三江平原典型湿地枯落物早期分解过程及影响因素

枯落物分解是湿地物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,是维持湿地功能的重要过程之一。采用分解袋法对三江平原3种典型湿地植物枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行了研究。研究表明,在164d实验过程中乌拉苔草分解速率始终最快;在分解前103d中毛果苔草分解速率大于小叶章,但在103~164d间小叶章分解速率大于毛果苔草;分解164d,小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛果苔草枯落物的失重率分别为初始重的31.98%、32.99%和28.91%。分解过程中小叶章和毛果苔草枯落物中有机碳浓度波动较大,而乌拉苔草枯落物中持续下降;3种枯落物有机碳绝对含量都表现为净释放。小叶章枯落物中N浓度波动较大,绝对含量发生净释放;毛果苔草枯落物N浓度持续增加,绝对含量净增加;乌拉苔草枯落物N浓度先增加后减少,绝对含量发生净释放。3种枯落物中P浓度都先迅速下降后缓慢上升,绝对含量都表现为净释放。3种枯落物中C/N和C/P也相应的发生变化。小叶章和乌拉苔草枯落物分解速率与枯落物C/P显著相关,而毛果苔草枯落物与枯落物N浓度显著相关;对应3种枯落物分解速率的主要环境因子分别为土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤温度。3种枯落物分解速率和营养物质含量动态受到枯落物自身质量和温湿条件、周围环境营养状况等自然环境条件的共同影响,相比而言,受枯落物质量的影响更大。     

不同水分条件下毛果苔草枯落物分解及营养动态

于2009年5月至2010年5月采用分解袋法,研究了三江平原典型湿地植物毛果苔草枯落物分解对水分条件变化的响应,探讨了典型碟形洼地不同水位下枯落物分解1a时间内的分解速率与N、P等营养元素动态。分解1a内,无积水环境下枯落物失重率为34.99%,季节性积水环境下为27.28%,常年积水环境下随水位增加枯落物失重率分别为26.99%与30.67%,表明积水条件抑制了枯落物的分解。枯落物的分解随环境变化表现出阶段性特征,分解0—122 d内随水位增加枯落物失重率分别为16.09%、24.25%、23.53%与26.60%,即生长季内积水条件促进了枯落物有机质的分解及重量损失。而随实验进行,分解122—360 d内随水位增加毛果苔草枯落物的失重率分别为18.90%、3.02%、3.46%、4.03%,即在非生长季土壤冻融期积水条件抑制了枯落物分解(P<0.05)。水分条件对毛果苔草枯落物N元素的影响表现为积水条件促进生长季内枯落物的N固定,水位最高处毛果苔草N浓度显著高于无积水环境(P<0.05)。但进入冻融期后积水环境下枯落物N浓度与含量降低;其中季节性积水限制了枯落物的N积累能力,至分解360d时与初始值相比表现出明显的N释放(P=0.01)。毛果苔草枯落物分解61d时P出现富集,其中积水条件下P的富集作用增强,但与水位不相关。分解1a后毛果苔草枯落物表现为P的净释放,不同水分条件下枯落物P元素损失没有明显差异(P>0.05)。     

胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解过程中枯落物-土壤养分动态

通过为期52 d的室内实验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地米草、碱蓬、芦苇枯落物的分解过程,测定枯落物及土壤中有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,研究枯落物分解过程中枯落物-土壤养分的动态变化。结果表明:52 d的分解过程中,米草、碱蓬和芦苇枯落物碳损失分别占初始总碳含量的24.44%、74.20%和49.75%;土壤中碳发生净积累;米草枯落物中氮发生净积累,碱蓬枯落物中氮发生净释放,芦苇枯落物中氮先积累后释放,后两者枯落物氮损失分别占初始总氮含量的37.93%和4.81%;土壤中氮发生净积累;枯落物和土壤中磷均表现为净释放,米草、碱蓬和芦苇枯落物磷损失分别占初始总磷含量的42.37%、59.27%和28.48%;枯落物-土壤系统中C、N、P的动态变化与枯落物和土壤性质密切相关,这主要是由微生物的活性和养分需求决定的。     

鄱阳湖湿地优势植物枯落物的分解速率及碳、氮、磷释放动态特征

植物枯落物分解对生态系统碳通量和养分循环有至关重要的作用,这一过程主要由3个相互作用的因素决定,即化学（枯落物理化特性）、物理（气候和环境）以及生物（参与枯落物分解的微生物和无脊椎动物）因素。在气候和立地环境条件相同的情况下,枯落物质量是制约分解的内在因素。在鄱阳湖湿地开展了野外定位观测实验,采用分解袋技术研究了鄱阳湖湿地优势植物芦苇（Phragmite）、南荻（Triarrhena lutarioriparia）和薹草（Carex.cinerascens Kükenth）枯落物分解速率及碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）元素释放动态特的征差异性。结果表明,在0-150 d内三种植物枯落物的干物质分解速率和残留率以及碳相对归还指数（CRRI）、氮相对归还指数（NRRI）、磷相对归还指数（PRRI）差异性都极其显著。在0-150 d内分解速率都是芦苇的最大,薹草的次之,南荻最小。分解进行150 d后,芦苇、南荻和薹草枯落物干物质残留率依次约为56.57%、67.99%和60.88%,CRRI依次约为57.44%、34.58%和41.75%,NRRI依次约为50.71%、-22.66%、和23.18%,PRRI依次约为88.91%、79.27%和85.63%。用Olson负指数衰减模型拟合方程预测芦苇、南荻、薹草枯落物分解完成50%所需的时间大约依次为184 d、249 d和210 d,分解完成95%所需的时间依次为795 d、1078 d和908 d。芦苇和薹草枯落物碳、氮和磷在分解过程中都表现出净释放模式,而南荻枯落物的碳和磷也一直表现为净释放模式,但是氮一直表现为净积累模式。芦苇分解过程中的营养释放作用最强,而南荻群落对氮的吸收和富集效应最强。研究表明植物种类及基质物质量对枯落物分解及其养分释放有很强的调控作用。今后的研究应考虑不同物种枯落物混合时的分解过程以及分解过程中的微生物因素,以便能揭示植物群落物种多样性及微生物活动在湿地生物地球化学循环中的调控作用机制,以期为鄱阳湖湿地碳、氮和磷的生物地球化学循环提供更新的认识,为鄱阳湖湿地的科学管理、保护与恢复提供科学依据。     

互花米草与短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量学特征

为了揭示植物枯落物分解过程中元素生态化学计量学特征,对闽江河口湿地互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程进行了测定.结果表明:整个分解期间内(2007年1-10月),在近潮沟生境和远潮沟生境,互花米草枯落物分解速率、氮磷养分含量低于短叶茳芏枯落物,但热值高于短叶茳芏枯落物;近潮沟生境,互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为70.5和34.7,2285.8和1210.7,32.8和35.4;远潮沟生境互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为72.7和33.2,2519.2和1167.0,34.0和35.9,两种生境下均表现为互花米草具有较高的C/N、C/P和较低的N/P;互花米草枯落物分解过程中具有较高的C/N和C/P,其分解速率较低.     

水淹条件下灰化薹草和虉草活体、枯落物分解过程的比较

为了揭示鄱阳湖湿地活体植物和自然枯落物在水淹条件下分解过程的差异,以鄱阳湖湿地优势植被物种灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)为研究对象,采用分解袋法开展室内模拟实验。植物样品设置新鲜和风干两种处理,分别模拟活体植物和自然枯落物在水下的分解过程。研究结果表明:(1)在180 d的淹水实验过程中,两种处理下的灰化薹草和虉草的分解过程都具有阶段性,前期分解速率较快,后期较慢。(2)两种植物枯落物的分解速率与植物C/N比有显著相关性,而活体植物的分解速率与植物C/N比相关性不强。(3)活体植物和自然枯落物的水下分解速率与物种有关,虉草活体比虉草枯落物分解速率快,而薹草活体比薹草枯落物分解速率慢。(4)模拟实验结束时活体植物仍有34%—43%未分解,推测鄱阳湖丰水期退水后大量洲滩植被消失的原因并非是植被在水淹下完全分解,而是一部分植被被水生动物啃噬或被水流冲走。     

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物初期分解动态

通过4周淋洗分解试验，探讨了微生物活动和淋洗作用对三江平原沼泽湿地沼泽化草甸小叶章和湿草甸小叶章枯落物初期分解的影响.结果表明：两种小叶章植物初期分解的质量损失分别占当年分解物质损失量的59％和22％，28 d分解后枯落物残留量明显降低，并呈先快后慢的变化过程.两种枯落物中N、P含量均有明显下降，N含量分别下降了约3265%和2455%，P下降了36.71%和45.15％.抑制微生物处理的枯落物N、P含量较不抑制处理高，但差异不显著；抑制和不抑制微生物处理下枯落物释放到淋洗液N、P含量变化也不相同，但差异未达到显著水平.表明小叶章初期分解主要受淋洗作用的影响.两种小叶章植物的分解速率和养分损失速率差异均未达到显著水平.     

三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放

利用静态箱-碱液吸收法研究了三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率,讨论了影响CO2释放的环境因素,估算了枯落物分解的CO2释放对于总释放的贡献.结果表明,生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章湿草甸各部分CO2释放均具有明显的时间变化特征,温度和水分是重要制约因素.两类草甸湿地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为4.33g·m-2·d-1和6.15g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2平均释放速率分别为1.76g·m-2·d-1和3.10g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2释放占总释放量的31%和35%,说明在碳素由地上植物碳库转移到地下土壤碳库的过程中,湿地枯落物是一个不可忽略的碳损失源.     

上海市大莲湖池杉林三种优势植物枯落物分解动态

用枯落物分解网袋法,对上海市大莲湖湿地池杉林内3种优势植物池杉(Taxodium ascendens)、孔雀稗(Echinochloa cruspavonis)、日本看麦娘(Alopecurus japonicus)的枯落物进行了190 d的分解培养,测定了分解速率及其C、N、P养分元素释放动态.用收集器法对池杉林枯落物的数量进行了研究.结果表明,池杉林内池杉每年产生枯落物量为5.70t·hm-2,是该林地枯落物的主要来源.3种植物枯落物的分解速率(枯落物的干重量损失)依次为日本看麦娘＞孔雀稗＞池杉.C元素含量在3种植物枯落物中随时间显著下降;N、P元素在池杉枯落物中均有不同程度的富集,而在日本看麦娘和孔雀稗中则没有发生富集现象.     

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物分解及主要元素变化动态

应用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物的分解失重及其主要营养元素的变化动态。结果表明,小叶章枯落物的年分解速率为0.257,二次指数模型:Wt/W0=0.0399e-0.545t+0.9601e0.018t(R2=0.945)能更好地描述其分解失重动态。分解过程中,C、N、P、Ca的积累系数(NAI)<100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净释放;K、Na的NAI>100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净积累;Mg、Mn、Fe的NAI值与100%无显著差异(P>0.05),元素既有释放又有积累。分解16个月后,小叶章枯落物各元素总体释放率的大小顺序为:Fe>P>Ca>N>C>Mg>Mn>K>Na,而相应元素的释放量分别为:0.106、0.147、0.971、0.568、65.37、-0.017、-0.114、-0.209和-0.125 g.m-2。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.