蓖麻蚕雄蛾触角的嗅觉感受细胞对性信息素各组分的反应

本文用单个嗅觉感受细胞电反应的记录方法,测定了蓖麻蚕Philosania cvnthiaricini)雄蛾触角的毛形感器对其性信息素组分及雌蛾腹部性腺提取物的反应。发现反-4,反-6,顺-11-十六碳三烯醛和反-4,反-6,顺-11-十六碳三烯乙酸酯能引起反应。对前者发放大脉冲,对后者发放小脉冲,对雌蛾腹部提取物发放大、小两种脉冲,但以大脉冲为主。选择性适应试验表明,蓖麻蚕雄蛾触角的毛形感器中存在两种不同类型的嗅觉感受细胞。     

粘虫雄蛾触角对其性信息素的电生理反应

用自行组装的触角电位仪,测定了粘虫Mythimna separata雄蛾蛾龄对标准化合物顺-11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16：A1d)、顺-9-十六碳烯醛(Z9-16:Ald)和十六碳醛(16：A1d)的EAG反应的影响,分析了雄蛾触角对3种标准化合物的剂量-反应关系,发现粘虫雄蛾对Zll-16,Ald和Z9-16：Ald的剂量-反应曲线呈现出典型的“S”型,并且反应阐值较低。而对16：A1d几乎没有反应。最为重要的是检测了粘虫雄蛾对雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,反应值的大小与样品中所提取的雌蛾腺体数目成正比。通过检测粘虫雄蛾对羽化不同天数,以及同一天羽化、在暗期不同时辰提取的雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,证实了粘虫雄蛾的反应曲线与雌蛾释放性信息素的时辰节律呈正相关。还比较了烟青虫和粘虫雄蛾对粘虫雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,间接证实了粘虫雌蛾腺体提取物中可能含有次要组分Z9-16;A1d。     

二点螟性外激素的化学结构及田间诱蛾效果

应用触角电位(EAG)技术,从70种合成的标样化合物中,确定顺-11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16:OH)、顺-11-十六碳烯醛(z11-16:ALD)为二点螟性外激素的候选化合物。借助气相色谱(GC)、薄层色谱(TLC)和酯化反应,对此虫雌蛾腹尖提取物分析,显示出仅有与烯醇相同保留时间的活性峰,排除了烯醛存在的可能性,用田间诱蛾试验验证室内分析的结果证明:烯醇张烯醛以不同的比例混合后,随着烯醛在混合物中的比例增加,诱蛾活性也越来越低,只有烯醇单独存在时,才具有最高的诱蛾活性,而且高于一头未交配的活雌蛾诱蛾活性。用气相色谱一质谱(GC—MS)对雌蛾腹尖提取物进行分折,也证实了二点螟的性外激素成分是Z11-16:OH。     

棉铃虫性外激素成分的化学分析和田间试验

利用毛细柱的气相色谱和质谱对棉铃虫（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）雌蛾腺体提取物的分析,鉴定出了他和十六碳醛、顺－9－十六碳烯醛、顺－11－十六碳烯醛、饱和十六碳醇和顺－11－十六碳烯醇,其相对比例为6．1：4．5：100：3．5：8．8。在山东、山西省的田间试验中,2mg的顺－11－十六碳烯醛和顺－9－十六碳烯醛（97：3）置橡胶塞上能有效地引诱棉铃虫雄蛾。增加4％－7％他和十六碳醛到二元混合物中诱蛾量超过二元混合物。增加1％顺－11－十六碳烯醇到二元或三元混合物中减少诱蛾量,当增加5％顺－11－十六碳醇时诱蛾量大量减少。     

小菜蛾合成性信息素田间诱蛾活性

本文介绍了应用小菜蛾Plutclla xylostella合成性信息素,顺-11-十六碳烯醛和顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯以及增效成份顺-11-十六碳烯醇的天然橡胶诱芯,于1982年和1983年在北京郊区和苏州郊区进行田间诱蛾试验。顺-11-十六碳烯醛和顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯的比例为5:5,另加入10％的顺-11-十六碳烯醇制成50微克的诱芯,诱蛾效果最高,超过5头活雌蛾。按以上成份比例和载置,含有1％或5％的反式异构体时,诱蛾效果低于纯顺式异构体,但仍有很强的诱蛾话性。当反式异构体含量为1.5％时,诱蛾效果相当于3头活雌蛾。用以上3种成份,纯顺式或含有1.5％反式异构体,制成的诱芯在北京郊区和苏州郊区于春季或秋季均可测出蛾高峰,可有效地用于虫情测报。     

合成性信息素对柑桔潜叶蛾的田间引诱作用

目前柑桔潜叶蛾的防治主要依赖化学农药, 而且生产中缺少有效测报技术。为此, 我们于2009年6月30日至10月6日在浙江宁波通过有机合成柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella（鳞翅目, 细蛾科）的3种性信息素化合物顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛, 配制成不同浓度比例的混合物, 进行田间试验比较其引诱活性。结果表明, 单一的顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛对柑桔潜叶蛾雄蛾就可以显示较强的引诱作用, 而顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛单一成分没有引诱活性, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛与顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛的二元混合物30∶1~3∶1之间活性较强, 而在30∶1的质量比例时诱虫量最高。含顺7-十六碳烯醛的三元混合物, 当顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛∶顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛∶顺7-十六碳烯醛三者比例为100∶10∶3时有显著增效作用。剂量与诱捕活性试验显示每枚诱芯1 mg顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛的剂量引诱作用最强, 随浓度降低, 引诱作用下降。诱捕器在0.8~1.5 m之间的不同悬挂高度对诱捕数量无显著影响。结果说明, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛组成的三元混合物诱芯可以作为柑桔潜叶蛾的诱杀技术并应用于其生物防治和预测测报。     

杨小舟蛾雌蛾性信息素活性成分的鉴定

【目的】鉴定杨小舟蛾Micromelalopha sieversi雌蛾性信息素活性成分的结构信息。【方法】采用正己烷浸提的方法提取杨小舟蛾性成熟处女雌蛾性腺中的活性成分;利用气相色谱-触角电位联用(GC-EAD)技术对其活性成分进行定位;性腺提取物与4-甲基-1,2,4-三唑啉-3,5-二酮(MTAD)进行微量化学反应,获得衍生物;利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分别对性腺提取物及MTAD衍生物进行质谱特征离子分析。【结果】GC-EAD结果显示,杨小舟蛾雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中的一种成分有较好的反应;GC-MS分析结果表明,能引起雄蛾触角电生理反应的成分为十八碳的不饱和醛;MTAD衍生物的GC-MS结果显示,该活性成分的两个双键分别位于碳链的13和15位。【结论】本研究鉴定出杨小舟蛾雌蛾性信息素活性成分的平面结构为13,15-十八碳二烯醛,但双键的立体构型有待合成标准化合物进一步鉴定。本研究为杨小舟蛾性信息素备选化合物的筛选提供了方向,为信息素的结构确证奠定了基础。     

Bt毒素对棉铃虫雄蛾感受雌蛾性信息素EAG反应的影响

用含Bt毒素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫至成虫(死亡率为40%～50%),采用触角电位 (electroantennogram, EAG) 技术,测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素2种组分顺9-十六碳烯醛(Z9-16:Ald)、顺11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16:Ald)及其混合物(Z11-16:Ald∶Z9-16:Ald=97∶3)的EAG反应。结果表明,Bt毒素对雄蛾感受性信息素单一组分和混合物的EAG反应均具促进作用;且随信息素剂量的增加,这种促进作用也随之增强。这一结果对于评价和实施延缓棉铃虫对Bt棉抗性的“庇护所"策略,具有一定的参考意义。     

旋花蛾性信息素成分的鉴定

提取和鉴定了杂草田旋花Convolvulus arvensis的天敌旋花蛾Tyta luctuosa的性信息素主要成分,并应用风洞实验对雄蛾进行了测试。结果表明,腺体提取物和雌蛾求偶时所释放的主要性信息素成分均为2种化合物：顺-9-十四碳烯醛（Z9-14∶Ald）和顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16∶Ald）。腺体提取物中2种化合物的总量在个体间差异很大（22～167 ng）,但二者的比率相对稳定（Z9-14∶Ald/Z11-16∶Ald=0.3±0.15）。雌蛾所释放的性信息素量及比率在个体间也存在差异。每只雌蛾求偶时平均每小时释放94 ng Z9-14∶Ald和45 ng Z11-16∶Ald,平均比率为2.2。风洞实验结果显示,48%的雄蛾可被合成的性信息素混合物（0.4 μg Z9-14∶Ald, 2 μg Z11-16∶Ald）引诱完成逆风飞行并最终触及刺激源,而2种对照组（以求偶期雌蛾或性信息素腺体提取物为刺激源）的引诱率则分别为62%和44%。     

小菜蛾化学生态学研究现状与展望

本文综述了几种植物吸引或阻抑小菜蛾成虫产卵或幼虫取食的效应。完整的、机械损伤的和菜粉蝶为害的甘蓝类蔬菜释放出数十种醇、醛、酯、酮、硫化物、羧酸类、异硫氰酸酯类和萜烯类挥发性化合物。机械损伤的甘蓝和小菜蛾、菜粉蝶及蜗牛为害的甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜粉蝶绒茧蜂。小菜蛾为害甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜蛾绒茧蜂。小菜蛾性信息素基本成分是顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯。当顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇以 5∶5∶0 1或顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇和顺 -9-十四碳烯乙酸酯按70∶3 0∶1∶0 0 1比例制成的诱芯诱蛾效果较好。宜深入探究寄主植物—小菜蛾—菜蛾绒茧蜂间的通讯机制 ,开发高效诱芯。     

A comparison of responses from olfactory receptor neurons of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Heliothis subflexa</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Heliothis virescens</Emphasis> to components of their sex pheromone

Single-cell electrophysiological recordings were obtained from olfactory receptor neurons in sensilla trichodea on male antennae of the heliothine species Heliothis subflexa and the closely related congener H. virescens. A large percentage of sensilla (72% and 81%, respectively, of all sensilla sampled) contained a single odor-responsive receptor neuron tuned to the major pheromone component of both species, Z-11-hexadecenal. A second population of sensilla on H. subflexa antennae (18%) housed receptor neurons that were tuned to Z-9-hexadecenal but also responded with less sensitivity to Z-9-tetradecenal. A similar population of sensilla (4%) on H. virescens male antennae housed receptor neurons that were shown to be tuned specifically only to Z-9-tetradecenal, with no response to even high dosages of Z-9-hexadecenal. A third population of sensilla (comprising 8% and 16% of the sensilla sampled in H. subflexa and H. virescens, respectively) housed two olfactory receptor neurons, one of which was tuned to Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the other tuned to Z-11-hexadecenol. In H. subflexa the Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate-tuned neuron also responded to Z-9-tetradecenal with nearly equivalent sensitivity. The behavioral requirements of males of these two species for distinct pheromonal blends was, therefore, reflected by the subtle differences in the tuning properties of antennal olfactory receptor neurons.Abbreviations MGC macroglomerular complex - ORN olfactory receptor neuron - Z9–14:Ald (Z)-9-tetradecenal - Z9–16:Ald (Z)-9-hexadecenal - Z11–16:Ac (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate - Z11–16:Ald (Z)-11-hexadecenal - Z11–16:OH (Z)-11-hexadecenol     

Glomerular targets of Heliothis subflexa male olfactory receptor neurons housed within long trichoid sensilla

We used single-sensillum recordings to characterize male Heliothis subflexa antennal olfactory receptor neuron physiology in response to compounds related to their sex pheromone. The recordings were then followed by cobalt staining in order to trace the neurons' axons to their glomerular destinations in the antennal lobe. Receptor neurons responding to the major pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, in the first type of sensillum, type-A, projected axons to the cumulus of the macroglomerular complex (MGC). In approximately 40% of the type-A sensilla, a colocalized receptor neuron was stained that projected consistently to the posterior complex 1 (PCx1), a specific glomerulus in an 8-glomerulus complex that we call the Posterior Complex (PCx). We found that receptor neurons residing in type-B sensilla and responding to a secondary pheromone component, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, send their axons to the dorsal medial glomerulus of the MGC. As in the type-A sensilla, we found a cocompartmentalized neuron within type-B sensilla that sends its axon to a different glomerulus of the PCx4. One neuron in type-C sensilla tuned to a third pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and a colocalized neuron responding to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate projected their axons to the anteromedial and ventromedial glomeruli of the MGC, respectively.     

Neurons discovered in male Helicoverpa zea antennae that correlate with pheromone-mediated attraction and interspecific antagonism

Responses of single receptor neurons in the antennae of male Helicoverpa zea to sex pheromone components and to behavioral antagonists were recorded using a cut-sensillum extracellular recording technique. Three types of sensilla were identified from sampling 325 male-specific sensilla trichodea located at the lateral edge of antennomeres. The majority of these sensilla (71%) contained a receptor neuron tuned to the principal sex pheromone component (Z)-11-hexadecenal. A second sensillar type (10%) contained a receptor neuron that responded only to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A third sensillar type (19%) contained a large-spiking neuron tuned to the secondary pheromone component (Z)-9-hexadecenal, but this neuron also could be stimulated to equivalent spike frequencies by the same emitted amounts of (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A smaller-spiking neuron in this sensillar type responded to two compounds known to act only as behavioral antagonists, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. Cross-adaptation studies confirmed the presence of one large- and one small-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type. Dose-response studies correlated to collected stimuli amounts showed that the large-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type was equally tuned to (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal, whereas the smaller-spiking neuron was far more sensitive to (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate than to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. Accepted: 29 September 1997     

Detection of sex pheromone components in Manduca sexta (L.).

The ability of olfactory receptor neurons to detect female-produced sex pheromone components and a limited sample of potential host plant odours was studied by single-sensillum recordings from olfactory sensilla present on male and female antennae in Manduca sexta. The majority of pheromone-sensitive receptor neurons examined in males was specialized for detection of the two major pheromone components, E10,Z12-hexadecadienal and E10,E12,Z14-hexadecatrienal or E10,E12,E14-hexadecatrienal. New olfactory receptor neurons tuned to the minor components E10,E12-hexadecadienal and Z11-hexadecenal were found. In females, olfactory receptor neurons specific to Z11-hexadecanal were discovered. Pheromone components and host volatiles were detected by separate sets of receptor neurons.     

Correlation between dendrite diameter and action potential amplitude in sex pheromone specific receptor neurons in male Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Outer dendritic segments of olfactory receptor neurons tuned to sex pheromone components were measured morphometrically on the antenna of male European corn borers. Ostrinia nubilalis, to determine if a correlation exists between the diameter of the outer dendritic segment and the spike amplitude. The olfactory sensilla investigated each contained three receptor cells. Two cells were each specific for one of the two pheromone components, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). Two strains of cornborers (Z and E) differ as to which of the two pheromone components is the main one. In both strains a large difference could be observed between the spike amplitudes elicited in the receptor cells by the two pheromone components, the main component always eliciting the large spike. In F1-hybrids (EZ) of these two strains, producing both pheromone components in similar quantities, the spike amplitudes were equal in the two pheromone-specific receptor cells. The third cell responded specifically to a behavioural antagonist. (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc) in both the parental and hybrid strains, and always showed the smallest spike amplitude. In a morphometric study, the outer dendritic segments were shown to differ more in diameter between the largest and second largest cell in the two parental strains than in the hybrid strain, while the smallest diameter cell did not differ between the different strains. These results imply that receptor cells with larger diameter produce spikes with greater amplitude. The data also show that all three types of receptor neurons display outer dendritic segments with strong variation in the diameter along the length of the segment, and with a pronounced taper towards the tip.     

Incomplete electrical isolation of sex-pheromone responsive olfactory receptor neurons from neighboring sensilla

In the long trichoid sensilla on male Helicoverpa zea antennae, approximately 40% of the sensilla having a large-spiking olfactory receptor neuron responding to the major pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, also exhibit small-spiking action potentials that also seem to be responsive to this same compound. In this study, we investigated whether these small-spiking signals are a result of intrusive electrical signals generated from neighboring sensilla. Two methods were used for this study. First, the sensillum was completely covered by the saline-filled recording electrode to physically prevent the sensillum from being contacted by exposure to (Z)-11-hexadecenal. In this case, activation of the large-spiking neuron in response to the pheromone component was prevented, whereas the small-spiking activity continued to be influenced by the airborne delivery of the pheromone. In the second method the (Z)-11-hexadecenal was applied directly in solution through the cut tip of the sensillum through the recording electrode. In this case only large-spiking activity occurred in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenal, with no increase whatsoever in the firing frequency of the small spikes. We conclude that these long trichoid olfactory sensilla are not completely isolated electrically from neighboring sensilla and that small spikes in some recordings originate from large-spiking olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in neighboring sensilla.     

Moth sex pheromone receptors and deceitful parapheromones

The insect''s olfactory system is so selective that male moths, for example, can discriminate female-produced sex pheromones from compounds with minimal structural modifications. Yet, there is an exception for this “lock-and-key” tight selectivity. Formate analogs can be used as replacement for less chemically stable, long-chain aldehyde pheromones, because male moths respond physiologically and behaviorally to these parapheromones. However, it remained hitherto unknown how formate analogs interact with aldehyde-sensitive odorant receptors (ORs). Neuronal responses to semiochemicals were investigated with single sensillum recordings. Odorant receptors (ORs) were cloned using degenerate primers, and tested with the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Quality, relative quantity, and purity of samples were evaluated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in trichoid sensilla on the antennae of male navel orangeworm that responded equally to the main constituent of the sex pheromone, (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal (Z11Z13-16Ald), and its formate analog, (9Z,11Z)-tetradecen-1-yl formate (Z9Z11-14OFor). We cloned an odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) and aldehyde-sensitive ORs from the navel orangeworm, one of which (AtraOR1) was expressed specifically in male antennae. AtraOR1•AtraOrco-expressing oocytes responded mainly to Z11Z13-16Ald, with moderate sensitivity to another component of the sex pheromone, (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadien-1-ol. Surprisingly, this receptor was more sensitive to the related formate than to the natural sex pheromone. A pheromone receptor from Heliothis virescens, HR13 ( = HvirOR13) showed a similar profile, with stronger responses elicited by a formate analog than to the natural sex pheromone, (11Z)-hexadecenal thus suggesting this might be a common feature of moth pheromone receptors.     

Pheromone-binding proteins contribute to the activation of olfactory receptor neurons in the silkmoths antheraea polyphemus and Bombyx mori

The sensilla trichodea of the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus are innervated by three types of receptor neurons each responding specifically to one of three pheromone components. The sensillum lymph of these sensilla surrounding the sensory dendrites contains three different types of pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) in high concentrations. The sensilla trichodea of the silkmoth Bombyx mori are supplied by two receptor neurons each tuned specifically to one of the two pheromone components bombykol and bombykal, but only one type of PBP has been found so far in these sensilla. Recombinant PBPs of both silkmoth species in various combinations with pheromone components were applied to the receptor neurons via tip-opened sensilla during electrophysiological recordings. Over a fairly broad range of pheromone concentrations the responses of the receptor neurons depended on both, the pheromone component and the type of the PBP. Therefore, the PBPs appear to contribute to the excitation of the receptor neurons. Furthermore, bombykal in combination with the expressed PBP of B. mori failed to activate the corresponding receptor neuron of B. mori, but did so if combined with one of the PBPs of A. polyphemus. Therefore, a still unknown binding protein involved in bombykal transport might be present in B. mori.     

Host plant volatiles synergize responses of sex pheromone-specific olfactory receptor neurons in male <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa zea</Emphasis>

Single-cell electrophysiological recordings were obtained from olfactory receptor neurons in antennal trichoid sensilla of male corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Spontaneous activity of the neuron specific for the major component ( Z)-11-hexadecenal, the conspecific female-emitted sex pheromone, was not affected by exposure to host plant volatiles. However, stimulations with binary mixtures of a threshold dosage of the pheromone component and increasing dosages of either linalool or ( Z)-3-hexenol significantly synergized the pheromone-specific neuron's firing rates compared with responses to the major pheromone component alone. Cross-adaptation studies confirmed that the enhanced impulses originated from the pheromone-component-tuned neuron. Because plant volatiles do not stimulate the pheromone-specific neuron when presented alone, the pheromone plus host odor blend would be interpreted as containing more pheromone than it actually does when processed by the pheromone-processing portion of the antennal lobe.     

The significance of major pheromone components and interspecific signals as expressed by receptor neurons in the oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta

Receptor neuron specificities for intra- and interspecific chemical signals were determined in males of Helicoverpa assulta, by testing single neurons for twelve heliothine produced compounds and two chemical analogues. Three types of receptor neurons were identified in the male specific sensilla trichodea type 1.

1. One large group of neurons (29 out of 63) was tuned to the major pheromone component (Z)-9-hexadecenal, in contrast to results obtained previously in a related species, where the information from this compound seems to be mediated via neurons tuned to (Z)-9-tetradecenal.
2. Another group of neurons (28/63) was tuned to (Z)-9-tetradecenal which is not produced by the conspecific females. These neurons and those tuned to the major pheromone component, always appearing together, are probably located in the same sensillum. Their large number suggests that (Z)-9-tetradecenal mediates an important message in this species, probably causing interspecific interruption.
3. The third group of neurons (6/63) was tuned to the second principal pheromone component (Z)-11-hexadecenal. These neurons showed similar specificities as the corresponding type of neurons in related species, indicating a conservation of their membrane receptors through evolution. In contrast, the (Z)-9-tetradecenal receptor neurons in H. assulta showed a different specificity than their counterparts in the related species, suggesting that their receptor proteins have evolved differently.