荷木人工林蒸腾与冠层气孔导度特征及对环境因子的响应

为了解荷木人工林水分利用特征及与环境因子的关系,利用Granier热消散探针于2007年12月(干季)和2008年9月(湿季)对荷木(Schima superba)人工林的15株样树树干液流进行测定并结合环境因子,计算林段总蒸腾(Jd)和冠层气孔导度(gs)。结果表明:边材面积(As)越大的径级对林段总蒸腾量的贡献越大。Jd干湿季差异显著,9月和12月平均分别为21.1 g H2O s-1和7.03 g H2O s-1,显示了明显的季节变化。环境因子与Jd呈极显著相关性,相关系数依次为:光合有效辐射(PAR)水汽压亏缺(VPD)空气相对湿度气温。gs在9月和12月的最大值分别为30.8 mmol m-2s-1和19.7 mmol m-2s-1;gs与PAR呈线性正相关;当PAR1000μmol m-2s-1且VPD2kPa时,gs与VPD呈线性负相关;偏相关分析表明土壤含水量与gs没有显著的相关性,显示所研究时间内土壤水分状况对荷木人工林蒸腾没有显著影响。     

C_3和C_4植物的水分利用效率

对C3植物黄豆（Glycinemax）和C4植物玉米（Zeamays）的光合、蒸腾以及水分利用效率（WUE）进行了比较研究。结果表明,玉米WUE水平约为黄豆的2倍,这与两种植物的光合速率水平相一致,说明植物叶片的WUE主要决定于其光合速率大小。通过环境条件对两种植物的影响分析可知,玉米WUE在0-1000μmol·m-2·s-1光强范围内与光合有效辐射（PAR）呈线形关系,最适温度为29℃左右;黄豆WUE在0-　1200mol·m-2·s-1光强范围内与PAR呈线形关系,最适温度为32℃左右。     

羊草叶片气孔导度特征及数值模拟

对松嫩平原草地羊草叶片气孔导特征及与环境因子关系的研究结果表明,羊草叶片气孔导度日变化与环境因子密切相关,晴天表现为双峰曲线,阴天为单峰曲线,同时叶片气孔导度（gs)对瞬时光合有效辐射（PAR）,叶片与空气间的水汽压亏损（VPD）,空气温度（Ta）反应十分明显,依据野外实测资料,在对国际上两类代表性气孔导度模型验证比较的基础上,建立了适用于羊草草原的羊草叶片气孔导度对环境因子的响应模型gs=PAR(2.01Ta^2 147.74Ta-2321.11)/(444.62 PAR)(-538.04 VPD).     

5种常见水土保持树种的气体交换特性研究

为了了解水土保持树种的气体交换特性,对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)等常见树种的光合蒸腾特性进行研究。结果表明,香樟、无患子、南酸枣和毛竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象;秃瓣杜英的Pn日变化曲线则呈单峰型,未出现"光合午休"现象。5种树种的Pn以香樟毛竹无患子南酸枣秃瓣杜英;蒸腾速率(Tr)以香樟无患子毛竹南酸枣秃瓣杜英;水分利用效率(WUE)以秃瓣杜英毛竹南酸枣无患子香樟。单因素方差分析表明:不同树种间的Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和WUE存在显著差异,而Pn和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,Pn与Tr、Gs和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈正相关关系;Tr与Gs呈正相关关系,与WUE呈负相关关系;Gs与WUE呈负相关关系;Ci与PAR和空气CO2浓度(Ta)呈负相关关系。香樟和无患子的Tr相对较大,而WUE较低,在养护过程应加强浇水及遮阴以降低其水分蒸腾的速率;秃瓣杜英、南酸枣和毛竹的Tr相对较低,而WUE相对较高,能够科学地利用土壤水分,可适应较干燥的外界环境。     

刺槐树冠光合作用的空间异质性

林木冠层是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接的部分,冠层光合作用是研究森林生产力的基础。为了深入了解冠层内部光合作用的差异性,以陕西省永寿县马莲滩流域阳坡和阴坡立地的刺槐林为研究对象,对比分析了光合速率(An)、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(gs)、羧化效率(Vc)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、气孔限制值(ls)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)在树冠不同层次、不同方位,以及不同坡向之间的差异性。结果表明,刺槐树冠不同层次的光合作用差异性显著,大部分光合生理生态指标表现为:上中下。对于阳坡刺槐,VPD、Ta、gs、E是影响不同层次An的主要因子;对于阴坡刺槐,VPD、E、PAR是影响不同层次An的主要因子。光合作用在刺槐树冠的不同方位没有显著差异,大多数光合指标变化很小,E、ls、PAR、Ta是影响不同方位An的主要因子。对于刺槐冠层内部的任何层次或方位,阴坡刺槐具有更高的日均An、E、Vc、VPD、ls,而阳坡刺槐具有更高的日均WUE、gs、PAR、Ta。阳坡刺槐树冠中层西方和阴坡中层东方的日总光合速率值,可以分别代表阳坡和阴坡刺槐整个冠层的日总光合速率。研究认为,在冠层水平模拟和估计森林生产力时,必须考虑冠层光合作用的空间异质性,对于从单木到林分的尺度推演和模型拟合具有重要的意义。     

竹节树光合特性不同季节日变化与其环境因子的相关性分析

为了探明竹节树净光合速率不同季节日变化及其生理生态因子的关系。以春季(4月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(10月)、冬季(1月)下3年生竹节树苗为试验材料, 使用LCi-SD便携式光合仪测定竹节树净光合速率日变化与生理生态因子日变化, 并运用生物统计学方法(简单相关分析、偏相关分析、多元线性回归分析)分析净光合速率与生理生态因子间的相互作用关系。结果表明: (1) 7月份净光合速率(Pn)呈“双峰型”曲线趋势, 具有“光合午休”现象, 1月、4月和10月无“光合午休”现象。(2)不同季节竹节树Pn日变化受到生理生态因子影响也不相同, 通过简单相关分析和偏相关分析, 春季主要生态因子空气CO2浓度(Ca), 生理因子主要胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs), 夏季主要生态因子有效光合辐射(PAR)和叶片温度(Ti), 生理因子Gs、蒸腾速率(Tr)和Ci, 秋季主要生理因子Tr, 冬季主要生理因子Tr和Gs。(3)进一步多元线性分析结果表明, 秋、冬两季Tr是影响净光合速率主要因子, 春季Ci是影响净光合速率主要因子, 夏季Gs和Ci是影响净光合速率主要因子。     

鱼腥草光合蒸腾特性及影响因素的分析

在自然条件下,对鱼腥草叶片光合蒸腾特性测定结果表明,其净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(T r)日变化曲线均为“单峰”型,峰值出现在13:00左右.相关分析表明,与鱼腥草Pn和T r有显著或极显著相关关系的环境因子为光量子通量密度(PFD)和相对湿度(RH),生理因子为气孔导度(G s)和叶片温度(T l).环境因子对光合蒸腾的回归分析和通径分析结果表明,PFD和C a是Pn的主要影响因子,而PFD和T a则是T r的主要影响因子.     

水肥耦合对汉源花椒幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

以汉源花椒幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水肥耦合处理对汉源花椒叶片气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化的影响,并探讨了汉源花椒光合特性与土壤田间持水量(FWC)、施肥量(包括施全量NPK、1/2NPK和不施肥,其中全量NPK含尿素150 kg N/hm~2、过磷酸钙60kg P_2O_5/hm~2和硫酸钾150 kg K_2O/hm~2)和环境因子间的关系。结果表明:各处理汉源花椒叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和Vpdl日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,其峰值分别出现在10:00—12:00、10:00—12:00、14:00和14:00左右,没有出现光合"午休"现象;Ci最低值出现在10:00—12:00左右;WUE日变化呈"双峰"型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,但第2个峰值明显低于第1个峰值。NPK+50%FWC和1/2NPK+50%FWC两处理叶片Pn日变化峰值出现在12:00左右,而其他处理均出现在10:00左右。叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE平均值均随施肥量的增加而增加,而Ci和V_(pdl)平均值随施肥量的增加而降低。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr平均值随土壤水分含量的增加总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势变化;Ci平均值总体上随土壤水分含量的增加而增加;WUE平均值随土壤水分含量的增加而降低;V_(pdl)平均值随土壤水分含量的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势变化。叶片Pn与地径(D)、苗高(H)、D~2H、叶绿素含量和chla/chlb比值呈显著正相关。为了促进植株生长和获得较高的叶片Pn和WUE,土壤水分应控制在35.9%—46.7%FWC。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr与光合有效辐射强度(PAR)呈显著正相关,Tr与气温的相关系数高于它与其他环境因子的相关系数,提高叶片Pn的最佳PAR为1263.6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。说明适宜的土壤水分含量和肥料施用量能延长汉源花椒叶片Pn达到峰值的时间,对提高叶片Pn和WUE及促进植株生长具有重要作用;PAR是影响叶片Gs和Pn的主要环境因子,气温是影响叶片Tr的首要环境因子。     

华南丘陵人工马占相思林下灌木湿润季节蒸腾与小气候的关系

在湿润季节测定了广东丘陵常见的人工马占相思林内６种灌木的蒸腾日变化, 描述其蒸腾日变化的规律．并分析叶片蒸腾与林内的光、气温、湿度等小气候因子及叶温、 叶片气孔扩散阻力的回归关系．所有被观测灌木的蒸腾耗水日变化格局相似,阳性种类桃 金娘在人工林的隐蔽条件下生长良好．其蒸腾速率最高,山苍子的蒸腾速率次之,其它种 类的蒸腾表现较为适中．回归分析结果表明,灌木蒸腾变化与空气相对湿度呈负相关,与 林内气温、全光照、光合有效辐射呈正相关．叶温和叶片气孔扩散阻力与灌木蒸腾变化分 别呈正、负相关．     

无患子光合生理日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

以8年生无患子植株为试验材料,采用便携式Li-6400光合测定仪,分别于花期和果期测定了其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、空气温度(Ta)、叶片光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气相对湿度(RH)和空气CO2浓度(Ca)等参数的日变化,以揭示无患子光合特征及其与主要环境因子的关系。结果显示:(1)无患子Pn和Tr在花期和果期日变化均呈"M"型双峰曲线,并存在"光合午休"现象,第1和第2峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。(2)无患子花期Pn、Tr、Gs、水分利用效率(WUE)日均值高于果期,而果期的Ci日均值高于花期。(3)在8:00~14:00,无患子花期光能利用效率(LUE)大于果期,并在10:00左右出现峰值,而在14:00~18:00其果期LUE大于花期。(4)无患子叶片Pn与Tr、Gs、PAR具有极显著正相关关系,且与Gs关系最为密切,与Ci呈极显著负相关关系,与Ca则表现为显著负相关关系。(5)影响无患子叶片Pn变化的决定生理因子是Gs和Tr,主要限制生理因子是Ci;主要决定生态因子是RH,主要限制生态因子是Ta,且Gs是影响无患子Pn的最重要的生理生态因子。研究表明,无患子对光强有较强的适应能力,是喜光植物,这为其人工林定向培育,以及花期和果期的管理提供了一定理论依据。     

施氮肥缓解臭氧对小麦光合作用和产量的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘扬麦16’为试材, 利用开放式空气臭氧(O₃)浓度升高平台, 研究了增施氮(N)肥对O₃对小麦光合作用和产量影响的缓解作用。结果表明, O₃胁迫下灌浆期小麦的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、叶绿素a (Chl a)、叶绿素b (Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、总叶绿素含量(Chl t)和可溶性蛋白的含量显著降低, 降幅分别为28.95%、31.79%、23.17%、58.89%、68.64%、22.89%、60.31%和32.00%; 胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)变化很小; 成熟期生物量和收获时产量也明显下降, 降幅分别为12.23%和12.63%; 而增施N肥可以增加小麦灌浆期的P_n、Chl a、Chl b、可溶性蛋白的含量, 进而增加小麦生物量和产量, 增幅分别为25.66%、83.05%、121.57%、30.33%、14.94%和10.67%, 而对C_i、G_s、T_r、Car含量无明显影响。O₃和N肥对小麦叶片的P_n、Chl t及可溶性蛋白含量有明显的交互作用。因此, 在大气O₃浓度升高条件下增施N肥对小麦O₃损伤有一定的缓解作用。     

青杨雌雄扦插苗光合作用日变化与叶绿素荧光参数特征

以青杨雌雄扦插苗为对象,探究其叶绿素荧光参数和光合作用日变化特征。结果表明:青杨扦插苗的Pn、Tr和Gs日变化均呈"双峰"型曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,但是不同性别Pn、Tr和Gs的高峰和低谷出现的时间和大小不同。青杨雌雄植株的WUEi从8:00开始降低到一个最小值后升高,且雌株在16:00出现1个峰值;雄株叶片的Pn、Gs、Tr、WUEi、Fm、Fo、Fm'、Fo'、Fv'/Fm'、ETR显著大于雌株(P0.05),而NPQ则是雌株显著大于(P0.05)雄株,Ci、Ls、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、qP性别间差异则不显著(P0.05);相关性分析结果表明,对Pn影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是Ca、PAR、RH、Ta和VPD。对Tr影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是Ca、RH、PAR、Ta和VPD。可见,与雌株相比,青杨雄株的捕获光能效率、电子传递速率、光合效率以及水分利用效率较高,雄株对逆境适应能力更强。     

Evidences and magnitude of nighttime transpiration derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> in the extreme arid region of China

Extensive research has found that nighttime transpiration (E _n) is positively correlated to the vapour pressure deficit (VPD), that suggested E _n was highest during the night under high temperatures and low humidity along with high soil water availability, typically for the riparian forest in the extreme arid region of China. This study used the heat ratio method to measure sap velocity (V _s) for mature and saplings Populus euphratica Oliv., and then E _n was conservatively calculated as total nocturnal sap flow (F _s, the product of V _s and sapwood area A _s) between 01:00 to 06:00. A gas exchange system was used to measure the leaf transpiration rate (T _r) and stomatal conductance (g _s) of saplings. For mature trees, nighttime V _s was extensive and logarithmic correlated to VPD (similar to daytime). For saplings, g _s and T _r was extensive in different months, and also a strong logarithmic relationship was found between V _s and VPD for both daytime and nighttime periods. Both of stem sap flow and leaf gas exchange suggusted the occurrence of E _n, whether mature or sapling trees. E _n contribution to daily transpiration (E _d) was high just as expected for P. euphratica, which was confirmed by proportional E _n to E _d (E _n/E _d) means taken in 2012 (24.99%) and 2013 (34.08%). Compared to mature trees, E _n/E _d of saplings in 2013 was lower with means of 12.06%, that supported further by the shorter duration times and less T _r,n (16.64%) and g _s,n (26.45%) of leaf, suggesting that E _n magnitude is associated to individual the tree size, that effect to stored water of individual trees, although this hypothesis requires further research.     

两种高质牧草不同生育期光合生理日变化及光响应特征

于2010年5月25日(拔节、分枝期)、7月6日(抽穗、结荚期)、8月25日(开花期)晴朗天气,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对新引1号东方山羊豆和柳枝稷各项光合生理生态指标进行了测定。结果表明:(1)新引1号东方山羊豆净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈双峰曲线,存在"光合午休"现象;分枝期Pn、光能利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)日均值高于结荚期,而结荚期的叶温(Tl)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日均值高于分枝期。(2)柳枝稷的Pn日变化呈单峰曲线,拔节期Pn、Tr日均值高于抽穗期,开花期最低;WUE与Ci日均值在开花期最高,拔节期次之,抽穗期最小;Tl、LUE日均值在抽穗期最高,拔节期次之,开花期最小。(3)Pn与Tr、Gs、叶片气孔限制值(Ls)、光合有效辐射(PAR)具有极显著正相关关系,与Ci呈极显著负相关;Tr与Gs、叶温下蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)、气温(Ta)、Tl、PAR均呈极显著正相关关系,与大气CO2浓度(Ca)呈显著负相关;Tl、Gs与PAR呈极显著正相关。(4)通过光响应曲线的绘制及相关生理指标的计算,结合相关评价标准,得出柳枝稷为阳生植物,而新引1号东方山羊豆为耐荫植物,且柳枝稷比新引1号东方山羊豆对光环境的适应性强。     

Limitation factors for photosynthesis in ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) leaves in response to moderate water stress

The levels of stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations in CO₂ assimilation of ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry leaves were compared at two different levels of leaf water potential. The leaf water potentials were ?1.49 and ?1.94 MPa in daily-irrigated (DI) and non-irrigated (NI) shrubs, respectively. The NI shrubs represented plants under moderate water stress. Mesophyll conductance (g _m) and chloroplastic CO₂ concentration (C _c) were estimated by combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence under various intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C _i). Net CO₂ assimilation rates (A _n) as a function of C _c were used for calculating maximum carboxylation efficiency (α _cmax) at the real sites of CO₂ assimilation. Maximum A _n (A _nmax) from the light response curves at 400 μmol mol^?1 air of ambient CO₂ concentration (C _a) were lower in the leaves of NI shrubs than in those of DI ones. However, electron transport rates were higher in the leaves of NI shrubs than in those of DI ones. The decrease in CO₂ assimilation following water stress may be caused by a decrease in g _m rather than a decrease in stomatal conductance (g _s) according to limitation analysis. Limitation rates by g _s, calculated at 400 μmol mol^?1 air of C _a in A _n-C _i curves, were not significantly different between the leaves of DI and NI shrubs. However, limitation rates by g _m from A _n-C _c curves were significantly higher in the leaves of NI shrubs than in those of DI ones. Maximum carboxylation efficiency (α _cmax) values calculated from the A _n-C _c curve, contrary to those calculated from the A _n-C _i curve, were higher in the leaves of NI shrubs than in those of DI ones. Consequently, mesophyll limitation than stomatal and biochemical limitations mainly down-regulated the photosynthesis in the leaves of ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry shrubs during moderate water stress.     

Temperature Responses of Photosynthesis and Respiration of Maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis>) Plants to Experimental Warming

Understanding the key processes and mechanisms of photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation of maize (Zea mays L.) plants in response to experimental warming may further shed lights on the changes in the carbon exchange and Net Primary Production (NPP) of agricultural ecosystem in a warmer climate regime. In the current study, we examined the temperature responses and sensitivity of foliar photosynthesis and respiration for exploring the mechanisms of thermal acclimation associated with physiological and biochemical processes in the North China Plain (NCP) with a field manipulative warming experiment. We found that thermal acclimation of A_n as evidenced by the upward shift of A_n-T was determined by the maximum velocity of Rubisco carboxylation (V_cmax), the maximum rate of electron transport (J_max), and the stomatal- regulated CO₂ diffusion process (g_s), while the balance between respiration and photosynthesis (R_d/A_g), and/or regeneration of RuBP and the Rubisco carboxylation (J_max/V_cmax) barely affected the thermal acclimation of A_n. We also found that the temperature response and sensitivity of R_d was closely associated with the changes in foliar N concentration induced by warming. These results suggest that the leaf-level thermal acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration may mitigate or even offset the negative impacts on maize from future climate warming, which should be considered to improve the accuracy of process-based ecosystem models under future climate warming.     

The importance of slope aspect and stand age on the photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity of forest: a case study with black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis>) plantations on the Loess Plateau

The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is an important tree species not only for the vegetation rehabilitation but also for the photosynthetic carbon dynamics on the Loess Plateau. Slope aspect and stand age play important roles in the photosynthesis of the black locusts. To investigate the photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity (PCFC) of the juvenile and mature black locusts located on the sunny and shady slopes, we have analyzed the capacity and daily dynamics of photosynthesis of the whole canopy of juvenile (6-year-old) and mature (18-year-old) black locusts located on the sunny (southeast facing) and shady (northwest facing) slopes. Mature plantations on the sunny slopes have lower average daily E, VPD, CE, A _n, LAI and PCFC than those on the shady slopes. Juvenile plantations have higher average daily g _s, E, C _i/C _a, CE, A _n and PCFC compared to the mature plantations. It is concluded that the lower average daily A _n and PCFC of the mature black locust plantations on the sunny slopes may be due to variations in the microclimatic conditions between sunny and shady slope aspects. The higher average daily A _n and PCFC of the juvenile black locust plantations are likely associated with stand age-related differences in tree sizes.     

Anthocyanin production in the hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens in response to herbivory and zinc stress

Stomatal behavior in response to drought has been the focus of intensive research, but less attention has been paid to stomatal density. In this study, 5-week-old maize seedlings were exposed to different soil water contents. Stomatal density and size as well as leaf gas exchange were investigated after 2-, 4- and 6-week of treatment, which corresponded to the jointing, trumpeting, and filling stages of maize development. Results showed that new stomata were generated continually during leaf growth. Reduced soil water content significantly stimulated stomatal generation, resulting in a significant increase in stomatal density but a decrease in stomatal size and aperture. Independent of soil water conditions, stomatal density and length in the trumpeting and filling stages were greater than in the jointing stage. Irrespective of growth stage, severe water deficit significantly reduced stomatal conductance (G _s), decreasing the leaf transpiration rate (T _r) and net photosynthetic rate (P _n). Stomatal density was significantly negatively correlated with both P _n and T _r but more strongly with T _r, so the leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE _i ) correlated positively with stomatal density. In conclusion, drought led to a significant increase in stomatal density and a reduction in stomatal size and aperture, resulting in decreased P _n and T _r. Because the negative correlation of stomatal density to T _r was stronger than that to P _n, leaf WUE _i tended to increase.     

Photosynthesis Decrease and Stomatal Control of Gas Exchange in Abies alba Mill. in Response to Vapor Pressure Difference

The responses of steady state CO₂ assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g_s) to changes in leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (ΔW) were examined on different dates in shoots from Abies alba trees growing outside. In Ecouves, a provenance representative of wet oceanic conditions in Northern France, both A and g_s decreased when ΔW was increased from 4.6 to 14.5 Pa KPa⁻¹. In Nebias, which represented the dry end of the natural range of A. alba in southern France, A and g_s decreased only after reaching peak levels at 9.0 and 7.0 Pa KPa⁻¹, respectively. The representation of the data in assimilation rate (A) versus intercellular CO₂ partial pressure (C_i) graphs allowed us to determine how stomata and mesophyll photosynthesis interacted when ΔW was increased. Changes in A were primarily due to alterations in mesophyll photosynthesis. At high ΔW, and especially in Ecouves when soil water deficit prevailed, A declined, while C_i remained approximately constant, which may be interpreted as an adjustment of g_s to changes in mesophyll photosynthesis. Such a stomatal control of gas exchange appeared as an alternative to the classical feedforward interpretation of E versus ΔW responses with a peak rate of E. The gas exchange response to ΔW was also characterized by considerable deviations from the optimization theory of IR Cowan and GD Farquhar (1977 Symp Soc Exp Biol 31: 471-505).     

Effects of nitrogen spraying on the post-anthesis stage of winter wheat under waterlogging stress

Waterlogging is a main stress factor during the late growing stage of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the southern Huanghuai and Yangtze Valley regions of China. The effects of nitrogen spraying on post-anthesis of winter wheat under waterlogging stress were studied in continuous growing seasons from 2009 to 2011. The results showed that waterlogging after the anthesis stage significantly reduced root respiratory activity, leaf greenness (SPAD reading), photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (G _s) and transpiration rate (T _r) by averages of 11.09, 10.75, 15.18, 8.97 and 8.82 %, respectively, increased intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) by 9.74 % and decreased grain number per spike, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield by 8.07, 12.68 and 20.11 %, respectively. Nitrogen spraying significantly improved root respiratory activity, leaf greenness (SPAD reading), photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (G _s) and transpiration rate (T _r) by 4.96, 7.35, 7.01, 5.09 and 5.09 %, respectively, reduced intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) by 9.74 % and increased grain number per spike, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield by 4.71, 6.45 and 11.48 %, respectively. However, neither nitrogen spraying nor waterlogging had significant effects on spike number. There was significant interaction between waterlogging and nitrogen spraying. Our results suggest that nitrogen spraying is an effective way to alleviate the negative effects of waterlogging stress after anthesis stage in winter wheat.