电针及刺激延脑中缝大核对猫胃电的影响

以记录猫胃体部和胃窦部胃电为指标,对比观察电针或刺激腓总神经与刺激延脑中缝大核对胃电的影响。实验结果表明:在空腹轻度麻醉的状态下,猫胃体部胃电的振幅约为160μV、频率约为4.3次/分;胃窦部胃电的振幅约为370μV、频率约为4.5次/分。电针或刺激腓总神经与刺激中缝大核对猫胃电的影响均以抑制效应为主。在损毁中缝大核之后,电针对胃电的抑制效应大为减弱,提示中枢的下行性抑制参与了电针对胃电的抑制作用。切割脊髓背外侧索或分别切断双侧的迷走神经,内脏大、小神经,均能减弱下行性抑制对胃电的影响。刺激中缝核的邻近结构,能兴奋猫的胃电,推测在延脑水平还可能存在“下行性兴奋系统”。     

清醒猫摄食过程中的胃电活动

本文报告慢性清醒猫正常摄食过程中胃电的变化,以及脑室注射心得安和动物麻醉对胃电的影响。结果显示,空腹饥饿状态下,猫胃电图上出现具有特征性的高振幅的“饥饿波”;摄食时胃电慢波抑制,可见较小快波;进食后半小时左右,胃电开始出现每分钟4—5次的振幅逐渐增大的正弦形慢波,多数慢波负载有快波。脑室注射心得安,可使饱猫胃电慢波抑制期出现饥饿波。动物在饥饿时麻醉,胃电慢波幅度显著降低,饥饿波完全不出现,苏醒后逐渐恢复。     

电针对猫胃电和迷走神经核细胞放电的影响

用双极铂电极引导制动条件下的猫胃幽门窦平滑肌电活动,观察到电针“足三里”穴使胃的基本电节律减少,并有后效应,而电针“合阳”穴,则无明显作用。本工作在记录胃电的同时也从迷走神经背运动核和孤束核内侧部分引导细胞自发放电。发现电针“足三里”时多数单位的自发放电发生改变,并以增多为主;这个结果提示:电针“足三里”引起胃电变化,迷走神经细胞活动改变可能是一个原因。     

猫延髓背部微量注射纳洛酮对电针增强胃运动效应的影响

利用应变规记录33只急性猫的胃窦部蠕动,同时用双极电极记录其胃电。结果发现,微量注射吗啡(10μg/2μl)于低位延髓背部或电针双侧“足三里”都能引起胃窦部蠕动增强(P<0.01)和部分动物簇状锋电位发放。如果事先向低位延髓背部微量注射纳洛酮(2μg/5μl),则电针“足三里”的增强胃窦部蠕动的效应就不再出现。这些结果提示电针“足三里”引起的胃窦部蠕动增强与脑内阿片样物质释放,及其作用于低位延髓背部的一些神经结构有关。     

电针对狗胃电的影响

在狗胃壁埋植慢性电极,观察了电针对胃电的影响,实验结果显示,在清醒空腹情况下,胃电节律为每分钟5次左右,每一周期中以慢波为主,在有的情况下出现快波。进食时此节律减慢或紊乱,进食后快波成分增加,电针足三里穴,对慢波的影响很小,但能明显的增加快波振幅与摆动频率;这种变化在电针停止后仍能持续40-60分钟。吗啡能引起胃电节律的反复紊乱,对胃电快波的影响,表现为先增强后抑制的双相性变化。     

单胺类物质及针刺穴位对猫延脑下部A1核团区神经元活动的影响

延脑下部的去甲肾上腺素能神经核团,特别是A1核团,是构成去甲肾上腺素能纤维下行于脊髓的主要核团。在90个A1核团的神经元中,有73个为来自肌肉深部组织或穴位刺激的传入冲动所兴奋,12个表现为抑制,5个无效应;内脏伤害性刺激也有类似的兴奋作用。电泳NA可使大部份神经元的电活动受到抑制,在56个受试的神经元中表现出抑制效应的占42个.相反,在电泳5-HT的实验中,43个神经元中有29个表现出兴奋作用,只有4个表现为抑制效应。 以上结果表明针刺穴位或伤害性刺激或5-HT都可以激活延脑下部去甲肾上腺素能神经核团,促使其下行性地释放NA,这可能是针刺镇痛的重要机制之一。     

刺激中缝背核区对猫小脑皮层浦肯野细胞电活动的影响

本文研究了刺激外周神经及中缝背核区对猫小脑皮层浦肯野细胞(Purkinje Cell,PC)电活动的影响。在清醒的去大脑猫上记录刺激桡深神经(NRP)及腓深神经(NPP)时PC的电变化,并观察刺激中缝背核区对PC自发放电以及肢体神经传入冲动诱发活动的影响。结果表明,刺激NPP和NRP均可引起小脑皮层第Ⅴ和第ⅦA小叶的PC产生兴奋或抑制反应。刺激中缝背核区对PC自发放电以及诱发活动主要起抑制性影响。     

脊髓背部电刺激对延脑内侧网状结构诱发电位抑制效应的分析

实验在46只急性麻痹清醒的猫上进行。以每秒100次的重复电脉冲刺激脊髓背部(L_1)可以抑制刺激腓肠神经在延脑内侧网状结构所引起的诱发电位,抑制后效应可持续5—10分钟。在12只动物上进行了脊髓部分横断的分析,在腰2水平切断刺激部位以下的两侧侧索靠近背角部分的纤维(简称背外侧索),上述抑制作用大大减弱。如再在刺激部位上、下(胸13及腰2)分别切割背索,则抑制效应完全消失。在刺激部位以上切断两侧背外侧索并不影响抑制效应的出现。在10只动物上将背索及背外侧索从脊髓本体上分离,以观察直接刺激的效应。结果表明,分别刺激两侧背外侧索或背索对延脑诱发电位都有抑制效应,前者的作用大于后者。如同时刺激分离的背外侧索及背索则诱发电位在整个刺激期间完全被抑制,其效应与背部电刺激相似,只是所需要的电流强度较弱。上述观察证明,脊髓背部电刺激对延脑网状结构诱发电位的抑制作用是通过背外侧索的下行通路和背索的上行及下行通路而实现的。背外侧索的作用大于背索,抑制作用主要发生在脊髓水平。     

刺激猫中缝核群对内脏躯体反射的抑制效应及其同针刺抑制效应的关系

我们过去的工作证明:损毁猫延脑中缝大核(Rm)及其邻近结构,明显减弱针刺抑制内脏躯体反射的效应,损毁大白鼠的 Rm、中缝中央核(Rcs)或中缝背核(Rd)均可明显削弱以甩尾和嘶叫反应为指标的针刺镇痛效应。从而设想,脑干中缝核在实现针刺镇痛中是必要的环节。为了进一步查明中缝核是否积极参与针刺镇痛,并探索各中缝核     

中缝背核对猫小脑浦肯野细胞电活动的影响

在麻醉并麻痹的猫上观察到:刺激中缝背核(DR)可引起小脑皮层浦肯野细胞(PC)兴奋或抑制(主要是抑制);由被动性腕关节屈伸运动刺激引起的外周本体传入可以增强或减速PC对DR刺激的反应。这些结果表明中缝-小脑5-HT能纤维的传入活动可以调制PC的放电活动,并与外周传入有相互作用。     

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used and effective therapy for several neurologic disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, dystonia or tremor. DBS is based on the delivery of electrical stimuli to specific deep anatomic structures of the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of DBS remain enigmatic. This has led to an interest in investigating the impact of DBS in animal models, especially in rats. As DBS is a long-term therapy, research should be focused on molecular-genetic changes of neural circuits that occur several weeks after DBS. Long-term DBS in rats is challenging because the rats move around in their cage, which causes problems in keeping in place the wire leading from the head of the animal to the stimulator. Furthermore, target structures for stimulation in the rat brain are small and therefore electrodes cannot easily be placed at the required position. Thus, a set-up for long-lasting stimulation of rats using platinum/iridium electrodes with an impedance of about 1 MΩ was developed for this study. An electrode with these specifications allows for not only adequate stimulation but also recording of deep brain structures to identify the target area for DBS. In our set-up, an electrode with a plug for the wire was embedded in dental cement with four anchoring screws secured onto the skull. The wire from the plug to the stimulator was protected by a stainless-steel spring. A swivel was connected to the circuit to prevent the wire from becoming tangled. Overall, this stimulation set-up offers a high degree of free mobility for the rat and enables the head plug, as well as the wire connection between the plug and the stimulator, to retain long-lasting strength.     

电场诱导小鼠红白血病细胞融合

本文以小鼠红白血病细胞株(MEL)为实验材料,用自制的设备和电极进行细胞电融合研究.经Pronase E(0.5mg/ml)预处理的细胞,融合率可高达90%.融合的多核细胞经培养能存活三至四天,有的能存活六天,并且用DMSO诱导保持原有的主物活性,具有分化能力.     

Unit activity of the reticular and relay nuclei of the cat thalamus

Relations between neurons of the reticular and specific relay nuclei of the thalamus were studied in cats immobilized with tubocurarine. Under the influence of stimulation of the reticular nucleus (RN) unit activity in the thalamic relay nuclei was found to be considerably modulated. Cases of the appearance of IPSPs (possibly of monosynaptic nature), evoked by stimulation of RN, in neurons of the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPLN) and lateral geniculate body (LGB) are described. During simultaneous recording of unit activity in RN and VPLN or LGB by means of two electrodes interaction of several types was found: inhibition of discharges of VPLN or LGB neurons accompanied by excitation of RN neurons: alternation of excitation-inhibition in neuron pairs in RN and VPLN or RN and LGB during low-frequency afferent or cortical stimulation (in this case excitation of RN neurons is associated with inhibition of VPLN or LGB neurons), and strengthening of the discharge of VPLN or LGB neurons during excitation of RN neurons. The possibility of the existence both of direct monosynaptic inhibition of activity of VPLN or LGB relay neurons under the influence of excitation of RN neurons and of their inhibition by activation of hypothetical interneurons of the relay nuclei themselves is accepted.I. S. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 24–31, January–February, 1981.     

刺激家兔舌下神经核中段腹侧区对呼吸节律的影响

本工作在２５只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,断双侧迷走神经的家兔上,以膈肌肌电活动作为检测指标,观察了电及化学刺激舌下神经核中段腹侧区对呼吸节律的影响。结果如下：长串电脉冲刺激ＶＭＮＨ时,膈肌肌电活动被完全抑制,而颏舌肌活动明显易化;在吸气相的中期或后期短串电脉冲刺激ＶＭＮＨ可使吸气切断;微量注射谷氨酸钠于此区,膈肌活动也受到抑制。上述观察表明ＶＭＮＨ对呼吸节律具有调制作用,这种调制作用可能参与吞咽反射的中枢     

Comparing methods for detecting multilocus adaptation with multivariate genotype–environment associations

Identifying adaptive loci can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying local adaptation. Genotype–environment association (GEA) methods, which identify these loci based on correlations between genetic and environmental data, are particularly promising. Univariate methods have dominated GEA, despite the high dimensional nature of genotype and environment. Multivariate methods, which analyse many loci simultaneously, may be better suited to these data as they consider how sets of markers covary in response to environment. These methods may also be more effective at detecting adaptive processes that result in weak, multilocus signatures. Here, we evaluate four multivariate methods and five univariate and differentiation‐based approaches, using published simulations of multilocus selection. We found that Random Forest performed poorly for GEA. Univariate GEAs performed better, but had low detection rates for loci under weak selection. Constrained ordinations, particularly redundancy analysis (RDA), showed a superior combination of low false‐positive and high true‐positive rates across all levels of selection. These results were robust across the demographic histories, sampling designs, sample sizes and weak population structure tested here. The value of combining detections from different methods was variable and depended on the study goals and knowledge of the drivers of selection. Re‐analysis of genomic data from grey wolves highlighted the unique, covarying sets of adaptive loci that could be identified using RDA. Although additional testing is needed, this study indicates that RDA is an effective means of detecting adaptation, including signatures of weak, multilocus selection, providing a powerful tool for investigating the genetic basis of local adaptation.     

The coupling hypothesis: why genome scans may fail to map local adaptation genes

Genomic scans of multiple populations often reveal marker loci with greatly increased differentiation between populations. Often this differentiation coincides in space with contrasts in ecological factors, forming a genetic-environment association (GEA). GEAs imply a role for local adaptation, and so it is tempting to conclude that the strongly differentiated markers are themselves under ecologically based divergent selection, or are closely linked to loci under such selection. Here, we highlight an alternative and neglected explanation: intrinsic (i.e. environment-independent) pre- or post-zygotic genetic incompatibilities rather than local adaptation can be responsible for increased differentiation. Intrinsic genetic incompatibilities create endogenous barriers to gene flow, also known as tension zones, whose location can shift over time. However, tension zones have a tendency to become trapped by, and therefore to coincide with, exogenous barriers due to ecological selection. This coupling of endogenous and exogenous barriers can occur easily in spatially subdivided populations, even if the loci involved are unlinked. The result is that local adaptation explains where genetic breaks are positioned, but not necessarily their existence, which can be best explained by endogenous incompatibilities. More precisely, we show that (i) the coupling of endogenous and exogenous barriers can easily occur even when ecological selection is weak; (ii) when environmental heterogeneity is fine-grained, GEAs can emerge at incompatibility loci, but only locally, in places where habitats and gene pools are sufficiently intermingled to maintain linkage disequilibria between genetic incompatibilities, local-adaptation genes and neutral loci. Furthermore, the association between the locally adapted and intrinsically incompatible alleles (i.e. the sign of linkage disequilibrium between endogenous and exogenous loci) is arbitrary and can form in either direction. Reviewing results from the literature, we find that many predictions of our model are supported, including endogenous genetic barriers that coincide with environmental boundaries, local GEA in mosaic hybrid zones, and inverted or modified GEAs at distant locations. We argue that endogenous genetic barriers are often more likely than local adaptation to explain the majority of Fst-outlying loci observed in genome scan approaches - even when these are correlated to environmental variables.     

Reexamination of Electrical Stimulation on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Fragments In Vitro

The effect of direct electrical stimulation on suspensions of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane fragments (SRF) was carefully re-examined using the method of Lee et al. (1966) J. Gen. Physiol. 49:689. Inhibition of Ca⁺⁺ uptake or release by electrical stimulation was observed. When platinum electrodes were used as stimulating electrodes, the effect was dependent on the total current passed through the suspension. On the contrary, when silver-silver chloride electrodes were used, no effect was observed even if voltage and current were the same as in the case of the platinum electrodes. In addition, apparent re-uptake of Ca⁺⁺ after cessation of electrical stimulation using platinum electrodes was shown to be due to a binding of Ca⁺⁺ to denatured SRF which did not require an energy supply such as ATP, although such re-uptake had been taken as strong evidence of electrical response of SRF in Lee's paper. Finally, it was concluded that the effect of electrical stimulation on SRF was attributable to the irreversible denaturation of SRF due to the oxidation caused by the chlorine generated at the platinum electrode.     

The challenge of separating signatures of local adaptation from those of isolation by distance and colonization history: The case of two white pines

Accurately detecting signatures of local adaptation using genetic‐environment associations (GEAs) requires controlling for neutral patterns of population structure to reduce the risk of false positives. However, a high degree of collinearity between climatic gradients and neutral population structure can greatly reduce power, and the performance of GEA methods in such case is rarely evaluated in empirical studies. In this study, we attempted to disentangle the effects of local adaptation and isolation by environment (IBE) from those of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by colonization from glacial refugia (IBC) using range‐wide samples in two white pine species. For this, SNPs from 168 genes, including 52 candidate genes for growth and phenology, were genotyped in 133 and 61 populations of Pinus strobus and P. monticola, respectively. For P. strobus and using all 153 SNPs, climate (IBE) did not significantly explained among‐population variation when controlling for IBD and IBC in redundancy analyses (RDAs). However, 26 SNPs were significantly associated with climate in single‐locus GEA analyses (Bayenv2 and LFMM), suggesting that local adaptation took place in the presence of high gene flow. For P. monticola, we found no evidence of IBE using RDAs and weaker signatures of local adaptation using GEA and F_ST outlier tests, consistent with adaptation via phenotypic plasticity. In both species, the majority of the explained among‐population variation (69 to 96%) could not be partitioned between the effects of IBE, IBD, and IBC. GEA methods can account differently for this confounded variation, and this could explain the small overlap of SNPs detected between Bayenv2 and LFMM. Our study illustrates the inherent difficulty of taking into account neutral structure in natural populations and the importance of sampling designs that maximize climatic variation, while minimizing collinearity between climatic gradients and neutral structure.     

Inhibition of jaw opening reflexes by stimulation of the central gray matter and raphe nuclei in cats

The effect of stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray matter and raphe nuclei on jaw opening reflexes evoked by excitation of high-threshold (dental pulp) and low-threshold (A-alpha) fibers of the infraorbital nerve afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose and pentobarbital. The jaw opening reflex evoked by stimulation of the dental pulp was shown to be effectively suppressed by conditioning stimulation of the central gray matter and raphe nuclei. The reflex evoked by stimulation of low-threshold infraorbital nerve afferents also was depressed (but less deeply and for a shorter period than the reflex evoked by stimulation of the dental pulp) during stimulation of the raphe nuclei and caudal zone of the central gray matter, but was unchanged after stimulation of the points located in the rostral zone of the central gray matter. Application of single stimuli or bursts of five stimuli with a frequency of 100 Hz had no effect on the reflexes studied. Short-term stimulation with a burst of 10–20 stimuli with a following frequency of 200–400 Hz led to inhibition of the reflexes, which lasted 450–1000 msec. Long-term stimulation of the central gray matter and raphe nuclei for 30 sec with a frequency of 50 Hz caused inhibition of jaw opening reflexes evoked by stimulation of both high- and low-threshold afferents for 60 min. Impulses from the central gray matter and raphe nuclei thus have a mainly inhibitory action on the jaw opening reflex evoked by stimulation of high-threshold afferents, but they act less effectively on the reflex evoked by stimulation of low-thres-hold afferents. The duration of inhibition depends essentially on the parameters of stimulation.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 374–387, May–June, 1984.     

Neural prostheses in clinical applications--trends from precision mechanics towards biomedical microsystems in neurological rehabilitation.

Neural prostheses partially restore body functions by technical nerve excitation after trauma or neurological diseases. External devices and implants have been developed since the early 1960s for many applications. Several systems have reached nowadays clinical practice: Cochlea implants help the deaf to hear, micturition is induced by bladder stimulators in paralyzed persons and deep brain stimulation helps patients with Parkinson's disease to participate in daily life again. So far, clinical neural prostheses are fabricated with means of precision mechanics. Since microsystem technology opens the opportunity to design and develop complex systems with a high number of electrodes to interface with the nervous systems, the opportunity for selective stimulation and complex implant scenarios seems to be feasible in the near future. The potentials and limitations with regard to biomedical microdevices are introduced and discussed in this paper. Target specifications are derived from existing implants and are discussed on selected applications that has been investigated in experimental research: a micromachined implant to interface a nerve stump with a sieve electrode, cuff electrodes with integrated electronics, and an epiretinal vision prosthesis.