光能竞争对农林复合生态系统生产力的影响

农林复合生态系统是改善渭北黄土区脆弱生态环境、促进该区域经济发展的重要举措.以该区具有代表性的核桃(Juglans regia L.)、李子(Prunus salicina),绿豆(秦豆6号)、辣椒(陕椒981)农林复合模式为对象, 研究不同农林复合系统对光能分布、农作物生长、生产的影响.研究结果表明,不同复合模式下,玉米、辣椒的光合有效辐射、光合速率、生物量及产量均有不同程度的下降,且距树行愈近,影响愈大.叶片水势与玉米、辣椒的光合速率、地上部分生物量以及产量不相关或负相关.而10～20cm土壤含水量与绿豆的生物量和产量以及辣椒的地上部分生物量正相关.但绿豆、辣椒的生产量与其光合有效辐射呈显著正相关性,这说明,农林复合系统中光能竞争是导致间作绿豆、辣椒产量下降的主要原因.     

商洛低山丘陵区农林复合生态系统光能竞争与生产力

农林复合系统是改善商洛低山丘陵区脆弱生态环境、促进该区域经济发展的重要举措。以该区具有代表性的核桃(Juglans regia L.)、大豆(秦豆8号)和丹参(Radin salviae Miltiorrhizae)农林复合模式为对象,研究不同农林复合系统对光能分布、农作物生长、生产的影响。研究结果表明,不同复合模式下,大豆、丹参的光合有效辐射、光合速率、生物量及产量均有不同程度的下降,且距树行愈近,影响愈大。叶片水势与大豆、丹参的光合速率、生物量以及产量不相关或负相关,而15—30 cm土壤含水量与大豆的生物量和产量以及丹参的生物量正相关,大豆、丹参的生产量与其光合有效辐射呈显著正相关性,这说明农林复合系统中光能竞争是导致间作大豆、丹参产量下降的主要原因。     

渭北黄土区农林复合系统中大豆辣椒的光合生理特性

研究了农林复合系统不同处理对大豆、辣椒的光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,从单作到距李子1m处,随着距李子树越近,遮光愈多.各处理大豆、辣椒的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)表现出与光合有效辐射(PAR)基本一致的日变化模式,且与单作相比,各处理大豆、辣椒的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度的降低.相关性分析结果表明二者的光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率均与光合有效辐射呈正相关关系.随着遮荫程度的提高,大豆、辣椒叶绿素含量和表观量子效率(Ф)升高,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)降低.二者叶绿素荧光参数最大光能转换效率( Fv / Fm ) 、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ФPSⅡ ) 以及光化学猝灭系数( qP)均有不同程度的升高,而非光化学猝灭系数( qN P)却逐渐降低.说明大豆、辣椒能适应弱光环境,在较低的光照条件下正常生长.     

林网保护区冬小麦生长过程的数值模拟

给出了一个模拟冬小麦生长过程的产量生态学模式,并对黄淮海平原林网保护区冬小麦的生长过程进行了数值模拟.模型输出变量包括作物的叶面积指数,根、茎、叶、籽等地上和地下器官生物量,以及与作物生长密切相关的土壤水分变化情况、作物水分利用率、光合/呼吸效率等生理生态因子.结果表明,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善,使得农林复合系统较之单作农田有更强的抗旱能力,在干旱的1994年,林网保护下的农林复合系统生产力较单作农田提高11.6%左右.模式输出的小麦地上部分生物量与生长监测资料十分一致.     

商洛低山丘陵区农林复合生态系统中大豆与丹参的光合生理特性

农林复合系统作为一种传统而又新兴的土地利用和经营方式在改善商洛生态环境、增加该区农民收入、促进其生态和经济协调发展等方面发挥着非常重要的作用.为了研究林下作物的生理生态特性,对研究区农林复合系统中不同处理大豆、丹参的光合、叶绿素荧光参数进行了系统观测.结果表明,从单作到距核桃1m处,距核桃树越近,遮光愈多.各处理大豆的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)表现出与光合有效辐射(PAR)基本一致的日变化趋势.不同处理丹参光合速率日变化趋势各不相同,且出现“午休”现象.与单作相比,各处理大豆、丹参的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度的降低.随着遮荫程度的提高,大豆、丹参叶绿素含量和表观量子效率(Φ)升高,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)降低.二者叶绿素荧光参数最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPsⅡ)以及光化学猝灭系数(qP)均有不同程度的升高,而非光化学猝灭系数(qNP)却逐渐降低.说明大豆、丹参能适应弱光环境,在较低的光照条件下正常生长.     

CO2倍增及UV-B增强对大豆植株生长和根际微生物的影响

以大豆'齐黄27'为研究材料,采用人工气候室模拟大气CO2浓度倍增(350～700 μmol*mol-1)及紫外线B(UV-B,280～320 nm)辐射增强(4～15 μW*cm-2)的环境条件,研究了CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期的生长及根瘤、根际微生物数量的影响.结果表明:(1)增强UV-B能显著减少大豆植株地上部生物量,而对株高的抑制作用不显著;CO2浓度倍增促使大豆株高和地上生物量显著增加,对根系生物量的促进作用不显著,但能够减轻UV-B辐射增强对地上及根系生物量的抑制作用;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强及其复合胁迫均导致大豆植株根冠比下降,且复合胁迫对根冠比的抑制作用更明显.(2)CO2浓度倍增降低了大豆叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及花青素含量,提高了净光合速率;UV-B辐射增强导致叶绿素含量减少,光合速率下降,却增加了类胡萝卜素及花青素含量;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强复合处理对叶片色素含量及光合速率的影响具有复合效应.(3)CO2浓度倍增能够促进根瘤数量及根际真菌数量的增加,而UV-B增强处理则显著降低细菌和放线菌的数量;CO2浓度倍增能够缓解UV-B增强处理对放线菌的抑制作用,却导致根际细菌数量进一步减少.研究发现,CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期植株生长、叶片色素含量及根际微生物数量存在抑制或促进效应,而且在某些性状上存在复合效应,它们可能主要是通过调节大豆植株的干物质分配及根系的代谢间接影响根瘤数量及根际微生物数量.     

黄土区农林复合生态系统中大豆和绿豆的光合生理特性

用Li-6400光合测定系统和FMS-2.02荧光仪测定了单作及间作农林复合系统中大豆和绿豆的光合荧光参数日变化特征,进一步解析复合系统光能竞争机理.结果表明:(1)从单作到间距核桃1 m间作模式,距核桃树越近,遮光愈多,各处理大豆、绿豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)表现出与光合有效辐射(PAR)基本一致的先升后降的日变化模式.(2)随着遮荫程度的提高,大豆、绿豆叶绿素含量和表观量子效率(Ф)升高,而光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)降低.(3)随着遮荫程度的提高,大豆、绿豆叶绿素荧光参数最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ФPSⅡ)以及光化学猝灭系数(qP)均有不同程度的升高,而非光化学猝灭系数(qN)却逐渐降低.研究发现,大豆和绿豆能适应间作系统的弱光环境,在较低的光照条件下正常生长,植物的光合特性与其生境特点相符.     

四种挺水植物生理生态特性和污水净化效果研究

采用人工气候室水培系统以人工污水培养慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)、花皇冠(Echinodorus berteroi)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和芦苇(Phragmites australis) 4种挺水植物,比较它们的根和地上部分生物量、根长、根寿命、根孔隙度、根径向泌氧量(ROL)、光合作用等生理生态特性及对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果。结果表明,ROL与根孔隙度、光合速率、地上生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与根长极显著正相关(P<0.01);TP的去除与光合速率、COD的去除与ROL显著正相关; TN的去除与生物量极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与根生物量和地上部分生物量的比值(根茎比)显著负相关(P<0.05)。慈姑和花皇冠拥有庞大生物量和发达的根系,根孔隙度、ROL和光合作用等生理指标较高,在水培系统中的污水净化效果接近甚至优于菖蒲和芦苇,是构建人工湿地的优良植物。     

大豆幼苗对套作玉米遮荫环境的光合生理生态响应

以2个耐荫性不同的大豆品种为材料,田间试验设置大豆单作和玉米-大豆套作2个种植模式处理,研究不同耐荫性大豆品种的幼苗光合生理生态特性对套作玉米遮荫环境的响应。结果表明:1)玉米-大豆套作模式中,玉米遮荫显著降低大豆冠层的光合有效辐射,导致大豆幼苗光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著下降(P0.05),分别达37.9%、54.2%和42.4%,但品种间无显著差异;而胞间二氧化碳浓度和Fv/Fm无显著变化,且光合速率的下降与气孔导度存在显著相关关系,光合速率下降主要是由气孔限制和CO2同化过程中能量不足所致;2)玉米遮荫显著降低大豆幼苗叶面积指数、叶片碳含量、叶片和根系干重及总生物量,且品种间差异显著,相关性分析显示,叶面积指数下降是导致生物量减少的主要原因;3)玉米遮荫环境中,大豆幼苗的叶片叶绿素和氮素含量提高以增强光捕获能力,但它们并不能补偿因光截获面积降低而引起的光截获量下降。     

玉米大豆对农林复合系统小气候的光合响应

对黄土区核桃(Juglans regia L.)-(玉米+大豆)、李子(Prunus salicina)-(玉米+大豆)农林复合系统小气候效应的研究表明,在玉米和大豆的花期,农林间作系统与对照地相比可以降低农田地面温度1.7-1.9℃,减低风速55%-67%,提高相对湿度6.9%-8.4%,降低光合有效辐射强度13.9%-24.5%和大气CO2浓度5.3-10.9μmol.mol-1。本研究中,单作大豆叶片光合速率午间变化主要受到非气孔的限制作用。逐步回归分析结果表明,光合有效辐射强度和大气CO2浓度是影响林下作物光合速率的主要环境因子。林下小气候可能是作物避免"午休"现象的主要原因。     

Effects of tree competition on corn and soybean photosynthesis, growth, and yield in a temperate tree-based agroforestry intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada

In 1987, the University of Guelph established a large tree-based intercropping system on 30 ha of prime agricultural land in southern Ontario, Canada. The purpose was to investigate various aspects of intercropping trees with prime agricultural crops. In this study, objectives were to investigate tree competitive effects (i.e., shading and competition for soil moisture) on under-story crop net assimilation (NA), growth, and yield. The effects of tree competition on corn (C4 plant) and soybean (C3 plant) photosynthesis and productivity in the intercropped system were studied during the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons. Corn and soybeans were intercropped with hybrid poplar (clone-DN-177) and silver maple (Acer sacharrinum) at a within-row spacing of 6 m and between-row spacing of 12.5 or 15 m. Trees were absent from control rows. Tree rows were oriented approximately north and south. Twelve crop locations were sampled around each tree. These were at 2 and 6 m east and west of the tree, located along a primary axis running through the tree trunk and perpendicular to the tree row, and at 2 m north and south of each location along the primary axis. Net assimilation and plant water deficit measurements were made three times daily (morning, noon, afternoon) on sampling days in July. Generally, tree competition significantly reduced photosynthetic radiation (PAR), net assimilation (NA), and growth and yield of individual soybean or corn plants growing nearer (2 m) to tree rows in both years and soil moisture in 1998. NA was highly correlated with growth and yield of both crops. These correlations were higher for corn than soybeans in both years, with corn, rather than soybeans being more adversely impacted by tree shading. In 1997, poplar, rather than maple, had the greatest competitive effect on NA. In 1997, the lowest plant water deficits, for soybeans and for corn, were observed for the maple treatment. Nonetheless, in both years, daily plant water deficits were non-significantly and poorly correlated with NA and growth and yield of both crops. However, soil moisture (5 and 15 cm depth) was significantly correlated with soybeans yield in 1998. Possible remediation strategies are discussed to reduce tree competitive interactions on agricultural crops.     

准噶尔荒漠早春短命植物的光合特性及生物量分配特点

准噶尔荒漠分布的早春短命植物不仅具有十分独特的生物学特点,而且在荒漠植物群落演替、物种多样性维持及土壤改良与防治水土流失等方面具有重要的生态学价值。该文运用Li-6400开放式气体交换光合作用测定系统,对分布于准噶尔荒漠的16种早春短命植物生长盛期的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)等特征进行了测定,并对其中7种植物与生长相关的生物量分配特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)16种植物的最大P_n、 最大T_r及WUE分别为8.07~35.96 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、3.16~29.64 mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1、0.54~4.26 μmol CO₂·mmol^-1H₂O;种间最大P_n与最大气孔导度(Stomatal conductance, G_s)之间存在正相关关系,其相关系数为0.77(p<0.05),线性回归斜率为26.36 μmol·mmol^-1;从光合速率对胞间CO₂浓度及光量子通量密度的响应曲线来看,这类植物的表观CO₂补偿点均在4~5 Pa之间(28~30 ℃),表观羧化效率为0.64~1.86 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,表观量子效率为0.05~0.06。2)从生物量分配来看,所测植物的个体生物量为0.05~0.39 g;单株总叶面积为 3.24~51.40 cm²;单位叶面积干重为0.40~0.77 g·m^-2,根在总生物量中所占比例为5.72%~19.43%,单株叶面积比在2.92~9.00 m²·kg^-1之间。种间根所占生物量的比与对应的WUE之间的比较分析结果表明,二者之间存在显著的正相关关系,其相关系数r为0.93(p<0.01)。这些结果表明,所观测的早春短命植物具有典型的C₃植物特征,相比其它类型的荒漠植物具有较高的单位叶面积P_n、高T_r及低WUE,并且在生长发育过程中表现出很低的根/地上生物量比、较高的叶面积比和单位叶面积干重,说明它们具有相对高的生长速率,这与其生长发育节律相一致,反映了它们与准噶尔荒漠环境相适应的特点。     

Main interspecific competition and land productivity of fruit-crop intercropping in Loess Region of West Shauxi

Taking the four typical fruit-crop intercropping models, i.e., walnut-peanut, walnut-soybean, apple-peanut, and apple-soybean, in the Loess Region of western Shanxi Province as the objects, this paper analyzed the crop (peanut and soybean) photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (P(n)), yield, and soil moisture content. Comparing with crop monoculture, fruit-crop intercropping decreased the crop PAR and P(n). The smaller the distance from tree rows, the smaller the crop PAR and P(n). There was a significantly positive correlation between the P(n) and crop yield, suggesting that illumination was one of the key factors affecting crop yield. From the whole trend, the 0-100 cm soil moisture content had no significant differences between walnut-crop intercropping systems and corresponding monoculture cropping systems, but had significant differences between apple-crop intercropping systems and corresponding monoculture cropping systems, indicating that the competition for soil moisture was more intense in apple-crop intercropping systems than in walnut-crop intercropping systems. Comparing with monoculture, fruit-crop intercropping increased the land use efficiency and economic benefit averagely by 70% and 14%, respectively, and walnut-crop intercropping was much better than apple-crop intercropping. To increase the crop yield in fruit-crop intercropping systems, the following strategies should be taken: strengthening the management of irrigation and fertilization, increasing the distances or setting root barriers between crop and tree rows, regularly and properly pruning, and planting shade-tolerant crops in intercropping.     

农田冬小麦生长和产量对臭氧动态暴露的响应

 评估臭氧(O₃)污染对农田冬小麦生长和产量的影响是污染生态学和生理生态学研究的重要内容之一。该研究运用开顶式气室(OTC),对冬小麦‘ 嘉403’(Triticum aestivum cv. Jia 403)进行了O₃动态暴露的田间原位试验。实验设置过滤空气组(CF)、自然大气组(NF)和两个不同浓度的 O₃动态暴露组(DO100和DO150)。结果表明：1) O₃浓度增加,一方面可以改变灌浆期冬小麦叶片气体交换参数的日变化规律;另一方面引起表观 光量子产额、光饱和点和光补偿点等光响应参数的显著降低。这表明灌浆期叶片光合能力的下降是气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果。2) O₃暴露可以改变小麦形态特征,如植株变矮、叶片衰老加速、 叶面积变小,并最终导致产量大幅下降。     

Relationship between root vigour,photosynthesis and biomass in soybean cultivars during 87 years of genetic improvement in the northern China

During the last century, the world soybean yield has been constantly enhancing at a remarkable rate. Factors limiting the soybean yield may be multiple. It is widely acknowledged that changes of root metabolism can influence aboveground characteristics, such as the seed yield and photosynthesis. In this study, we considered root bleeding sap mass (BSM) and root activity (RA) as indicators of the root growth vigour. We used 27 soybean cultivars, spanning from 1923 to 2009, to evaluate the contribution of root characteristic improvement to efficient photosynthesis and dry matter production. The BSM, RA, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), and organ biomass were measured at different growth stages, such as the fourth leaf node, flowering, podding, and seed-filling stage. Our results showed that the soybean cultivars increased their biomass and P_N thanks to genetic improvement. At the same time, BSM and RA also increased in dependence on a year of cultivar release. However, both P_N and biomass were positively correlated with root characteristics only at the podding stage. Our data revealed that the improved root characteristic may have contributed to the enhanced photosynthesis, biomass, and yield of soybean cultivars during last 87 years of genetic improvement. We suggest that BSM and RA could be used as important indexes for further practice in soybean production improvement.     

农林复合系统中物种间水肥光竞争机理分析与评价

低丘红壤农林复合系统被认为能通过引入树木而利用土壤深层水分及防治水土流失,从而作为亚热带地区应对季节性干旱的有效利用方式。然而,复合也可引起光能、水分和养分的竞争,导致农作物减产。通过作物生长量的测定、利用多年监测的土壤水文数据、15N微区试验及光合有效辐射的测量,综合探讨了南酸枣-花生复合系统引起的物种间水肥光的变化;通过其交互作用形成的协同,竞争关系分析,较为全面地评价了农林复合系统水肥光竞争特征。研究表明：低丘红壤上南酸枣与花生复合,促进了南酸枣生长,却减小了20％～50％的花生产量和生物量。其原因不单是南酸枣遮荫引起复合花生光合有效辐射减弱,还与水、肥竞争有关。复合系统在旱季加大利用50～100cm土层土壤水分,从而缓冲了干旱造成的影响;但南酸枣与花生间作系统也存在着一定的水分竞争。复合使得南酸枣能够利用施于花生区及淋失到60cm深处的养分,提高了养分的利用率;但同时也导致养分的竞争并影响花生的生长。在花生产量、生物量受复合南酸枣竞争影响因子中,以光最大、养分其次、水分最小。农林复合系统水肥光交互作用因其组分类型与时空配置而异,需从生态、经济、社会效益方面对复合模式加以优化。     

4种杂交杨对土壤水分变化的生态学响应

以田间持水量的100% (T1, 对照)、70% (T2)、50% (T3)和30% (T4)为4个水分处理梯度, 比较研究了4种不同品系的杂交杨(Populus)——15-29 (P. trichocarpa × P. deltoids)、DN-2 (P. deltoids × P. nigra)、DN-14274 (P. deltoids × P. nigra)和R-270 (P. deltoids × P. nigra)在不同水分处理和不同处理阶段对水分亏缺的反应。结果表明, 4种杂交杨品系对水分亏缺较敏感, 都通过关闭气孔、降低叶面积以有效地调节水分的散失, 降低光合速率、蒸腾、水势, 增加水分利用效率, 改变生物量的分配等一系列生理适应机制以及形态策略, 来应对不同程度的水分亏缺, 只是不同品系的适应程度不同。在生物量分配上, R-270主要降低叶干重, 而其它3个品系的叶、茎和根干重全部降低; 随着水分亏缺的加重, 15-29和R-270的根冠比增加, 根部获得更多的同化物分配, 从而有利于水分的吸收, 增加其抗旱性。DN-2的碳同位素组成δ¹³与水分利用效率呈显著正相关(r= 0.631, p<0.01)。而R-270的δ¹³与水分利用效率呈负相关, 但不显著, 只有在处理T4下呈显著负相关(r= -0.732, p<0.01), 表明土壤水分影响了碳同位素的分馏, 不同品系相反的结果表明同位素分馏的遗传变异。与T3和T4相比, T1和T2处理的苗木具有较高的生物量、叶面积、光合速率、蒸腾、水势以及气孔导度, 说明4个杂交杨品系在充足或适当的灌溉条件下具有较高的生产力。在T3和T4处理下, 4个品系表现出不同的生存策略, 但生产力均较低, 因此在干旱胁迫下很难形成高生产力。与DN-2和DN-14274相比, 15-29和R-270对水分胁迫表现出更强的适应性反应, 具有较强的抗旱性, 可用作防护林品种。     

Reproductive Allometry in Soybean, Maize and Sunflower

We compared the relationship between grain yield per plant (Y_P)and shoot biomass per plant (S_P) in three annual crops withcontrasting reproductive strategies: sunflower, a determinatespecies with a single inflorescence; maize, a determinate specieswith a limited capacity to adjust the number of ears in responseto resource availability; and indeterminate soybean, a specieswith a large capacity to adjust the number of inflorescences.Our working hypotheses were: H₁—the relationship betweenY_PandS_P is linear; H₂—the intercept of the model is zero,i.e. there is not a threshold plant mass for reproduction. Awide range of Y_Pand S_Pwas generated by manipulation of plantdensity;S_Pvaried between 0.3 and 196 g per plant in soybean,between 6 and 873 g per plant in sunflower and between 23 and697 g per plant in maize. Within these broad ranges of plantsize, both hypotheses were rejected in five out of six experiments,i.e. the relationship between Y_Pand S_Pdeparted from linearityand there was a threshold for S_Pbelow which no grain set occurred.TheS_P threshold for grain set varied widely among species; itwas close to 2 g per plant for soybean, 27 g per plant for sunflowerand 43–71 g per plant for maize. Because of this sizethreshold and non-linearity, harvest index (HI = Y_PS_P^-1) wasstable for mid-size plants, diminished slightly for large plants,and diminished sharply for smaller plants in all three crops.Harvest index stability was highest in soybean, intermediatein sunflower and lowest in maize. Differential stability ofreproductive partitioning partially derived from contrastingpatterns of meristem allocation. Copyright 2000 Annals of BotanyCompany Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L., Glycine max(L.) Merrill, grain yield, harvest index, plant density, reproductive allocation, meristem allocation, plasticity