适生区分布预测具有较好的准确度,平均受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)值为0.852;测试样本遗漏率与预测遗漏率基本吻合,模型构建效果很好。白斑猎蛛在中国大部分省份均有分布,当前适宜分布区总面积约为429.93万km~2,占国土总面积的44.78%;高适生区主要分布在山东、河南、江苏、安徽、湖北、重庆、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、福建。未来气候情景下,白斑猎蛛潜在适生区面积呈扩大趋势,主要体现在新疆、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、陕西、广东、广西、海南的适生区范围扩张。在SSP5＿8.5气候情景下,总适生区面积变化最大,由当前的429.93万km~2增加到562.22万km~2,增幅达30.7...     

四川省猕猴桃溃疡病潜在分布预测及适生区域划分

为探明猕猴桃溃疡病在四川的适生性,选用MaxEnt模型,基于分布信息和环境变量,对该病在四川潜在分布区进行预测,分析主要环境变量对其分布的影响,并利用受试者工作特征曲线对模拟准确度进行评价.结果表明: 10次重复模拟的曲线下面积平均值为0.914,预测结果准确.猕猴桃溃疡病在四川的高适生区主要位于成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、广元市、巴中市、达州市和雅安市,中适生区在四川21地市州均有分布.刀切法筛选出影响猕猴桃溃疡病潜在分布的主要环境变量及其指标为:最冷月最低气温(-6.8～7.5 ℃)、最暖季度平均气温(15.6～32.3 ℃)、最干季度平均气温(-0.8～21 ℃)、年降水量(709～950.9 mm)和气温季节性变化标准差(4.7～9.6 ℃).本研究对制定猕猴桃溃疡病早期监测、预警及控制措施意义重大.     

基于Maxent和ARCGIS的醉鱼草属植物适生区预测

为分析园林观赏植物醉鱼草属Buddleja在中国的潜在适生区, 和环境因子对其在地理分布上的影响, 基于世界气候数据网提供的19个气候因子数据, 以及中国地区内128份可查证的分布点, 运用最大熵模型及相关生物地理软件, 模拟醉鱼草属植物在中国的潜在分布区, 并通过刀切法得出影响其分布的主导气候因子。结果表明: 醉鱼草属植物潜在适生区为西南云贵地区和东南江浙一带; 暖季降雨量、冷季均温、温度季节变异系数、降雨季节变异系数是影响醉鱼草属植物分布的主导因子, 其适宜生长在暖季降水量为200—2500 mm, 冷季均温为-20—20 ℃的地区; 醉鱼草适生区与年降水量具有一定的相关性, 其分布边界与400 mm年等降水量线大致重合。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国的危险性评估

采用CLIMEX模型预测分析了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照我国有害生物危险性定量分析方法,对刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国的危险性作出综合评价.结果表明:刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国潜在的分布区范围是98 30°～132.03°E,24.23°～47.41°N.最宜适生区(EI ≥ 15)包括华北、华中、华南及云南大部分地区;适生区(5 ≤ EI＜15):包括辽宁和河北中南部,山西及陕西南部,四川、甘肃东南部分地区;半适生区(0 ＜ EI ＜ 5):包括黑龙江、吉林、四川大部分地区及西藏、甘肃、宁夏部分地区;其余各地的EI值均小于等于0,属于非适生区.预测其在中国的风险值为2.26,根据国际上风险值分级标准,属于高度危险生物.据此提出了针对性的风险管理措施.     

五节芒基因组大小测定

五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)属于禾本科(Poaceae)芒属(Miscanthus Andersson),被认为是一种开发潜力巨大的生物质能源植物。本研究以水稻日本晴(Oryza sativa L.var.Nipponbare)为内标,采用流式细胞仪测定6份采自中国不同地区的五节芒基因组大小。结果首次确定了五节芒的基因组大小平均为2596.59 Mb,即2 C DNA含量为5.31 pg(以1 pg=978 Mb计算)。     

Predicting the Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Distribution of Major Native Non-Food Bioenergy Plants in China

Planting non-food bioenergy crops on marginal lands is an alternative bioenergy development solution in China. Native non-food bioenergy plants are also considered to be a wise choice to reduce the threat of invasive plants. In this study, the impacts of climate change (a consensus of IPCC scenarios A2a for 2080) on the potential distribution of nine non-food bioenergy plants native to China (viz., Pistacia chinensis, Cornus wilsoniana, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Vernicia fordii, Sapium sebiferum, Miscanthus sinensis, M. floridulus, M. sacchariflorus and Arundo donax) were analyzed using a MaxEnt species distribution model. The suitable habitats of the nine non-food plants were distributed in the regions east of the Mongolian Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau, where the arable land is primarily used for food production. Thus, the large-scale cultivation of those plants for energy production will have to rely on the marginal lands. The variables of “precipitation of the warmest quarter” and “annual mean temperature” were the most important bioclimatic variables for most of the nine plants according to the MaxEnt modeling results. Global warming in coming decades may result in a decrease in the extent of suitable habitat in the tropics but will have little effect on the total distribution area of each plant. The results indicated that it will be possible to grow these plants on marginal lands within these areas in the future. This work should be beneficial for the domestication and cultivation of those bioenergy plants and should facilitate land-use planning for bioenergy crops in China.     

小麦EST-SSR标记对几种有潜力的禾本科能源植物的可转移性研究

为了筛选出一些有用可靠的分子标记,应用于禾本科能源植物的遗传化研究及种质资源评价,检测了48对源于小麦(Triticum aestivum)EST序列的SSR引物对7种有潜力的禾本科能源植物:斑茅(Saccharumarundinaceum)、中国芒( Miscanthus sinensis)、五节芒( M.floridulus)、河八王(Narenga porphyrocoma、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)、营(Themeda villosa和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)的可转移性.结果表明,在48对小麦EST-SSR引物中,36对具可转移性,可转移率为75.0％.这些可转移引物在7个物种中共检测出240个位点,其中多态性位点为184个,多态位点百分率高达76.7％.每个位点的PIC变幅为0～0.370,平均为0.220.利用EST-SSR数据构建了所研究的7种禾本科植物的系统发育树,其中斑茅、河八王、南荻及营被聚为A组,中国芒和五节芒聚为B组,香根草单独聚为C组,基本与形态学分类一致.因此,小麦EST-SSR分子标记在禾本科近源物种中的可转移性较高,对禾本科能源植物的遗传育种研究具有重要的参考价值.     

Rapid selection and identification of Miscanthus genotypes with enhanced glucan and xylan yields from hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Because many Miscanthus genotypes can be cultivated with relatively high productivity and carbohydrate content, Miscanthus has great potential as an energy crop that can support large scale biological production of biofuels. RESULTS: In this study, batch hydrothermal pretreatment at 180 °C for 35 min followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was shown to give the highest total sugar yields for Miscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois planted in Illinois. High throughput pretreatment at 180 °C for 35 min and 17.5 min followed by co-hydrolysis in a multi-well batch reactor identified two varieties out of 80 that had significantly higher sugar yields from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis than others. The differences in performance were then related to compositions of the 80 varieties to provide insights into desirable traits for Miscanthus that enhance sugar yields. CONCLUSIONS: High throughput pretreatment and co-hydrolysis (HTPH) rapidly identified promising genotypes from a wide range of Miscanthus genotypes, including hybrids of Miscanthus sacchariflorus/M. sinensis and Miscanthus lutarioriparius, differentiating the more commercially promising species from the rest. The total glucan plus xylan content in Miscanthus appeared to influence both mass and theoretical yields, while lignin and ash contents did not have a predictable influence on performance.     

Characterization and adaptive evolution of {alpha}-tubulin genes in the Miscanthus sinensis complex (Poaceae)

To investigate the organization of and mode of selection in the α-tubulin genes, full-length α-tubulin genes were cloned from four intraspecific taxa of Miscanthus sinensis and its close relatives M. floridulus and M. condensatus using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of genomic ends (RAGE)-PCR strategies. Genealogical analysis of angiosperms recovered a monophyletic group of Miscanthus α-tubulin genes, which is homologous to the tua5 locus of maize. Two clusters of nearly equal frequency revealed paraphyly within each Miscanthus taxon. Between-cluster recombination was frequent. Additional evidence for co-occurrence of two haplotypes within individuals and a large-scale crossover all suggested a likely allelic relationship between the Miscanthus clusters. Given a long between-species divergence time in Miscanthus, wide occurrence of the trans-species polymorphisms in α-tubulin genes and the approximately equal frequency of each allelic type make it extremely unlikely that α-tubulin diversity has been maintained under neutrality. Balancing selection may have contributed to such an apportioning of genetic variability as well as to high levels of genetic variation in α-tubulin and higher substitution rates at synonymous sites of exons than at intron bases of M. sinensis. In addition, certain effects of demographic oscillation may have distorted the scenario of a functional locus operating under balancing selection.     

Using macroclimatic models to estimate the distribution ranges of taxonomically challenging taxa,an example with Macromitrium cavaleriei Cardot & Thér. (Orthotrichaceae)

An expanded taxonomic study of the narrowly understood Macromitrium cavaleriei Cardot & Thér. identified four new synonyms, M. cancellatum Y.X.Xiong, M. giraldii var. acrophylloides Müll.Hal., M. handelii Broth. and M. rigbyanum Dixon. With the discovery of the new synonyms, the range of M. cavaleriei is extended to India, Nepal, South Korea and Vietnam. To determine the potential distribution range of the species, we described its macroclimatic niche from its extant distribution with the maximum entropy algorithm modelling program (Maxent), contrasting the impact of different geographic backgrounds on the models. We found that the potential range of the species included central, southern, southwestern China to northern Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal and India, and northwards to Japan and the Korean Peninsula. This estimation of the potential distribution range is largely confirmed by the herbarium specimens. The predicted climate suitability for M. cavaleriei is higher in the areas where the annual temperature range is about 26°C and precipitation during the warmest quarter, wettest quarter and month, and driest month are 500–600 mm, 500 mm, 200–210 mm, and 50 mm, respectively.     

Transferability of microsatellite markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis, a potential biomass crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M. x giganteus, a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America, and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding. Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation, genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M. sinensis. In the present study, we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M. sinensis. A set of 57 SSR markers evenly distributed across the B. distachyon genome were deliberately designed. Out of these B. distachyon SSR markers, 86.0% are transferable to M. sinensis. The SSR loci amplified in M. sinensis were validated by re-sequencing the amplicons. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the transferable SSR markers varied from 0.073 to 0.375 with a mean of 0.263, assessed based on 21 M. sinensis genotypes. Phylogenetic tree based on 162 alleles detected by 49 SSR markers could unambiguously distinguish B. distachyon from M. sinensis, and cluster 21 M. sinensis genotypes into three groups that are basically in coincidence with their geographical distribution and ecotype classifications. The markers developed by the comparative genomic approach could be useful for germplasm evaluation, genetic analysis, and marker-assisted breeding in Miscanthus.     

Transferability of Microsatellite Markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis,a Potential Biomass Crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M.x giganteus,a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America,and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding.Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation,genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M.sinensis.In the present study,we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M.sinensis.A set of 57 SS...     

我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的气候适宜性

根据中国气象局216个春玉米农业气象观测站资料与1971—2000年10 km×10 km空间分辨率的气候资料,基于全国区域和年尺度筛选出了影响我国玉米种植分布的潜在气候指标,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy,MaxEnt)模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术,构建了春玉米潜在种植分布与气候因子关系模型,研究了影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的主导气候因子及其气候适宜性。结果表明,影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布的主导气候因子有:≥10℃积温、≥10℃的天数、最热月平均温度、年平均温度、年降水、湿润指数和气温年较差;结合春玉米存在概率,将我国春玉米潜在种植分布区划分成4个等级:气候不适宜区、次适宜区、适宜区和最适宜区,给出了各气候适宜区的气候特征。选取作物在待预测地区的存在概率这一综合反映各主导气候因子影响的指标来划分作物潜在种植分布区,有助于更加准确地进行气候区划,从而可为制定玉米应对气候变化措施提供科学依据。