除臭微生物分离和筛选方法的改进与应用

为减轻大量的禽畜废弃物对环境的污染和促进其有机肥转化的进程,在以往大量研究的基础上,改进了分离和筛选除臭微生物的方法。应用该简便方法,快速地从环境中分离和筛选出除臭微生物F468,能够降低新鲜鸡粪氨气和硫化氢释放量分别在67%和56%以上,降低风干鸡粪氨气和硫化氢释放量分别在90%和52%以上。通过形态学方法鉴定,F468初步被鉴定为绿色木霉。     

应用微生物降低鸡粪N营养元素损失, 促进其无害化进程

为减轻大量禽畜废弃物对环境的污染, 将其资源化为优质的无害化有机肥料, 研究了微生物F468对降低鸡粪N营养元素损失和促进其无害化进程的影响。结果表明, 继代80次, F468降低鸡粪氨气挥发的能力无显著变化, 能降低鸡粪79%的N元素损失。F468还能通过降低蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌的数量, 促进鸡粪的无害化进程。不添加F468, 蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌达到我国无害化标准(NY884-2004)的时间分别需要25 d和20 d。加入F468后, 蛔虫卵和粪肠杆菌达到我国无害化标准的时间分别需要15 d和10 d, 均比不加微生物提前10 d达到我国无害化标准。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响及其作用机制

为了比较菌根、菌丝、植物根系对玉米秸秆降解的影响,采用4室分根装置即土壤室(S)、根室(R)、菌根室(M)和菌丝室(H),分室间用400目尼龙网和有机板分隔,尼龙网袋包埋玉米秸秆于不同分室内,以玉米为宿主植物,接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus mosseae。试验分别在移栽后第20、30、40、50、60天时取样,通过测定接种AM真菌后玉米秸秆的碳、氮释放,土壤中3种常见酶活性、微生物量碳和氮及土壤呼吸的动态变化,探讨AM真菌降解玉米秸秆可能的作用机制。研究结果表明:经60 d的培养后,与未接种S室相比,接种AM真菌的M室和H室玉米秸秆降解量提高了27.72%和8.07%;另外,M室玉米秸秆碳素释放显著增加,而氮素的释放减少,致使碳氮比显著低于其他3室,较初始值降幅达8.72%,有利于秸秆进一步降解。在试验条件下,M室中土壤酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性较其他3室都有显著提高,并增加了微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸作用,形成了明显有别于根际的微生物区系。这一系列影响都反映出AM直接或间接作用于玉米秸秆的降解过程,是导致玉米秸秆降解加快的重要原因。     

玉米秸秆调节牛粪含水率对其腐熟进程及氨气释放量的影响

为探究玉米秸秆调节牛粪初始含水率对其腐熟进程及氨气释放量的影响, 通过控制玉米秸秆的添加量调节牛粪初始含水率, 以C/N、温度、pH值、种子发芽指数(GI)、纤维素降解率、半纤维素降解率、木质素降解率以及氨气释放量作为判断标准, 研究堆肥初始含水率与堆肥腐熟进程及氨气释放量的关系。结果表明, 当初始含水率为71%时, 高温持续时间最长, 堆肥产品种子发芽指数最高, 纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解率最高, 氨气释放量最少。因此, 实际应用中, 初始含水率为71%的A4处理堆肥效果最好。本研究结果将为牛粪和玉米秸秆的高效科学资源化再利用提供技术参数。     

除臭微生物的筛选复配及其在堆肥中的应用

【目的】从沼渣和硫铁矿场土壤中分离可以去除氨氮和硫化物的微生物,并筛选复配后应用于堆肥中,以减少畜牧业粪便处理时臭气的释放量,改善工作环境。【方法】利用选择培养基分别筛选除氨和除硫的微生物,并进行16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定,挑选效果较好的菌株进行组合,复配出微生物除臭剂将其应用于粪便堆肥中,通过检测现场氨气和硫化氢浓度初步评估其除臭效果。【结果】分离出了12株除氨微生物和5株除硫微生物,挑选出5株效果较好的菌株分别标记为N-2、N-5、N-6、N-11和S-3。复配实验表明菌株N-5+N-6+N-11+S-3组成的微生物除臭剂效果最佳,对NH4+-N和S2–去除率最高,分别为82.46%和84.84%。同时,堆肥应用实验证明微生物除臭剂具有除臭功效,尤其是在堆肥前期,在第7天翻堆的过程中氨气和硫化氢释放量相对于对照组减少了62.84%和53.12%。堆肥结束,与对照组相比,微生物除臭剂组氨氮含量低于对照组33.62%。【结论】本研究获得的微生物除臭剂有效降低了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中恶臭气体的释放,在改善畜牧业粪便堆肥处理环境方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

外源微生物及辅料对秸秆降解效果的影响

研究加入外源微生物及添加辅料对秸秆降解率的影响。通过秸杆固体培养进行了降解试验,结果显示,加入外源微生物后纤维素降解率明显提高,嗜热侧孢霉可提高34.76%,放线菌可提高18.99%。通过在秸秆中加入辅料香菇菌糠,培养后秸秆的纤维素含量由原来的32.11%降至14.19%,降解率达55.81%。加入外源微生物的秸秆降解过程具有升温快、温度高及高温维持时间长等优点。加入微生物的秸秆降解高温维持8 d,对照为6 d。秸秆降解过程中的最高温度分别为63℃和58℃。为下一步外源微生物的进一步研究及菌糠的大量利用提供参考。     

施氮对关中还田玉米秸秆腐解和养分释放特征的影响

在陕西关中平原的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋与¹⁵N同位素标记玉米秸秆相结合的方法,设置不施氮和施氮200 kg·hm^-2两个处理,研究施氮对小麦生长期内还田玉米秸秆腐解的影响以及腐解过程中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾的养分释放.结果表明: 从小麦播种到越冬期,施用氮肥对秸秆碳和干物质分解无显著影响,但可促进秸秆中磷的释放,抑制氮和钾的释放.灌浆到成熟期,氮肥对秸秆腐解及其N、P、K养分的释放无显著影响,但秸秆碳的释放显著增加.不同生育期,玉米秸秆碳的释放与干物质分解变化趋势一致,C/N逐渐下降.种植一季小麦后,秸秆干物质累计腐解率不足50%;秸秆碳释放率为47.9%～51.1%,不施氮和施氮处理的秸秆C/N分别由32.2降低到20.2和17.9.小麦收获时,秸秆氮、磷、钾均为净释放,氮释放量为7.2～9.4 kg·hm^-2,占秸秆氮的12.7%～16.6%;磷释放量为1.29～1.44 kg·hm^-2,占29.0%～32.4%;钾的释放量大、释放快,越冬前超过80%,成熟时释放量为51.8～52.5 kg·hm^-2,占90.5%～91.7%.在秸秆还田条件下,应考虑秸秆归还的钾,减少小麦钾肥用量,适量补充氮、磷.     

免耕不同秸秆覆盖量对黑土微生物群落及其残留物的影响

为探究免耕和不同秸秆覆盖量下土壤微生物群落组成及残留物的变化规律,依托中国东北黑土区的玉米保护性耕作长期平台(始建于2007年),以传统耕作(翻耕+无秸秆还田)为对照(CT),对免耕结合不同秸秆覆盖量[免耕+无秸秆还田(NT0)、免耕+1/3秸秆覆盖还田(NT1/3)、免耕+2/3秸秆覆盖还田(NT2/3)和免耕+全量秸秆覆盖还田(NT3/3)]下不同土层(0～5、5～10、10～20 cm)土壤理化性质、磷脂脂肪酸和氨基糖的变化特征进行分析。结果表明：与CT相比,免耕无秸秆还田处理(NT0)对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、含水量、微生物群落及其残留物等均无显著影响;免耕结合秸秆覆盖还田主要影响了土壤表层各指标,与CT相比,0～5 cm土层中NT1/3、NT2/3、NT3/3处理SOC含量分别显著提高了27.2%、34.1%、35.6%,NT2/3和NT3/3处理磷脂脂肪酸含量分别显著提高了39.2%和65.0%,NT3/3处理氨基糖含量(微生物残留物)显著提高了47.2%;免耕不同秸秆覆盖量的土壤理化性质和微生物群落差异随土壤深度...     

不同还田方式对砂质潮土理化性质及微生物的影响

为探索不同物料还田方式对中低产田砂质潮土的改良效果,在黄淮海平原麦玉轮作区典型砂质潮土上进行了连续6季的田间小区试验,设置全量秸秆翻耕还田(TS),秸秆等碳量的生物炭(TB)及半量秸秆半量生物炭配合翻耕还田(TSB),全量秸秆免耕覆盖还田(NTS)和半量秸秆半量生物炭配合免耕覆盖还田(NTSB),共5种还田方式。结果表明,与常规秸秆翻耕还田(TS)相比,生物炭翻耕还田(TB)显著降低土壤容重,增加玉米各个生育期土壤水分和p H值,有机质含量提升了16.4%,但TB处理的土壤大团聚体降低了21.2%和微生物数量降低了16.1%;翻耕秸秆配合生物炭还田(TSB)除了显著降低了大团聚体数量,对其余理化及微生物指标的影响均不显著;免耕模式下的秸秆还田(NTS)和秸秆生物炭配施(NTSB)分别在玉米生长的喇叭口期和收获期显著增加了土壤水分含量、耕层土壤的微生物数量和有效降低砂质潮土分形维数,对容重和有机质含量有一定的改善,其中NTSB有机质含量提升了14.9%和微生物数量增加了53.7%,对砂质潮土改良效果更好。总体来说,短期内用等碳量的生物炭替代秸秆翻耕还田更多的表现为物理的掺混效应,虽能有效提升土壤有机质含量,但不能有效改善砂质潮土的物理结构及生物性质,一半秸秆用生物炭替代还田对该类土壤的理化及微生物指标的改良效果也不显著,而免耕条件下秸秆配合生物碳还田效果最佳,可为砂质潮土的改良提供新的途径和理论依据。     

秸秆还田量对土壤CO2释放和土壤微生物量的影响

对玉米季、小麦季3种不同秸秆还田量的土壤生物学指标的测定结果表明,在秸秆倍量还田中,随着秸秆量的增加,CO2释放量增加,而且倍量处理的增加量显著大于全量处理;在玉米和小麦季节中,不同量秸秆还田对土壤0～10和10～20cm的土壤微生物量的影响不同,但均能增大土壤微生物量,全量和倍量处理间没有明显差异、在土壤表层及下层,微生物量的最大值均落后于土壤呼吸的最大值,且土壤微生物量达到最大值即其最活跃状态后,下降缓慢,但土壤呼吸减少较快,说明微生物活动存在明显的合成性呼吸与维持性呼吸;综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可以减少环境污染。     

Ammonia volatilization during aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition

Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).     

Compatibility of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter with mushroom compost preparation and production

Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production process. In general, no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH, EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P>0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended with PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended rates.     

水氮互作对冬小麦田氨挥发损失和产量的影响

2015-2017年利用水肥渗漏研究池,以‘石麦15’(SM15)为材料,采用随机区组设计,设置2个氮肥类型(尿素和有机肥牛粪)、2个施氮水平(180和90 kg·hm^-2)、2个灌溉水平(500和250 mm)进行试验,探讨水、氮及其互作对冬小麦田土壤氨挥发损失量和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明: 施肥以后土壤氨挥发持续7 d左右.2015-2016年施肥后各处理土壤氨挥发损失总量为13.36～46.04 kg·hm^-2,氨挥发氮肥损失率为8.9%～41.1%,2016-2017年各处理土壤氨挥发损失总量为14.78～52.99 kg·hm^-2,氨挥发氮肥损失率为9.2%～45.8%;两年试验内氨挥发损失量最多的处理为W₂U₁(施尿素N 180 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量250 mm),氨挥发损失率最高的处理为W₂U₂(施尿素N 90 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量250 mm),合理的水氮管理可以显著降低土壤氨挥发损失率,施用尿素造成的土壤氨挥发损失为有机肥的2～3倍.两年试验均以W₁M₁(施牛粪N 180 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量500 mm)的小麦产量最高,灌溉量、肥料类型和施氮量互作对冬小麦产量影响极显著.综合氨挥发损失量和冬小麦籽粒产量,本试验条件下,水氮互作效应显著,冬小麦生育期内总灌溉量500 mm、施有机肥180 kg·hm^-2时冬小麦季土壤氨挥发损失率较低,产量最高,施用有机肥的增产效果优于尿素,可作为黄淮海地区冬小麦实际生产中增产增效的水肥优化管理方式.     

不同施肥模式下夏玉米田间土壤氨挥发规律

利用通气法田间原位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对夏玉米田间土壤氨挥发的影响.结果表明:单施化肥与秸秆还田配施化肥处理的田间氨挥发速率日变化与白天田间土壤表层温度(简称地温)变化表现基本一致,呈现由低到高的"单峰"趋势.夏玉米田间氨挥发损失的高峰期主要发生在白天11:00～13:00.但持续时间较短,单施化肥与秸秆还田配施化肥处理均在氮肥施入当天田间氨挥发速率达最高值,此后迅速降低,氨挥发损失主要集中于前7d,累计氨挥发量占总量的88.57%～96.72%.与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田配施化肥可显著减少氨挥发损失4.06～8.25 kg · hm-2,氨挥发损失率降低0.37%～1.17%.夏玉米大喇叭口期后对氮素需求较多,较高的田间土壤持水量均可以削弱氨挥发损失.确定适宜的秸秆与氮肥配比量,适量增加大喇叭口期的氮肥追施量配合及时浇水,是提高氮肥利用效率的有效途径之一.     

家蝇幼虫对两种秸秆的消化及利用研究

本文旨在探明家蝇Musca domestic幼虫对高粱秸秆和小麦秸秆营养成分利用和木质纤维素的降解情况,以及不同配比秸秆饲料对家蝇生物学指标的影响,为今后产业化利用家蝇来生物降解秸秆类有机废弃物奠定理论基础.本研究采用70％高粱秸秆粉、70％麦秸秆粉和纯麦麸作为饲料,每种饲料各设置对照组、发酵组和家蝇幼虫取食组3种处理,检测并分析3种饲料各处理组中一般营养成分和木质纤维素的含量及变化;同时采用7种配比饲料喂养家蝇,观察各组家蝇不同发育阶段的体长、体重、存活率和发育历期等.结果表明:(1)3种饲料的各处理组中,一般营养成分和木质纤维素的含量均呈现:对照组>发酵组>家蝇取食组的趋势,此外除高粱秸秆组粗蛋白外,其余各组成份均差异显著(P<0.05);(2)小麦秸秆的木质纤维素含量>高粱秸秆>麦麸,且各组间均差异显著(P<0.05);(3)在相同秸秆配比条件下,高粱秸秆饲喂的家蝇其各虫态体长、体重、总存活率和发育历期均要优于麦秸秆喂养,且总存活率和发育历期与麦麸喂养相比差异不显著(P>0.05);(4)纯高粱秸秆喂养下家蝇仍能保持正常的生长发育,而在90％小麦秸秆喂养下,家蝇则无法存活.综上所述,家蝇适合作为生物转化器用于秸秆、尤其是高粱秸秆的降解,且降解效果优于单纯的微生物发酵降解,研究结果为今后规模化利用家蝇降解秸秆类有机废弃物提供了理论依据和科学基础.     

白腐菌在两种固体基质上的漆酶产量及同工酶活性比较研究

一株新分离的白腐菌Z1可在两种农业废弃物(麸皮和稻草秸杆)基质上生长并分泌漆酶,其中在麸皮基质上的漆酶产量比在稻草秸杆基质上的漆酶产量高出10倍左右,同时活性电泳显示Z1菌在麸皮基质上可产生3条漆酶同工酶,比在稻草秸杆基质上多1条,其活性也比在稻草秸杆基质中的漆酶活性高。     

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector give rise to numerous environmental and societal concerns and represent an economic challenge in crop farming, causing a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. Ammonia emissions from agriculture originate from manure slurry (livestock housing, storage, and fertilization of fields) as well as urea-based mineral fertilizers. Consequently, political attention has been given to ammonia volatilization, and regulations of ammonia emissions have been implemented in several countries. The molecular cause of the emission is the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. Urease is present in many different organisms, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and plants. In agriculture, microorganisms found in animal fecal matter and soil are responsible for urea hydrolysis. One strategy to reduce ammonia emissions is the application of urease inhibitors as additives to urea-based synthetic fertilizers and manure slurry to block the formation of ammonia. However, treatment of the manure slurry with urease inhibitors is associated with increased livestock production costs and has not yet been commercialized. Thus, development of novel, environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for ammonia emission mitigation is important. This mini-review describes the challenges associated with the volatilization of ammonia in agriculture and provides an overview of the molecular processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia emissions. Different technologies and strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are described with a special focus on the use of urease inhibitors. The mechanisms of action and efficiency of the most important urease inhibitors in relation to agriculture will be briefly discussed.     

Effects of Chicken-excrement Amendments on Meloidogyne arenaria

The effects of chicken litter on Meloidogyne arenaria in tomato plants cv. Rutgers were determined in the greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a sandy soil amended with five rates of chicken litter and inoculated with 2,000 M. arenaria eggs. After 10 days, total numbers of nematodes in the roots decreased with increasing rates of chicken litter. After 46 days, egg numbers also decreased with increasing litter rates. In another experiment, soil was amended with two litter types, N-P-K fertilizer, and the two primary constituents of chicken litter (manure and pine-shaving bedding). After 10 days, numbers of nematodes in roots were smaller in chicken-excrement treatments as compared to nonexcrement treatments. At 46 days, there were fewer nematode eggs in chicken-excrement treatments compared to nonexcrement treatments. Egg numbers also were smaller for fertilizer and pine-shaving amendments as compared to nonamended controls. Chicken litter and manure amendments suppressed plant growth by 10 days after inoculation but enhanced root weights at 46 days after inoculation. Amendment of soil with chicken litter suppressed M. arenaria and may provide practical control of root-knot nematodes as part of an integrated management system.