湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用

湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用冯玉国（冶金部山东地质勘查局三队,烟台２６４００２）ＡＧｒｅｙＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｏｆｌａｋｅＥｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．ＦｅｎｇＹｕｇｕｏ（Ｎｏ．３ＴｅａｍｏｆＳｈａｎｄ...     

湖泊富营养化模型研究进展

自多湖泊富营养化引起人类注意以来,科学家们就设法通过使用数学模型来模拟湖泊富营养化的发生,预测湖泊对不同管理措施的响应,以便批出合理的治理措施。总的来说,湖泊富营养化模型大概经历了以下三个发展阶段：（1）单限制因子模型,如磷模型;（2）多限制因子模型,如浮游植物初级生产力估测模型;（3）生态－动力学模型,它是目前也是以后发展的主不充。随着人们对湖泊生态系统认识的提高和计算机技术的发展,生态与水动力耦合模型、面向对象模型和神经网络模型等具有良好的发展前景。     

应用人工神经网络评价湖泊的富营养化

应用人工神经网络方法,以化学需氧量、总氮、总磷和透明度作为评价参数,经反复尝试,构建了具有４层结构用于评价湖泊富营养化的误差逆传播网络．其输入层有４个神经元,２个隐含层也各有４个神经元,输出层有１个神经元．以太湖富营养化评价标准作为样本模式提供给网络,按照误差逆传播网络的学习规则对网络进行训练,经过３７６８４次学习后,网络达到预先给定的收敛标准．使网络具备了识别湖泊富营养化程度的功能．应用该网络对我国１７个湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价,操作过程简便易行,评价结果切合实际,展示了这种方法的一系列优点．     

考虑气候因子变化的湖泊富营养化模型研究进展

气候因子是影响湖泊营养状态和进程的主要自然因素.在全球气候变化的趋势下,将气候因子的变化纳入湖泊富营养化模型中,可以为湖泊演化趋势分析和环境管理决策提供技术支持.本文首先分析了气温、降水、光照和大气等气候因子对湖泊富营养化的影响,进而对考虑气候因子变化的数理统计与分析模型、生态动力学模型、系统生态学模型及智能算法等的研究进行了综述.在此基础上,对完善气候因子变化下湖泊营养状态变化的模型研究进行了展望：1)加强气候因子作用于湖泊营养状态的机理研究;2)选择合适的气候模拟模型,合理设置气候变化情景,在不同模型嵌套时保证时空尺度的匹配;3)以水动力学模型为基础,耦合生态模型及智能算法等,并结合良好的气候模拟模型,以精确模拟预测气候变化下湖泊富营养化的演化过程和趋势.     

瓯江干流丽水段水体富营养化评价

2009年3月、5月、8月、11月在全长41.7 Km的瓯江干流丽水段设10个站点,对DO、CODMn、NH3-N、TN、TP等5项水质指标进行了测定,并运用营养状态指数对水体水质进行了分析和评价。结果显示,2个站点水体水质达到地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,5个站点水体水质为Ⅳ类标准,3个站点为Ⅴ类标准。评价结果显示2009年全江段水体水质的营养水平全部为中营养水平。     

南太湖浮游植物特征及其富营养化评价

2008年8-9月对南太湖的浮游植物进行了调查,并对9个采样点水样进行了分析.结果表明:共有浮游植物47种,隶属于7门28属,其中蓝藻门 6属9种,绿藻门10属13种,硅藻门7属18种,裸藻门2属3种,隐藻门 1属2种,金藻门1种,甲藻门1种;南太湖浮游植物的密度为3.56×10~6～7.99×10~6 cells·L~(-1);浮游植物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为0.29～2.27,均匀度指数在多数位点<0.5,卡尔森营养状态指数(TSIM)均大于64;根据浮游植物的优势种组成、密度、多样性指数及富营养状态指数的评价结果说明南太湖处于富营养化阶段.

Abstract：

In August-September 2008, an investigation was made on the phytoplankton in south-ern Taihu Lake, and the water quality at nine sampling sites was analyzed. A total of 47 phyto-plankton species belonging to 28 genera and 7 phylums were collected, with 9 species of Cyano-phyta, 13 species of Chlorophyta, 18 species of Diatoms, 3 species of Euglenophyta, 2 species of Cryptophyta, 1 specie of Chrysophyta, and 1 specie of Dinophyta. The phytoplankton density was 3.56×10~6-7.99×10~6 cells·L~(-1), Shannon-Weaver index was 0. 29-2. 77, evenness was low-er than 0. 5, and trophic state index (TSIM) was higher than 64. Based on the evaluation of the dominant species composition, density, and Shannon-Weaver index of phytoplankton, and of the TSIM, the southern Taihu Lake was considered at the stage of eutrophication.     

湖泊富营养化治理的生态工程

1996年对长春南湖的富营养化实施了生治理工作,调查结果表明,通过收获水生高等植物和鱼产品带出湖体的P量分别为149．6和189．9kg,通过蚌体生长固定的P量为153.4kg,三者合计492.9kg,与湖体会年P输入量大体持平,生态工程运转后,水质明显好转,湖水中的总P浓度逐年下降,浮游植物个体密度减小,种类数增加,生态工程是城市湖泊富营养化治理较为理想的方法。     

湖泊的水生态模型

由于城市化进程的不断加快,大量的污染物排放到湖泊中,打破了湖泊的生态平衡.湖泊的水生态模型不仅能够研究湖泊的富营养化现象,而且还可以模拟工业毒物等污染物对湖泊生态系统的影响,是湖泊管理的有力工具.本文从分析湖泊的污染现状以及污染趋势出发,介绍了湖泊水生态模型的研究现状,并根据模型的模拟对象和空间模拟能力对湖泊水生态模型进行了分类.在此基础上介绍了AQUATOX、PAMOLARE、CAEDYM、WASP、OOMAS等比较成熟的模拟湖泊生态系统的模型软件,阐述了它们的产生、发展、主要特点以及应用,总结了当今湖泊水生态模型在模拟过程中遇到的问题,并对水生态模型的发展趋势进行了展望.本文为湖泊水生态模型的选择提供了建议.     

湖泊富营养化对轮虫群落结构及物种多样性的影响

2005年7月至2006年6月, 我们对安徽省芜湖市境内5个湖泊中轮虫的群落结构及部分水质特征参数进行了调查, 用相关加权综合营养状态指数(TLIc)评价了各湖泊的营养水平, 分析了其中的轮虫群落结构、多样性指数及其与TLI_C之间的关系。经鉴定, 5个湖泊中共采集到轮虫79种, 隶属18科31属; 不同营养水平湖泊中出现的轮虫种类数有明显的差异(P<0.01)。除龙窝湖外, 其余4个湖泊中的轮虫种类数与TLI_C均呈显著负相关关系(r＝–0.984, P<0.05)。湖泊水体的富营养化进程显著地提高了轮虫总密度和第一优势种的优势度, 降低了轮虫群落的均匀度和物种多样性指数。     

湖北省若干浅水湖泊沉积物有机质与富营养化的关系

分析了湖北省月湖、龙阳湖、后官湖、梁子湖、牛山湖、保安湖、鲁湖等7个湖泊表层沉积物有机质、总氮与总磷的含量,并考察了其在月湖、龙阳湖沉积物中的垂直分布及月湖、龙阳湖与保安湖表层沉积物的颗粒组成,结果表明：位于城市与城郊的月湖与龙阳湖表层沉积物有机质含量较高,且表现出沿岸带较丰富的空间分布特征。在垂直及水平方向上,有机质与总氮和总磷含量均显著相关,颗粒组成与有机质和总氮含量亦显著相关。有机质富集应是促进城市湖泊富营养化的重要因素。     

Eutrophication of reservoirs in South Korea

Natural lakes in South Korea are limited in number and generally quite small. As a result, reservoirs and regulated rivers are the major sources of freshwater for society. About 18 000 reservoirs have been constructed in South Korea, and they are particularly important for domestic water supply. Thirteen of the major reservoirs were surveyed in this general assessment of the trophic state of South Korean reservoirs. Ten reservoirs were from the upper or middle reaches of rivers (including eight of the ten largest reservoirs in Korea), and three were estuarine reservoirs. Reservoirs in the mountainous district of South Korea were usually mesotrophic, whereas the estuarine reservoirs were highly eutrophic. Because total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratios were always between 18 and 163, phosphorus was probably more limiting than nitrogen for algal growth. However, hydraulic residence time and light penetration may be limiting in the nutrient-enriched downstream reservoirs. In winter, algal density was lowest in deep reservoirs, perhaps due to deep mixing. During the same season, algal density was high in shallow reservoirs, perhaps due to a favorable hydraulic residence time. Factors contributing to the observed eutrophication patterns, including nutrient runoff from agriculture, animal farms, fish aquaculture, and urban areas, are discussed. According to the national budget of phosphorus, fertilizer and livestock manure are major source of phosphorus, contributing 133 400 and 73 700 tons of phosphorus per year, respectively, while human excretion discharges 30 000 tons P year⁻¹. Reduction of the application of fertilizer, proper treatment of manure, and conservation of topsoil may be the most practical and effective measures to prevent further lake eutrophication. Received: February 15, 2001 / Accepted: July 2, 2001     

江西省余江县水体营养状况分析

用营养状态指数法(TSI)对江西省红壤区余江县东塘、五湖、仙塘三个水库的水质状况进行综合评价,结果表明三个水体的水质状况均呈富营养态。在此基础上对三个水库的10项主要水化学指标进行主成分分析,表明亚硝态氮和氨氮对第一主成分的贡献最大,COD为第二主成分的主要贡献者;而且三个水库的水质受水中有机物含量的影响最大,这一结果与当地的农业结构密切相关。     

An attempt at decision making in tissue engineering: reactor evaluation using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

To develop a method of human-oriented evaluation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, we applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the evaluation of tissue engineering reactors. For evaluating a reactor for a bioartificial liver (BAL) support system, we identified five criteria: safety, scalability, cell growth environment, mimicking native liver functions and handling. Based on these criteria, we evaluated six different types of BAL bioreactors by three panelists. Using the AHP method, we successfully ranked BAL systems for bridge use in liver transplantation in the attempt at decision making based on human-oriented evaluation.     

不同氮素水平对油麦菜栽培效果的综合评价分析

为探讨不同氮素水平的硝态氮与铵态氮对油麦菜(Lactuca sativa L.)生长及品质的影响,自主设计并制作了适合蔬菜水培的立体管道栽培系统,配制了NO3-：NH4+=10：0,NO3-：NH4+=7：1,NO3-：NH4+=7：3的营养液,通过模糊数学原理,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定品质的权重值,综合评价了不同氮素水平对油麦菜的栽培效果。结果表明,以NO3-：NH4+=7：3营养液的栽培效果最好,其次是NO3-：NH4+=7：1。当营养液的NO3-：NH4+=7：3时,油麦菜的产量最高,叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量最高,硝酸盐含量最少,其综合品质最好。层次分析法对油麦菜不同氮素水平营养液的栽培效果的综合评价有较好的适用性,有助于获得南方设施管道栽培油麦菜最佳的营养液配方。     

Comparative analysis of nutrients,chlorophyll and transparency in two large shallow lakes (Lake Taihu,P.R. China and Lake Okeechobee,USA)

This article compares limnological attributes of two of the world’s largest shallow lakes—Lake Okeechobee in Florida, USA and Lake Taihu in P.R. China. Both the systems support an array of ecological and societal values including fish and wildlife habitat, public water supply, flood protection, and recreation. Both have extensive research programs, largely because of concern regarding the lakes’ frequent cyanobacterial blooms. By evaluating these systems together, we compare and contrast properties that can generally advance the understanding and management of large shallow lowland lakes. Because of shallow depth, long fetch, and unconsolidated mud sediments, water chemistry, and transparency in both the lakes are strongly influenced by resuspended sediments that affect light and nutrient conditions. In the central region of both the lakes, where depth is the greatest, evaluation of limiting factors by a trophic state index approach indicates that light most often limits phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, the more sheltered shoreline areas of both the lakes display evidence of nitrogen (N) limitation, which also has been confirmed in nutrient assays conducted in earlier studies. This N limitation most likely is a result of excessive levels of phosphorus (P) that have developed in the lakes due to high external loads over recent decades and the currently high internal P recycling. Comparisons of these lakes show that Lake Taihu has higher N than, similar total phosphorus (TP) and similar light conditions to that of Lake Okeechobee, but less chlorophyll a (CHL). The latter may be as a result of lower winter temperatures in Lake Taihu (around 5°C) compared to Lake Okeechobee (around 15°C), which could reduce phytoplankton growth and abundance through the other seasons of the year. In these systems, the important role of light, temperature, and nutrients in algal bloom dynamics must be considered, especially due to possible adverse and unintended effects that might occur with projects such as sediment removal, and in the long term, in regard to buffering lake responses to external load reduction. Handling editor: D. Hamilton     

丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数(CEI).结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型:椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0%和森林总蓄积的96.6%,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰(人为和自然的),自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18165hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明     

丰林自然保护区景观生态评价： 量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数（CEI）.结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型：椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0％和森林总蓄积的96.6％,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰（人为和自然的）,自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18 165 hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明其生态质量很好,保护价值高,在东北地区乃至全国均有典型的代表意义.目前保护区的面积、结构及经营管理能满足其可持续发展的需要.     

茄子苗期耐热性的模糊综合评判

确定客观、合理的耐热性评价指标,评价不同品种蔬菜的耐热性强弱,对其耐热性机制的研究及耐热性品种的选育具有重要的意义。以不同耐热性的茄子品种为材料,测定苗期耐热性相关的生理生化指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各耐热性指标的权数,通过模糊数学原理对茄子的耐热性进行综合评价分析。结果表明:热害指数、恢复指数、MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性对耐热性影响较大,其权重依次为:0.2500、0.2500、0.1092、0.1092、0.1092。综合评价结果为茄子品种友谊一号耐热性最强,F-762茄子耐热性居中,古田紫长茄耐热性最弱,与田间自然高温鉴定结果一致,表明此方法对茄子苗期耐热性进行综合评价有较好的适用性,可用于大批量品种的耐热性鉴定。