几种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu)的超富集植物种类及增强植物修复措施研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染问题越来越严重, 植物修复技术以其安全、廉价的特点正成为研究和开发的热点, 国内外对利用超富集植物来修复土壤重金属污染的研究已有大量报道。对超富集植物概念的提出及超富集植物吸收富集重金属的机理进行了归纳总结, 主要就铅、锌、镉和铜四种重金属超富集植物的相关研究进展进行了分类、归纳与总结, 同时还对增强植物修复效果的措施进行了探讨, 以期为进一步合理有效利用植物修复土壤主要重金属污染提供一定的参考依据。     

我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展

我国从上世纪90年代中后期开始土壤重金属（含类金属砷）污染的植物吸取修复研究及技术探索,先后发现了一批具有较高研究价值和应用前景的铜、砷、镉、锰等重金属的积累或超积累植物,并从重金属耐性和超积累生理机制、植物吸取修复的根际过程与机制、吸取修复强化措施和修复植物处置与资源化利用等方面进行了研究,同时开展了植物吸取修复技术的示范与应用,已有一些较成功的植物修复工程应用案例,使我国重金属污染土壤植物修复技术,尤其是植物吸取修复技术在国际上产生了较强的影响力。本文就近年来我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

铜矿区超积累Cu植物的研究

1　引　　言土壤重金属污染一直是环境污染问题之一 ,而且土壤中的重金属污染具有严重性、长期性和广泛性的特点[1 ,6] .但常规的一些物理化学方法因费用过高、对土壤性质破坏等一系列问题而难以广泛应用 ,植物修复为重金属污染带来了希望[5,7,9,1 3] .植物修复主要是基于重金属超积累植物 (ｈｙｐｅｒ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｏｒ)的研究而兴起的 .超积累植物是指地上部分能富集重金属占干重的 1 0 0ｍｇ·ｋｇ-1 (Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ)或 1 0 0 0 0ｍｇ·ｋｇ-1 (如Ｚｎ)的一类植物[2～ 4,8] .在过去 2 0年内 ,已报道的超积累植物已有 4 0 0余种 …     

超积累植物与丛枝菌根真菌共生及其联合吸收积累重金属的效应

利用超积累植物进行重金属污染土壤修复是应对全球大面积分布无机污染问题的重要解决方法之一。超积累植物虽然具有超量积累重金属的能力,但其定植、生长和提取功能的发挥都受到重金属胁迫的显著影响。利用丛枝菌根真菌 (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF) 强化超积累植物功能可联合发挥二者的功能优势,提升修复效率、缩短修复周期、保持修复效果的稳定性和长期性,在日益复杂、严峻的重金属污染治理领域具有重要的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。文中首先给出了超积累植物的概念、中国本土首次报道的典型重金属元素超积累植物和能与AMF形成共生体系的超积累植物名录,系统深入地探讨了AMF对超积累植物生长和吸收累积重金属的影响,以及超积累植物+AMF联合吸收积累重金属的效应与作用机制,认为AMF可通过调节根围理化与生物条件、元素平衡状况、生理代谢和基因表达等途径,增强超积累植物吸收积累重金属的效应,超积累植物+AMF构建的共生体系具备联合修复重金属污染生境的潜力。最后指出了超积累植物+AMF共生联合修复技术当前面临的关键问题、发展方向和应用前景。     

土壤重金属的超富集植物研发利用现状及应用入侵植物修复的前景综述

植物修复作为一种绿色安全技术成为土壤重金属污染治理研究的热点领域之一。综述了当前已筛选用于土壤重金属污染修复的植物种类、研发现状及其应用模式, 总结了植物修复技术存在的问题及面临的困境。在此基础上, 围绕入侵植物生长繁殖快、生物量大、抗逆性强及其对某些重金属的超富集特性, 分析探讨了入侵植物作为土壤重金属污染修复的可行性及应用前景, 并提出对入侵植物修复的后续处理利用思路, 旨为综合利用入侵植物修复土壤重金属污染提供可能的新途径和新方法。     

水体重金属污染植物修复研究进展

植物修复技术作为一种废水处理新技术,具有投资少、效果好、产出高、环境效益好等优点,现已得到迅速发展及广泛应用。介绍了水生超富集植物的3种生态类型,造成水体污染重金属元素类型,植物应答重金属污染的检测方法,并对植物修复水体重金属污染的发展前景提出展望。     

重金属超富集植物的研究与利用

阐述了超富集植物的定义、特性及研究历史和现状,介绍了国内外应用超富集植物修复重金属污染土壤的实例,指出了超富集植物研究存在的问题和发展方向。     

植物内生细菌在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用

土壤重金属污染是威胁人群健康和经济可持续发展的重要环境问题。植物修复具有经济、环保等特点,已成为治理重金属污染土壤的重要技术。如何提高植物对重金属的抗性、促进植物生长是影响植物修复效率的关键之一。内生菌群-植物共生关系在此方面具有独特优势。其中,植物内生细菌可改善植物营养、降低植物病菌感染、影响酶活性,以及分泌激素、含铁载体和有机配位体等,进而提高超积累植物对重金属的吸收作用。本文综述了近年来国内外关于抗重金属植物内生细菌筛选与应用的研究进展,分析了内生细菌促进植物生长、增强植物对重金属抗性、促进重金属向茎叶转移的机理,阐述了植物内生细菌在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用前景与研究重点。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理及强化措施探讨

阐述了植物修复的基本概念及主要作用方式 ,并从土壤中重金属存在形态 ,植物对重金属吸收、排泄和积累以及植物生物学特性与植物修复的关系等方面讨论了重金属污染土壤植物修复的基本原理及局限性和限制性因素 ,从超富集植物性能强化和技术强化两方面探讨了植物修复的强化措施 ,并指出与现代化农业技术相结合是植物修复重金属污染土壤大规模商业应用的一条捷径     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术

土壤受重金属污染的状况在国内外都相当严重,传统的重金属污染土壤的修复技术存在许多难以克服的缺陷;近年来,一种运用植物来去除有毒重金属的新兴修复技术(植物修复技术)给这一问题提供了良好的解决途径,该技术被认为是一种低成本有效的“绿色”技术.但其主要缺点是修复周期较长,筛选、培育超积累植物以及提高土壤中重金属的生物有效性是提高植物吸收效果、缩短修复周期的关键.本文就超积累植物的筛选、转基因超积累植物及螯合剂强化植物吸收等热点问题的研究进展作了介绍,并对我国当前植物修复技术研究工作的重点提出了建议.     

Can compost improve Quercus pubescens Willd establishment in a Mediterranean post-fire shrubland?

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge compost (control, 20 kg m(-2), 40 kg m(-2)) supplied to Quercus pubescens Willd seedlings planted in a post-fire calcareous site in Provence (France). Changes in soil properties, seedling survival, growth and nutrition were monitored 7 months, 1.5 years and 2.5 years after amendment, and possible trace metal contamination of soil and seedlings by compost was also evaluated. Compost improved overall soil fertility by increasing organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total N and exchangeable P, K, Mg and B concentrations, but 40 kg m(-2) induced a more significant and more durable effect than 20 kg m(-2). However, the compost had no effect on seedling survival and growth, but increased foliar P and B concentrations at 40 kg m(-2). No foliar contamination of seedlings by trace metals occurred, although amendment increased exchangeable Cu and Zn concentrations in soil. Compost P and exchangeable Cu and Zn concentrations could induce eutrophication and water pollution, and limit rates that can be applied without environmental hazard.     

Mobility and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and human adenovirus from spiked sewage sludge applied to soil columns

Aims:  This study investigated the survival and transport of sewage sludge-borne pathogenic organisms in soils.
Methods and Results:  Undisturbed soil cores were treated with Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium- lux (STM- lux ) and human adenovirus (HAdV)-spiked sewage sludge. Following an artificial rainfall event, these pathogens were analysed in the leachate and soil sampled from different depths (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm) after 24 h, 1 and 2 months. Significantly more STM- lux and HAdV leached through the soil cores when sewage sludge was present. Significantly more STM- lux were found at all soil depths, at all time periods in the sewage sludge treatments, compared to the controls. The rate of decline of STM- lux in the controls was more rapid than in the sewage sludge treatments. Survival and transport of HAdV were minimal.
Conclusions:  The presence of sewage sludge can significantly influence the transport and survival of bacterial pathogens in soils, probably because of the presence of organic matter. Environmental contamination by virus is unlikely because of strong soil adsorption.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study suggests that groundwater contamination from vertical movement of pathogens is a potential risk and that it highlights the importance of the treatment requirements for biosolids prior to their application to land.     

Highly reduced mass loss rates and increased litter layer in radioactively contaminated areas

The effects of radioactive contamination from Chernobyl on decomposition of plant material still remain unknown. We predicted that decomposition rate would be reduced in the most contaminated sites due to an absence or reduced densities of soil invertebrates. If microorganisms were the main agents responsible for decomposition, exclusion of large soil invertebrates should not affect decomposition. In September 2007 we deposited 572 bags with uncontaminated dry leaf litter from four species of trees in the leaf litter layer at 20 forest sites around Chernobyl that varied in background radiation by more than a factor 2,600. Approximately one quarter of these bags were made of a fine mesh that prevented access to litter by soil invertebrates. These bags were retrieved in June 2008, dried and weighed to estimate litter mass loss. Litter mass loss was 40 % lower in the most contaminated sites relative to sites with a normal background radiation level for Ukraine. Similar reductions in litter mass loss were estimated for individual litter bags, litter bags at different sites, and differences between litter bags at pairs of neighboring sites differing in level of radioactive contamination. Litter mass loss was slightly greater in the presence of large soil invertebrates than in their absence. The thickness of the forest floor increased with the level of radiation and decreased with proportional loss of mass from all litter bags. These findings suggest that radioactive contamination has reduced the rate of litter mass loss, increased accumulation of litter, and affected growth conditions for plants.     

农用化学品污染及预防建议

农用化学品是农业生产的重要组成部分,其安全问题也成为人们关注的焦点。农用化学品可分为化肥、农药、农膜3类。化肥主要用于提高土壤肥力,增加农作物产量,不合理使用则会改变土壤性质,降低土壤肥力,并且对生态环境以及人类健康造成不可忽视的危害。农药主要用于杀菌、杀虫、除草等,在促进和保障农作物健康生长中发挥重要作用,但农药的滥用造成农药事故频发,农药的毒性富集作用以及残留问题越发引起人们的关注。农膜主要用于农膜覆盖栽培技术,农膜的原料主要是聚乙烯树脂等高分子化学物质,在土壤中很难降解,造成的环境污染问题日益突出。各种农用化学品的不合理使用,可降低农产品的质量,使其在出口贸易中受到极大限制,造成巨大的经济损失。本文在肯定农用化学品在现代化农业生产中的巨大贡献的同时,深入分析了其污染状况及危害,总结了当前国际上对于化肥、农药、农膜的研究进展以及所取得的成果,最后提出了科学使用农用化学品的建议。     

Chemically Assisted Phytoextraction: A Review of Potential Soil Amendments for Increasing Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals

The contamination of soils by trace metals has been an unfortunate sideeffect of industrialization. Some of these contaminants can interfere with vulnerable enduses of soil, such as agriculture or nature, already at relatively low levels of contamination. Reversely, conventional civil–technical soil-remediation techniques are too expensive to remediate extended areas of moderately contaminated soil. Phytoextraction has been proposed as a more economic complementary approach to deal with this specific niche of soil contamination. However, phytoextraction has been shown to be a slow-working process due to the low amounts of metals that can be annually removed from the soil under normal agronomic conditions. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted on process optimization by means of chemically improving plant availability and the uptake of heavy metals. A wide range of potential amendments has been proposed in the literature, with considerable attention being spent on aminopolycarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, these compounds have received increasing criticism due to their environmental persistence and associated risks for leaching. This review presents an overview of potential soil amendments that can be employed for enhancing metal uptake by phytoextraction crops, with a distinct focus on more degradable alternatives to persistent compounds such as EDTA.     

Geology of Galápagos

This paper reviews the origins and geological history of the Galápagos Islands. The islands arose from a 'hot-spot'. The oceanic crust on which the islands are built can be no more than 10 million years old, and the islands themselves have been in existence at least 3.3 million years.
The Galápagos are among the most active volcanic groups in the world, and the physical nature of the islands is dominated by lava structures of various ages, including lava tubes or tunnels, which have been of particular interest to biologists. Weathering of the rock to produce soil has generally been slow, particularly in the drier parts.     

How hot is that spot?

Every year across America, tens of thousands of soil samples are collected and analyzed for the presence of toxic contaminants. From among these sampling results, “hot spots”; of soil contamination are identified. One or more hot spots on a property precipitates follow‐up activities, typically at great expense. Given that costly action is undertaken as a result of this identification, it is surprising that there is no objective approach to identifying what is or is not a hot spot of soil contamination. A new approach considers how soil contamination can lead to potentially health‐threatening exposures. Based on this approach, an objective set of characteristics for a hot spot of soil contamination has been developed.     

石油污染地土壤微生物群落的碳源利用特性

应用Biolog微平板技术,研究了大庆油田开采36年的石油污染土壤不同土层（0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm）土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用特性.结果表明: 石油污染明显提高了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性,3个土层的微生物代谢强度均高于无污染土壤（CK）,不同土层之间的微生物代谢强度存在显著差异,其中20～30 cm土层的碳源代谢能力最强,其次为10～20 cm土层,0～10 cm土层最弱.石油污染使10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层土壤微生物群落对底物碳源利用种类增多,代谢功能的多样性增强,而0～10 cm土层则无明显变化.10～20 cm土层土壤微生物对底物碳源的利用由对照土壤的羧酸类居多转为石油污染土壤的碳水化合物最多,而20～30 cm土层土壤微生物对底物碳源的利用以羧酸类居多.说明石油污染土壤的微生物群落具有独特的群落结构和特点.     

Spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Through Soil and Grass on a Mouflon (Ovis aries) Pasture

The aims of this study were to describe spatial contamination of the environment on a mouflon pasture, as well as to assess the contamination of grass and roots after surface contamination and in depth contamination with feces and buried tissues from animals infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis). Samples of soil, roots, and aerial parts of plants were collected from different locations inside the mouflon pasture, and one control sample site was chosen outside the area where the animals are living. M. a. paratuberculosis DNA was present in all the examined sites and was more often detected in roots than in soil. DNA was detected at up to 80 cm of depth and was spatially more widespread than the initial hypothesis of M. a. paratuberculosis leaching vertically into deeper layers of soil. This study broadens our knowledge of the spread and persistence of M. a. paratuberculosis in an environment with highly infected animals.     

Using Maize (Zea mays L.) and Sewage Sludge to Remediate a Petroleum-Contaminated Calcareous Soil

Phyto-stimulation, the use of plants to stimulate activity of microorganisms in a root zone, has been proposed as an approach to promote the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and thus the remediation of petroleum-polluted soils. In this study, we investigated the potential use of sewage sludge to enhance phyto-stimulating effects of maize (Zea mays L.) on the elimination of an aged petroleum contamination in a calcareous soil. In a pot experiment, maize was grown on the experimental soil for two months at three levels of sewage sludge application (0, 20, and 50 g dry matter of sludge per kg soil). The amendments increased root and shoot growth of the experimental plants approximately by a factor of two at the lower sludge treatment level and by a factor of five at the higher sludge treatment level. In a separate incubation experiment, sludge application also led to an immediate stimulation of soil respiration, which then further increased over time. The initial stimulation was three times larger at the higher than at the lower treatment level, but the rate of subsequent increase was similar in both treatments. The two sludge treatments also accelerated TPH elimination in the contaminated soil, and again the effect was approximately three times stronger at the higher than at the lower treatment level. The sludge effect on TPH elimination was much stronger than the effect of the plants. More than half of the initial contamination was reduced in combined treatment with maize and sludge application at the highest rate. The results show that sewage sludge can substantially enhance the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, especially when applied in conjunction with a suitable plant such as maize.