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1.
孙善澄  袁文业 《遗传学报》1996,23(3):214-219
通过胚培养产生了小麦-偃麦草-簇毛麦-黑麦四属杂种。用4个六倍体小偃麦,2个六倍体小簇麦,2个六倍体小黑麦及1个八倍体小偃麦配置了6个四属杂种组合。结果没有出现高度不亲和性。6个组合的杂交结实率分别为6.2%、9.4%、2.4%、9.5%、25.0%和3.9%;胚培成苗率分别为12.1%、20%、37.4%、40%、1.1%和7.1%。结果表明,杂交结实率与胚培成苗率间没有相关性。杂种F1生活力旺盛,形态具有四个属的特征特性。杂种属于自交高不育与低育类型。5个低育类型自交结实率平均约1.2%。四属杂种体细胞染色体数目的变化为36、37、38、39、40和41。其中多数属于具有38个左右染色体的植株。  相似文献   

2.
分别以山羊草属4个不同的种为母本,以普通小麦为父本杂交,将获得的杂种再进行回交和自交。结果表明,不同种与普通小麦的可交配性存在较大差异,在人工多次授粉并有激素处理的条件下,粗山羊草与普通小麦的杂交结实率最高,2个基因型Ae42和Y92的杂交结实率分别为46.49%和22.58%;其次为卵穗山羊草,2个基因型Ae23和Y100的杂交结实率分别为12.11%和14.76%;柱穗山羊草位列第3,2个基因型Ae7和Y145的杂交结实率分别为2.23%和8.50%;拟斯卑尔脱山羊草最低,基因型Ae48的杂交结实率只有0.19%。不同种的杂种胚产生愈伤组织率不同,柱穗山羊草/小麦表现较高的水平,卵穗山羊草/小麦次之,粗山羊草/小麦第3,拟斯卑尔脱山羊草/小麦最低。卵穗山羊草/小麦的杂种幼胚直接成苗率最高,其次为粗山羊草/小麦,柱穗山羊草/小麦居第3位。山羊草与普通小麦杂种的育性较低,在自然状态下,只有卵穗山羊草/小麦能够自交结实,但自交结实率仅为0.044%,其他杂种自交不能结实。在人工多次授粉并激素处理条件下,用父、母本回交的结实率:卵穗山羊草/普通小麦组合分别为4.36%和3.71%,柱穗山羊草/普通小麦组合分别为0...  相似文献   

3.
通过普通小麦与滨麦、簇毛麦及山羊草属7个种杂交幼胚培养,获得8个体细胞胚性无性系(8个组合10个胚)及大量试管苗。愈伤组织及胚性愈伤组织诱导率分别为65.79%和26.32%。形态学及细胞学鉴定结果,均为真杂种。不同染色体组及同一染色体组不同基因型的幼胚,在组织培养中有明显差异。非部体细胞具有遗传的全能性,但当染色体数目严重偏离双单倍体数目的,其全能性即丧失。胚状体的发育具有与合子胚极相似的典型结  相似文献   

4.
以冬性四倍体硬粒小麦(Triticum durum,2n=28,AABB)为母本与粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii,2n=14,DD)杂交,得到的单倍体幼胚(n=21,ABD)经组织培养拯救,获得的幼苗经染色体加倍而成为合成小麦(AABBDD)。从中鉴定、筛选出冬性的合成小麦。幼胚仅在1/2 MS培养基上培养,成苗率为75.81%;根据幼胚的发育状态,将发育较完善的幼胚直接接种在1/2 MS培养基上,将发育不良的幼胚先接种于1/2 MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D培养基上进一步养育幼胚,之后视幼胚发育状况再将其转入1/2 MS培养基中培养成苗,此方法的成苗率为92.44%,较前者的成苗率提高了16.63%。染色体加倍在冬季塑膜拱棚内用0.05%秋水仙素进行半根法处理,较容易获得健壮苗,并且分蘖多。  相似文献   

5.
通过胚培养产生了节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间的杂种。结果表明节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交以节节麦作母本较易结实,3个组合的结实率分别为59.18%、67.72%和60.22%,胚培成苗率分别为39.13%、38.10%和50%。杂种F_1生活力旺盛,形态像父本硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体。杂种自交可孕,3个组合自交结实率平均为7.63%。杂种F_1(ABVD)的减数分裂平均构型为25.36个单价体,1.21个二价体和0.06个三价体,平均每个细胞交叉结频率为1.38,高于“中国春”单倍体的配对频率,推测V组和A、B、D组染色体间有部分同源关系。节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交可能是产生八倍体(AABBDDVV)的又一途径。  相似文献   

6.
为获得一定规模的小麦单倍体植株以构建小麦DH(Double Haploid)群体,采用小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=42)与玉米(Zeamays,2n=20)远缘杂交诱导小麦单倍体胚,经胚拯救产生单倍体植株,研究了1/2MS培养基中幼胚取材时期、幼胚大小、4℃处理时间、暗处理时间对单倍体胚培养再生成苗的影响,结果表明:授粉后12天~16天取材的幼胚经胚拯救后成苗率无明显差异;0.5mm~1.0mm大小的幼胚成苗率显著高于0mm~0.5mm和1.0mm~1.5mm大小的幼胚成苗率;1天~3天短期4℃处理对胚萌发具有一定促进作用,但处理3天后,出愈率和成苗率降低;胚培养过程中12天左右的24h暗处理能有效提高成苗率。  相似文献   

7.
节节麦与小麦、黑麦或小黑麦的杂种幼胚的离体培养   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以山羊草属节节麦作母本,普通小麦、二粒系小麦、黑麦及小黑麦分别作父本杂交,将授粉后不同天数的幼胚取下,在无菌条件下接种于试管内培养。共接种101个杂交组合的1090个幼胚,分化成全苗的31个(2.84%),无根小苗20个(1.83%),类苗24个(2.2%)、愈伤组织66块(6.05%)未分化的950个(87.16%)。在31个全苗中包括普通小麦的21株、二粒系小麦的5株、黑麦的2株、小黑麦的3株。试验说明,用二倍体节节麦作母本,借助于幼胚培养,也可以获得远缘杂种。  相似文献   

8.
普通小麦×栽培大麦杂种植株及其回交后代的产生和鉴定   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
以小麦做母本与大麦杂交结实率仅0.77%。本试验通过幼胚培养获得了杂种植株,胚培出苗率37.14%。杂种植株在形态上与小麦相似,完全自交不育。F_1体细胞染色体数目为28,和预期结果一致。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每个细胞平均二价体数为0.98,单价体数为26.04。用普通小麦做父本与杂种回交,回交结实率为0.26%。  相似文献   

9.
普通小麦与滨麦的杂交   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
小麦与滨麦杂交很困难。我们通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为2.35%,幼胚培养出苗率为66.67%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I每个细胞平均为1.21个二价体和32.45个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育。以小麦花粉与杂种回交没有成功,而对秋水仙碱处理后的杂种植株授粉时,获得了种子,回交结实率为0.34%。  相似文献   

10.
利用3个推广品种(莱州953、山农辐63、陕7859)分别与原产地不同的抗白粉病的6份粗山羊草[Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Schmal.]杂交,得到63个无胚乳的种子,将56枚幼胚接种到N6 0.5mg/L IBA 0.2 mg/L NAA的培养基上进行褓姆培养,得到37个植株。其中莱州953与粗山羊草的杂交结实率和成苗率较高,分别平均为8.58%和4.82%。粗山羊草对白粉病的抗性基因在不同的杂交组合中受到不同程度的改变或抑制。以莱州953为父本,分别与不同组合的杂种F_1回交,大多数组合均得到回交种子,回交结实率平均为1.70%;以莱州953作母本,与莱州953/Y225 F _1回交得到2粒种子,说明普通小麦与粗山羊草的杂种F_1也能产生少量有授精能力的花粉。以山农辐63为父本与山农辐63/Y219 F_1回交亦得到回交种子。通过对普通小麦与粗山羊草6个杂交组合的杂种F_1PMCMI染色体构型的分析,一般多出现14个左右单价体和一定频率的多价体,并观察到可能为A、B组染色体形成的异形二价体;粗山羊草的D组染色体和普通小麦的D组染色体联会正常,可发生自由重组,从而为将粗山羊草的有益基因导入普通小麦提供了细胞学依据。  相似文献   

11.
节节麦×普通小麦杂种的胚援救和胚愈伤组织再生植株   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过活体-离体胚培养和胚愈伤组织培养有效地克服了节节麦(Aegilops tauschii Cosson.)×小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)杂种幼胚的败育,产生了大量的杂种植株。采用活体-离体胚培技术,节节麦×小麦三个组合杂种幼胚的成苗率为55%,是前人所用传统胚培方法成功率的5—20倍。杂种幼胚在添加有2 mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上诱导为愈伤组织,经继代产生全能性愈伤组织,继而分化出再生植株。愈伤组织经继代保存150天仍不丧失分化能力。本文还对两种产生杂种的组织培养方法进行了比较研究。  相似文献   

12.
6个烟草杂交组合花药再生苗的培养和DH群体的构建   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以6个烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)杂交组合的花药为实验材料,对各杂交组合花药再生苗出苗状况及培养过程中添加H液体基本培养基对花药出苗状况的影响进行了比较分析;在此基础上,采用质量体积分数0.4%秋水仙素浸苗法构建加倍单倍体(DH)群体,对加倍处理后不同杂交组合再生苗的成苗率、大田移栽成活率及染色体加倍率等进行分析,并对杂交组合DH1单倍体和加倍单倍体植株叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数的差异进行了研究。结果表明:不同杂交组合每枚花药的出苗数、加倍处理后再生苗的成苗率、大田移栽成活率及染色体加倍率有较大差异。其中,每枚花药出苗数为1.57~3.30,杂交组合DH5每枚花药的出苗数最多,达到3.30株,显著高于其他5个杂交组合(P<0.05);加倍处理后再生苗的成苗率为21.12%~33.42%,大田移栽成活率为91.87%~98.86%,杂交组合DH6的成苗率和大田移栽成活率最高;染色体加倍率为6.64%~10.78%,杂交组合DH4的染色体加倍率最高。花药培养约15 d后,添加H液体基本培养基能够显著促进杂交组合DH1和DH2花药出苗。杂交组合DH1单倍体苗和加倍单倍体苗叶片气孔保卫细胞的平均叶绿体数分别为9.27和17.46,二者比值接近1∶2,差异显著。通过花药培养和染色体加倍处理,分别获得了6个烟草杂交组合的DH群体。  相似文献   

13.
Pestsova EG  Börner A  Röder MS 《Hereditas》2001,135(2-3):139-143
New wheat introgression lines were obtained which contain different segments of individual chromosomes of Aegilops tauschii in the Triticum aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring' background. The introgression lines were developed to examine various subsets of alleles from the wild grass in the genetic background of common wheat. As starting point substitution lines of 'Chinese Spring' in which single chromosomes of the D genome had been replaced by homologous chromosomes of a synthetic wheat were used. Synthetic wheat had been obtained earlier from a cross between the tetraploid emmer (genomes AABB) and wild grass Aegilops tauschii (genome DD). The seven wheat chromosome substitution lines carrying different chromosomes of Ae. tauschii were crossed twice to T. aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring' and 259 BC1-progeny plants were analysed. Phenotypic evaluation was carried out for different traits such as plant height, spikelet number, peduncle length, flowering time, spike length, tiller number, grain weight per ear, fertility and thousand kernel weight. Genotypic analysis was performed using a set of 65 microsatellite markers previously mapped on the chromosomes of the D genome of wheat. During this analysis recombinant lines carrying different segments of Ae. tauschii chromosomes were detected. Plants containing small introgressions of the alien genetic material were selfed to get homozygous lines and plants carrying large pieces of the donor chromosome were backcrossed again to get smaller introgressions. Further microsatellite analysis of selected BC1F2-progeny plants resulted in detection of a first set of 36 homozygous lines carrying different pieces of Ae. tauschii genome.  相似文献   

14.
普通小麦远缘杂交F1代表现型研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
小麦远缘杂交试验采用常规杂交方法,不进行胚培养,在自然条件下,实现了普通小麦与小黑麦(6X,AABBRR)、柱穗山羊草(2X,DD)、人工合成六倍体小麦(6X,AABBDD)、CIMMYT人工合成小麦(6X,AABBDD)的杂交.发现在F1代中,出现了2~7种植株表现型、7种性状分离现象;小麦颖壳颜色变化可能受多个加性基因控制;杂交F2代结实率较F1代有数倍或十余倍的增长.  相似文献   

15.
粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Schmal.,DD,2n=14)是普通小麦(Triticumaestivum L.,AABBDD,2n=42)D染色体组的供体。粗山羊草中含有丰富的抗病,抗虫,抗逆,优质等优异基因,因此粗山羊草是改良普通小麦的宝贵遗传资源。但有关普通小麦与粗山羊草杂交的研究报道较少。本文试图通过对普通小麦与粗山羊草杂种后代的细胞遗传学和染色体分离规律的研究,探讨转移粗山羊草优异基因的方法和途径。  相似文献   

16.

Embryo rescue technique is widely utilized to save developing embryo from abortion in interspecific hybridization of plants. In Brassica species, success of an embryo rescue depends on the age of embryo, developmental stage of embryo, and media composition. In this study, ten crosses were conducted between diploid oilseed species B. rapa × tetraploid B. napus and B. rapa × tetraploid B. juncea along with their reciprocal crosses. The immature embryos from parents and crosses were cultured at 14 d after pollination in MS and ½ MS medium without any growth regulators for direct embryogenesis. Embryos were found at different stages of development during isolation, from globular to cotyledonary, indicating that rate of embryo development depends on genotype. Embryos isolated at the cotyledonary stage showed the highest regeneration percentage (av. 83.29%) and required the lowest time to regenerate (5.8 d) compared with another type of embryo, torpedo stage, cultured. Embryo rescued in ½ MS media accounted for 10–51%, 4.0–61%, 6.0–21%, and 5.0–43% greater shoot length, root length, number of leaves, and days to flowering, respectively, in different cross combinations compared with full-strength MS media. The results indicated that the rate of regeneration from embryo is higher in ½ MS media compared with full-strength MS media. Percent regeneration from the cultured embryos differed significantly in different cross combinations. Days required for regeneration from embryos, length of siliqua, and the number of ovules per siliqua accounted for high heterosis and broad sense heritability. The findings of this experiment would be useful in developing cost-effective embryo rescue protocol and desired interspecific hybrids through embryo rescue in Brassica species.

  相似文献   

17.
四倍体小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体抗病新种质的创制   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
通过四倍体小麦与粗山羊草杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了PS5-Y287双二倍体(AABBDD)。该双二倍体PMC MⅠ染色体构型基本稳定,对小麦白粉病表现免疫,对条锈、叶锈和秆锈病表现良好的田间抗性。并且该种质籽粒外观品质好,是一份有利用价值的小麦种质材料。  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to understand factors affecting in vitro embryo rescue culture from hybrids between diploid and tetraploid varieties of grape in creation new triploid germplasm resources. The effects of different media, removal ages of immature seeds and reciprocal crosses of parents on the germination and seedling survival of immature seeds from crosses between diploid and tetraploid grape varieties by in vitro embryo rescue culture were investigated. The results indicated that the medium consisting of NN-1969 + IAA 1.75 mg l−1 + GA3 0.35 mg l−1 + CH 400 mg l−1 + AC 2.0 g l−1 was better than other media. The optimal removal age of immature seeds for the best development of embryos was 35–45 days after pollination (DAP). The percentage of germination (PG) for immature seeds and the percentage of seedling survival (PSS) for immature seeds for diploid varieties used as female parents were 10.72% and 4.35% higher than when tetraploid varieties were used as female parents respectively. A total of 41 hybrid progenies from eight combinations were obtained, made up of 17 diploid, 9 tetraploid, 14 aneuploid, and 1 triploid progeny as determined by root-tip chromosome identification. The triploid progeny was from Fujiminori (2n = 4x = 76) × Jingxiu (2n = 2x = 38). These results implied that it was feasible to extend the hybridization range of grape and to create new germplasm resources by in vitro embryo rescue based on the conventional hybridization. The NN-1969 medium supplemented with GA3 and IAA was more propitious to the development of immature seeds sampled at about 45 DAP. It was easier to obtain plants using diploid as female parent, but triploid progeny was only obtained using tetraploid as female parent.  相似文献   

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