沈阳地区主要树木净化SO2潜力及植树定额的估算

通过实地测定和熏烟实验,揭示了沈阳地区不同类型树木的总生物量、SO₂吸收强度和S的吸转周期数,三者的乘积是树木净化SO₂的总潜力,为4.39×10⁶kg,约占沈阳年排S量120×10⁶kg的3.66%.树木平均最高可净化S12.19kg·km^-2·d^-1.沈阳现有树种组成的平均吸S量为0.70kg株^-1·年^-1;若以阔叶乔木平均吸S量1.35kg·株^-1·年^-1计,欲全部净化沈阳的年排S量,需要阔叶乔木8888×104株,相当于现有树木株数的12.9倍.经推算,在增强环保力度、减少年排S量20%的条件下,再扩植现有树木1.0倍的阔叶乔木,即可使沈阳大气SO₂浓度下降到0.06mg·m^-3以下,成为环境达标城市.     

树木气孔浸润级与SO_2伤害及ABA的防护作用

以常见绿化树种为材料 ,通过实地测定和熏烟实验 ,探讨了气孔浸润级与树木SO2 伤害的关系及ABA的防护效应 .结果表明 ,在特定环境下 ,相同树种的气孔浸润级较为稳定 ,不同树种的气孔浸润级差异较大 ;浸润级与叶绿素结合度呈负相关变化 ,但不明显 ;与K 渗出量呈正相关 (r =0 .92 ,α <0 .0 1) ,并按 95 %的置信度绘制了伤害预测图 .不同SO2 浓度条件下 ,对同一树种的气孔浸润级的影响甚小 ,不超过一个等级 ,K 渗出量则依大气SO2 浓度和树木吸S量的增加而增多 .气孔浸润级依ABA溶液处理浓度增大而降低 ,K 渗出量也相应减少 ,经 2 .5mol·L-1× 4h剂量的SO2 熏烟 ,预涂 30mol·L-1ABA者 ,降低了 1.5～ 3个浸润级 ,K 渗出量减少 36 .5 %～ 5 4.8% ,其测定值与自然对照值相近 ,防护作用显著 .     

珍珠菜提取物抗肿瘤作用的初步研究

观察灌服珍珠菜提取物对小鼠肉瘤 ( S1 80 )的抑制作用 ,用相同方法跟踪珍珠菜的抗肿瘤有效部位。用紫外分光光度法 ,观察了珍珠菜提取物对环磷酰胺造成骨髓抑制的保护作用 ;采用 MTT法观察不同浓度珍珠菜提取物对人白血病 HL - 6 0及 K 5 6 2细胞的体外抑制作用。结果表明珍珠菜浸膏 ( 40 0 0 m g/ kg· d)、石油醚部位 ( 2 0 0 m g/kg· d)、氯仿部位 ( 2 0 0 m g/ kg· d)、乙酸乙酯 ( 2 0 0 mg/ kg· d)部位、正丁醇部位 ( 2 0 0 mg/ kg· d)及水溶性部位 ( 2 0 0mg/ kg· d)对小鼠肉瘤 ( S1 80 )抑瘤率分别为 5 2 .74%,16 .5 1%,2 8.41%,42 .17%,48.2 1%,2 5 .2 4%;小鼠灌服环磷酰胺 ( 2 5 mg/ kg· d)能引起骨髓抑制而使骨髓中 DNA含量下降 ,如同时灌服珍珠菜浸膏 ( 2 0 0 0 m g/ kg· d)则可使小鼠骨髓 DNA含量恢复至接近正常水平 ;珍珠菜总黄酮提取物 ( 2 10μg/ m L )、乙酸乙酯部位 ( 180μg/ m L )、正丁醇部位 ( 2 10μg/ m L )作用 48h对 HL - 6 0细胞的抑制率分别为 35 .6 6 %,45 .85 %,42 .36 %;IC5 0分别为 92 .85 ,16 4.93,40 2 .6 1μg/ m L ;对 K5 6 2细胞抑制率为 5 9.94%,70 .34%,77.98%;IC5 0分别为 17.6 4,5 2 .5 3,6 4.70μg/ m L。因此 ,珍珠菜提取物对小鼠肉瘤 ( S180 )有显     

鼎湖山森林植被优势种云南银柴和柏拉木的生物量及第一性生产力研究

本文采用树木收获、气体交换等方法,研究了鼎湖山地带性植被季风常绿阔叶林立术第3层和第4层主要优势种云南银柴和柏拉木的生物量和第一性生产力。研究结果表明,云南银柴和柏拉木种群在群落中的生物量分别为干重12009和7874kg·ha~(-1)、鲜重22733和15155kg·ha~(-1);第一性生产力分别为874和480kg·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。并对研究结果作进一步讨论,以揭示两种群在群落中的作用和地位。     

天津开发区滨海生态防护圈组成群落的生物量、物质和能量结构

构成天津开发区滨海生态防护圈的 4种群落的生物量和能量现存量分别为 ,乔 灌 草群落 2 8 5 5t·hm-2 、5 2 5 91× 10 9J·hm-2 ,灌木群落 2 8 11t·hm-2 、5 0 3 2 7× 10 9J·hm-2 ,草本群落 2 4 30t·hm-2 、35 5 6 8× 10 9J·hm-2 ,灌 草群落 4 2 1t·hm-2 、75 5 2× 10 9J·hm-2 ,都大大超过了原生植被碱蓬群落 ( 0 2 75t·hm-2 、3 6 1× 10 9J·hm-2 )。具有复层结构的乔 灌 草群落和灌 草群落在生物量和能量现存量的分配上 ,都是优势层占据绝对优势地位 ,而且在各群落中生物量和能量分配比例很接近 :乔 灌 草群落中乔木层占 84 34%和 84 4 3%、灌木层占14 89%和 14 84 %、草本层仅占 0 77%和 0 73% ;灌 草群落中灌木层占 80 0 8%和 80 5 1%、草本层占 19 95 %和 19 4 9%。 4种群落对N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cl- 7种元素的现存总量从大到小依次为草本群落 ( 2 4 81 87kg·hm-2 )、灌木群落 ( 5 18 16kg·hm-2 )、乔 灌 草群落 ( 4 99 4 9kg·hm-2 )、灌 草群落 ( 99 2 2kg·hm-2 ) ,大于原生碱蓬群落 ( 2 8 34kg·hm-2 )。草本群落对Na和Cl-有着极大的吸收和积累 ,分别达到 5 2 1 6 8kg·hm-2 和 14 2 9 15kg·hm-2 。元素现存量在复层结构的乔 灌 草群落和灌 草群落     

螺旋藻过氧化氢酶的比较研究

采用碘量法对毛乌素沙地碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻S1 与国外引进的钝顶螺旋藻S2 和极大螺旋藻S3 的过氧化氢酶 (CAT)进行了比较研究。结果表明 :S1 、S2 和S3CAT活性在 2 5℃、pH 7 0时分别为 41 0 7U/g·FW、 550 4U/g·FW和 370 3U/g·FW ;Km值分别为 5 0× 1 0 - 2mol/L、 5 4× 1 0 - 2 mol/L和 3 8× 1 0 - 2 mol/L ;最适温度分别为 2 5℃、 2 5℃和 40℃ ;最适pH值分别为 7 2、 7 6和 7 8。内蒙古特有的S1 CAT对温度和pH适应范围宽 ,且在低温、高温和强碱下的活性比引进种的高。     

螺旋藻过氧化氢酶的比较研究*

采用碘量法对毛乌素沙地碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻S1 与国外引进的钝顶螺旋藻S2 和极大螺旋藻S3 的过氧化氢酶 (CAT)进行了比较研究。结果表明 :S1 、S2 和S3CAT活性在 2 5℃、pH 7 0时分别为 41 0 7U/g·FW、 550 4U/g·FW和 370 3U/g·FW ;Km值分别为 5 0× 1 0 ^{- 2}mol/L、 5 4× 1 0 ^{- 2} mol/L和 3 8× 1 0 ^{- 2} mol/L ;最适温度分别为 2 5℃     

北疆高产棉花密度与打顶时序调控的生态位适宜度研究

以北疆棉区高产 (2 0 0 0kg·hm-2 )棉花 (G .hirsutumL .)为研究对象 ,引进生态位适宜度理论对受密度和打顶时序调控的高产棉花生态位适宜度进行了研究。经果表明 ,在密度梯度上 ,随密度增加棉花生态位适宜度值增加。 1 5 0× 1 0 3 株·hm-2 密度下 ,分次打顶降低了生态位适宜度 ,导致减产 ;在高密度种植条件下 ,分期打顶能提高生态位适宜度 ,有利于提高产量。在 2 2 5× 1 0 3 和 30 0× 1 0 3 株·hm-2 密度条件下 ,与同密度下 1次打顶 (7/5 )相比 ,2次打顶增产 4 5 %和 1 1 3%,3次打顶增产 7 5 %和 5 9%。 1 5 0× 1 0 3 株·hm-2 密度下 ,棉田苗蕾期LAI较小、漏光损失大 ,光合势低 ,是实现超高产的主要限制因子 ,花铃期的分期打顶导致减产。在 2 2 5× 1 0 3 和 30 0× 1 0 3 株·hm-2 密度条件下 ,棉花苗蕾期LAI增加 ,分期打顶保证了花铃期较适宜的LAI ,提高了棉花生态位适宜度 ,有利于提高产量 ;1次打顶处理 (7月 5日 )比本区生产上的打顶时间 (7月 1 0日左右 )提早了 5d左右 ,使高密度棉花群体LAI的发展受到了一定程度地限制 ,避免了因密度高群体透光条件的恶化而降低了其生态位适宜度值 ,造成减产损失。     

果粮间作生态系统功能特征研究

 黄淮海平原豫北地区果粮间作生态系统功能特征研究结果表明： (1)果粮间作系统(苹果、小麦、花生)是一个多植物种群,多层次结构,多功能、多效益的人工生态系统;(2,果粮间作系统对灾害性干热风、高温、低温等气象条件起到抗逆作用,能提高土壤肥力,改变系统生物种群结构,增加系统的稳定性;(3)系统的年经济产量为5218.6kg·h-1·yr-1,年生产力为17645.6kg·ha-1·yr-1,年凋落量为206.9kg·ha-1·yr-1,1988—1991年4年中,净经济效益为每公顷50781.2元,能量现存量为78.4699×1010J·ha-1,年固定能量为49.6×1010J·ha-1·yr-1,光能转化率为1.138%,营养元素N、P、K在系统的累积量分别为640.8、130.8、328.4kg·ha-1,年吸收量分别为554.5、96.7、253.9kg·ha-1·yr-1,年归还量分别为16.4、3.4,10.4kg·ha-1·yr-1,年归还率分别为：2.9%、3.5%、4.1%。     

黑曲霉产菊粉酶的发酵条件优化及诱变育种

对1株黑曲霉产菊粉酶的发酵条件进行了研究,确定了优化的发酵条件为菊粉2%,酵母膏2%,(NH4)H2PO40 5%,Na Cl0 5%,MgSO4·7H2O0 05%,ZnSO4·7H2O0 01%,初始pH6 5,接种量1 6%,装液量30ml,发酵5d,菊粉酶活最高可达26U/ml,I/S为1 15。经Co60诱变筛选出1株突变株C-32,在相同的发酵条件下菊粉酶活提高30%,I/S不变。     

Change of Sulfur Content in the Bark and Its Application in Monitoring the Air SO2 Pollution in Winter

The sulfur content in different parts of the twig the same year is different, i.e. leaf bark wood. Variation exists in different tree species in seasons and appears to be in positive retation with atmospheric SO2 concentration. The bark of hibernal twig of the deciduous leaves possesses significant capacity of sulfur absorption which is interrelated with the total opening of lenticelle and is also influenced by the surface structure of stems as well. This paper presents a regression equation and a calculation chart for monitoring SO2 pollution by sulfur content detected in the bark in winter at some regions in Shenyang. The results are in concert with those determinated by the physical-chemical methods.     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木径向生长季节动态及其对气候因子的响应

研究采用树木生长环在哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林持续9年(2009—2017年)监测了2个常绿树种(厚皮香,Ternstroemia gymnanthera;南亚枇杷,Eriobotrya bengalensis)和2个落叶树种(西桦,Betula alnoides;珍珠花,Lyonia ovalifolia)的树干月生长量,采用逻辑斯蒂生长模型(Logistic model)模拟树木径向生长量和物候参数,并分析了年、季尺度上径向生长与主要气候因子的关系。结果表明:1)4个树种年平均生长量为6.3 mm,落叶树种年平均生长量(10.6 mm/a)显著高于常绿树种(3.0 mm/a);2)雨季(5—10月)是哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树木生长的主要时期,4个树种雨季平均生长量为5.9 mm,占全年总生长量的93%,其中落叶树种雨季生长量占全年的96%,而常绿树种雨季生长量占全年的86%;3)常绿树种生长季长度为169天,长于落叶树种(137天),而落叶树种最大生长速率(0.14 mm/d)显著高于常绿树种(0.03 mm/d),最大径向生长速率能很好地预测树种年生长量;4)低温、雾日和光合有效辐射是影响哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林4个研究树种径向生长的重要环境因子,其中温度对常绿树种径向生长具有显著影响,而雨日、雾日与空气湿度等水分因子对落叶树种径向生长更为重要。常绿树种年生长量对旱季气候因子的响应相比落叶树种更为敏感,树木旱季生长量除了受低温限制外,也受到水分供给的影响。气候变化可能改变不同物候类型树种在哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林中的生长状态与分布格局。     

杨树人工林下根系的氮素循环与动态特征

研究了辽宁沈阳地区人工林杨树细根及林下草本植物根系的N循环、积累和动态变化特征。结果表明,杨树人工林分条件下活细根中N储量为20．3kg·h^-2,净积累量10kg·hm^-2,吸收量14．7kg·hm^-2,年存留量和归还量分别为9．6和5．1kg·hm^-2周转期4年,整个生长季节杨树细根中N含量与土壤中水解N、NH3-N无明显相关,杨树细根中N浓度与活细根生物量的变化趋势大体一致,两者呈显著正相关。根据杨树活细根中N含量可以估测杨树活细根生物量,该林分下的草本植物根系主要吸收NH3-N,草根中N含量浓度变化与土壤中NH3-N的变化趋势相同,两者呈显著正相关。     

Temperature, air pollution and total mortality during summers in Sydney, 1994–2004

This study investigated the effect of temperature and air pollutants on total mortality in summers in Sydney, Australia. Daily data on weather variables, mortality and air pollution for the Sydney metropolitan area from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2004 were supplied by Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Bureau of Statistics, and Environment Protection Agency of New South Wales, respectively. We examined the association of total mortality with weather indicators and air pollution using generalised additive models (GAMs). A time-series classification and regression tree (CART) model was developed to explore the interaction effects of temperature and air pollution that impacted on mortality. Our results show that the average increase in total daily mortality was 0.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6-1.3%] and 22% (95% CI: 6.4-40.5%) for a 1 degrees C increase in daily maximum temperature and 1 part per hundred million (pphm) increase in daily average concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), respectively. Time-series CART results show that maximum temperature and SO(2) on the current day had significant interaction effects on total mortality. There were 7.3% and 12.1% increases in daily average mortality when maximum temperature was over 32 degrees C and mean SO(2) exceeded 0.315 pphm, respectively. Daily maximum temperature was statistically significantly associated with daily deaths in Sydney during summers between 1994 and 2004. Elevated daily maximum temperature combined with high SO(2) concentrations appeared to have contributed to the increased mortality observed in Sydney during this period.     

天然更新的檫木林的生物量和生产力

通过对标准木的测定,建立相对生长方程,了福建省建阳书坊林场天然更新的檫木（Sassafras tzumu）林分的生物量和生产力,结果表明：20年生檫木林分平均现存生物量为58693kghm^-2,平均年生产力为4259kghm^-2,檫木生物量与胸径间存在极显著回归关系,大部分生物量集中于树体中下部,生物量的径级分布以20cm径级积累值最大。这些结果对阔叶林的营造及其生态系统结构与功能的研究具有现实意义。     

北京市26种落叶阔叶绿化树种的滞尘能力

为筛选适用于北京市的具有优良滞尘能力的绿化物种, 提高城市植被滞尘效应, 选取北京市园林绿化应用最广泛的26种落叶阔叶树种, 应用质量差值法, 于2014年夏季对不同树种单位叶面积滞尘量进行测定, 计算单叶滞尘量与单株滞尘量, 并对树种滞尘能力进行了相应的聚类分析。结果表明: 不同树种间滞尘能力存在较大差异, 选择不同的滞尘量计量单位, 树种滞尘量排序会相应地发生变化。对26种北京市常用落叶阔叶树种从叶片、植株与综合滞尘能力三个方面的聚类分析均可得到相应的分类, 各类别代表不同级别的滞尘能力水平。研究分析认为, 植物滞尘能力与其叶表特征、滞尘方式、株型结构、整株叶量及所处环境含尘量等密切相关, 评价树种滞尘能力时应进行综合考虑。     

Decomposition and nitrogen release from the foliage litter of fir (Abies sachalinensis) and oak (Quercus crispula) under different forest canopies in Hokkaido, Japan

When two tree species co-occur, decomposition and nitrogen (N) release from the foliage litter depend on two factors: the forest floor conditions under each canopy type and the species composition of the litter. We conducted an experiment using fir and oak to answer several questions regarding decomposition beneath canopies of the two species and the effects of litter species composition on decomposition. We compared the rates of decomposition and N release from three different litters (fir needle, oak leaf, and a mixture of the two) in 1-mm-mesh litterbags on the forest floor under three different canopies (a 40-year-old fir plantation, large oak trees, and mixed fir and oak trees) in Hokkaido, Japan, over a 2-year period. Beneath each of these canopy types, the litter decomposition rate and percentage of N remaining in the litterbags containing a mixture of fir and oak litter were not significantly different from the expected values calculated for litterbags containing litter from a single tree species. Oak leaf litter decomposed significantly faster than fir needle litter beneath each canopy type. The litter decomposition rate was significantly higher beneath the fir canopy than under the oak canopy, and was intermediate under the mixed canopy of fir and oak. No net N release, that is, a decrease in the total N compared to the original amount, was detected from fir litter under each canopy type or from oak leaf litter beneath the oak canopy. N increased over the original amount in the fir litter beneath the oak canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak, but N was released from the oak litter under the fir canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak. These results suggest that oak leaf litter blown onto fir forest floor enhances nutrient cycling, and this might be a positive effect of a mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees.     

广东韶关市公益林乔木层碳密度和碳储量研究

对韶关市公益林乔木层的优势树种和龄组的碳储量、碳密度和碳汇量进行分析。结果表明,韶关公益林乔木林碳储量为190.06 Tg,固碳总量优势树种以阔叶林为主,龄组以中幼林为主;平均碳密度为34.73 t·hm–2,随着龄组增加,树种的碳密度普遍呈增加趋势;公益林乔木林碳汇量为 23.90 万t·a–1,以中幼林的碳汇为主。提高阔叶林和中幼龄树种的单位面积蓄积量,是增加公益林有机碳储量和碳汇功能的主要途径。     

四种不同生活型树种细根寿命及影响因素

以4种不同生活型树种(常绿阔叶和针叶树种、落叶阔叶和针叶树种)为研究对象,通过微根管法现地观测细根的生长动态,比较不同生活型树种细根寿命在种内和种间的差异,探讨影响细根寿命的主要因子,研究结果对理解和预测森林生态系统碳及养分循环过程具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:(1)细根形态特征(分枝结构和直径)显著影响种内细根寿命,分枝等级越低、直径越小,细根的寿命越短;(2)4个树种的细根寿命表现出明显的土层效应和季节效应,即随土壤深度增加,细根的累积存活率逐渐增加,寿命延长;而不同季节出生的细根其寿命长短模式在树种间不一致,春季或夏季出生的细根寿命要长于秋冬季;(3)常绿树种(柳杉、石栎)的细根寿命要长于落叶树种(池杉、麻栎),同时,针叶树种(池杉、柳杉)的细根寿命要长于阔叶树种(麻栎、石栎)。在同一树种内,细根寿命受细根直径、根系分枝结构、土壤环境因子(土层)等因素显著影响,但在不同树种间,细根寿命可能更依赖于树木生长速率、碳分配模式等树木整体的功能性状差异。     

Annual photosynthetic activities of temperate evergreen and deciduous broadleaf tree species with simultaneous and successive leaf emergence in response to altitudinal air temperature

To explain why the composition of evergreen and deciduous forests changes along air temperature gradients, we measured several traits of single leaves from temperate deciduous and evergreen broadleaf trees with simultaneous and successive leaf emergence growing at different altitudes in the field. The parameters included seasonal net photosynthetic rate, longevity, mass per area, nitrogen content, and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. With decreasing altitude, the leaf longevity of deciduous broadleaf trees increased, whereas the maximum net photosynthetic rate decreased. In contrast, leaf longevity of evergreen broadleaf trees decreased, whereas the minimum net photosynthetic rate in winter increased. Along the air temperature gradient, the annual production of deciduous trees with simultaneous leaf emergence may be constant, because the integrated lifetime net photosynthetic rate (ILNPR) of a single leaf changed little. In comparison, deciduous trees with successive leaf emergence may show enhanced annual production with increasing air temperature, by increasing the total leaf number per branch and tree under an extended growing season. Temperate evergreen broadleaf tree species may also show increased annual production with increasing air temperature by sufficiently raising the number of the first-year leaves to the total leaves of branch and tree, which is accelerated by raising the integrated first-year net photosynthetic rate of the single leaf, despite little change in the ILNPR. With increasing air temperature from cool-temperate to warm-temperate zones, evergreen broadleaf tree species gain an advantage of the annual production over deciduous broadleaf tree species with simultaneous leaf emergence.