尕海湿地生态系统土壤有机碳储量和碳密度分布

2011年7月,研究了甘南尕海典型湿地(草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸)土壤剖面有机碳分布及其储量.结果表明: 4种典型湿地土壤容重平均在0.22～1.29 g·cm^-3;草本泥炭地土壤有机碳含量明显高于其他类型,其平均值(286.80 g·kg^-1)约为沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸的2.91、4.99和7.13倍.各类湿地土壤平均有机碳密度为草本泥炭地＞亚高山草甸＞沼泽湿地＞高山湿地,以0～10 cm剖面的密度最大;各类湿地土壤剖面的有机碳密度与有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致,均随土壤深度的增加呈现波动性变化;草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸的土壤有机碳均存在0～10和20～40 cm两个明显储碳层;其0～60 cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为369.46、278.83、276.16和292.23 t·hm^-2.尕海湿地4种类型湿地0～60 cm土壤的总有机碳储量约为9.50×10⁶ t.     

杭州湾滨海湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局

通过研究杭州湾自然潮滩湿地和围垦湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局,揭示湿地植被演替、外来物种入侵和围垦活动对土壤有机碳分布的影响.结果表明:潮滩湿地土壤表层有机碳含量在4.41～8.58 g·kg-1,平均值6.45 g·kg-1.不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳表现为:芦苇(8.56±0.04 g·kg-1)＞互花米草(7.31±0.08 g·kg-1)＞海三棱蔗草(5.48±0.29 g·kg-1)＞光滩(4.47±0.09 g·kg-1);围垦湿地表层土壤有机碳表现为:20世纪60年代(7.46±0.25 g·kg-1)＞2003年(5.12±0.16 g·kg-1)＞20世纪80年代(1.96±0.46 g·kg-1),即土壤有机碳含量随围垦时间延长表现为先降低后升高的趋势;土壤有机碳在垂直剖面上均表现为由表向下逐渐降低的趋势.潮滩湿地和围垦湿地的土壤有机碳与pH呈显著负相关,与总氮呈显著正相关,表明在土壤中氮主要以有机氮的形态存在.潮滩湿地有机碳与碳氮比相关性不明显,而围垦湿地具有显著正相关性,说明围垦利用对湿地土壤碳氮比产生了一定影响.研究表明,潮滩湿地土壤固碳能力随着植物群落演替逐步增强,而外来入侵种互花米草的大量入侵和扩散将有可能降低潮滩湿地生态系统土壤的储碳功能.围垦引起的土壤水分、颗粒组成的变化以及耕作、土地利用和利用历史是影响围垦湿地土壤有机碳分布的主要原因.     

上海市不同土地利用方式下的土壤碳氮特征

在野外采样和试验分析的基础上,研究了上海市土地利用方式及其变化对土壤有机碳、总氮含量及土壤有机碳密度的影响.结果表明:上海不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度均存在显著差异.不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳密度大小依次为:水稻田(3.86 kg.m-2)旱地(3.17 kg.m-2)林地(3.15 kg.m-2)撂荒地(2.73 kg.m-2)城市草坪(2.65 kg.m-2)园地(2.13 kg.m-2)滩涂(1.38 kg.m-2).通过相邻样地法,分析了水田转变为旱地、农田撂荒及水田转变为人工林地等3种土地利用变化对土壤有机碳、总氮的影响.由水田转化为旱地将导致土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度显著降低;在水热充足、土壤肥沃、农田管理水平较高的长三角平原地区,农田撂荒并不是一种提高土壤有机碳储量的有效方式;水田转变为人工林地4～5年后,林地土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度均低于相邻的水稻田,表明水田转变为林地并未引起土壤碳、氮的增加,从短期来看,人工林土壤有机碳的汇集效应因植被生产力水平的限制还处于较低水平.     

青海湖流域矮嵩草草甸土壤有机碳密度分布特征

通过对青海湖流域不同退化程度矮嵩草草甸土壤容重和有机碳含量的测定,确定了其土壤有机碳密度。结果表明:不同退化程度下矮嵩草草甸土壤有机碳含量和变化特征各有不同。从未退化-重度退化,0—100 cm土壤剖面平均有机碳含量分别为(25.17±4.73)g/kg,(17.51±3.06)g/kg,(20.79±1.30)g/kg和(14.53±1.20)g/kg,即未退化中度退化轻度退化重度退化;0—20 cm土壤平均有机碳含量从(64.47±11.70)g/kg减少为(14.52±1.52)g/kg,减少了77.48%。土壤剖面有机碳密度变化趋势与其有机碳含量变化趋势一致。0—100 cm土壤剖面有机碳密度分别为(18.16±4.12)kg/m3,(14.24±3.52)kg/m3,(18.64±2.82)kg/m3和(13.27±2.28)kg/m3,即中度退化未退化轻度退化重度退化;土壤有机碳集中分布在0—40 cm深度,从未退化到严重退化,该深度有机碳密度分别为(32.06±6.41)kg/m3,(25.10±4.20)kg/m3,(22.68±3.17)kg/m3和(17.10±2.77)kg/m3,比整个剖面有机碳密度高出76.53%,76.25%,21.68%和28.88%。不考虑其他因素,以空间尺度代替时间尺度,这一结果说明矮嵩草草甸的退化导致土壤逐渐释放有机碳,其作为储存碳的功能在减弱,必须加强对矮嵩草草甸生态系统的保护,以防止其碳库变为碳源。     

青海湖流域季节性冻土区坡面土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

以高寒半干旱区青海湖流域季节性冻土为研究对象,通过调查采样和室内分析,研究了坡向和坡位对不同深度土壤有机碳含量分布的影响。结果表明：阴、阳坡有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而下降,但阳坡下降的幅度（64%）明显高于阴坡（44%）。阴坡土壤有机碳平均含量为81.99 g/kg,大于阳坡（61.84 g/kg）;不同坡位,土壤有机碳分布特征因坡向而异,其中阴坡土壤有机碳平均含量表现为坡下（89.60 g/kg）＞坡中（86.52 g/kg）＞坡上（69.87 g/kg）,而阳坡土壤有机碳平均含量表现为坡上（65.71 g/kg）＞坡下（61.42 g/kg）＞坡中（58.39 g/kg）。此外,坡位对不同深度土壤有机碳的影响程度在不同坡向也存在差异。阴坡坡位因子对深层土壤有机碳影响显著,而阳坡坡位因子对浅层土壤有机碳影响显著。一般线性模型结果表明,坡面土壤有机碳含量主要受土层和坡向的影响,可解释74.52%的变异性。     

互花米草海向入侵对土壤有机碳组分、来源和分布的影响

在江苏盐城新洋港互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼选择光滩(MF),互花米草入侵la(SAF-1),3a(SAF-3),5a(SAF-5)和12a(SAF-12)样地,采集0-20 cm表层土壤样品,分别测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、顽固性有机碳(RC)和活性有机碳(LC)含量,碳氮比(C/N),土壤有机碳和顽固性有机碳的δ13C值,分析互花米草海向入侵过程中土壤有机碳组分、分布及来源变化.结果表明:(1)SOC、RC、LC含量分别介于0.82-7.60 mg/g,0.58-4.02 mg/g和0.23-3.58 mg/g,由海向陆呈递增趋势:SAF-5＞SAF-12＞SAF-3＞MF＞SAF-1.入侵12 a的SAF-12样地表土SOC储量最大,年均碳汇积累速率为1.8 t/hm2.(2)互花米草来源SOC、RC和LC含量分别为0.06-3.01 mg/g、0.04-1.06 mg/g和0.03-2.00 mg/g,各占5.75％-47.40％、6.77％-31.77％和3.20％-64.40％.互花米草来源SOC、RC、LC由海向陆均呈递增趋势:SAF-12＞SAF-5＞SAF-3＞ SAF-1＞ MF.(3)互花米草植物来源SOC、RC、LC含量、比例与入侵时间显著正相关(P＜0.01).互花米草入侵对LC的影响较大,对RC的影响较小.(4)随着入侵时间的增长,互花米草来源有机碳的输入显著改变了土壤SOC组分.以上结果表明,短期内互花米草海向入侵能够提高土壤碳汇能力.     

三江平原土地利用/覆被变化对区域植被碳储量的影响

通过历史时期地图数字化和遥感图像解译得到三江平原1954～2005年的6期土地利用/覆被数据.根据IPCC<2006指南>提供的方法,评估土地利用/覆被变化对三江平原植被碳储量的影响.结果表明:三江平原1954～2005年土地利用/覆被变化显著,农田大面积增加,沼泽湿地、林地、草地面积锐减;土地利用/覆被变化主要发生在农田、沼泽湿地、林地和草地之间;农田是沼泽湿地、林地、草地的主要转出对象,林地的主要转入来源为农田和草地,沼泽湿地的主要转入来源为农田和林地.1954～2005年共有1.07×103km2林地、5.73×103 km2草地和2.59×104 km2沼泽湿地转出为农田.土地利用/覆被变化导致三江平原植被碳储量不断减少,1954～2005年三江平原植被碳储量共减少57.48Tg.林地、沼泽湿地、草地向农田的转化及林地向草地、沼泽湿地的转化导致植被碳储量减少97.06Tg,农田向林地、沼泽湿地、草地的转化及草地、沼泽湿地向林地转化导致植被碳储量增加39.58Tg.     

土地利用对崇明岛围垦区土壤有机碳库和土壤呼吸的影响

土地利用方式是影响农业土壤碳固持和温室气体减排的关键因子之一,而准确地评价土地利用变化的影响往往因土壤本底的不均一和土地利用历史多变而复杂化。为此,在崇明东滩湿地围垦区选取了本底均匀、利用历史简单的几种土地利用类型(水-旱轮作农田、人工林、鱼塘撂荒地),研究其土壤有机碳库和土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤环境间的关系,以期评价其各自的固碳和温室气体减排潜力。农田土壤的表层(20cm)有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量最高,分别为12.62g/kg和225.34mg/kg,包括苗圃栾树林、水杉林带以及桔园在内的人工林地次之,鱼塘撂荒地最低;但撂荒地深层土壤(40—100cm)的有机碳含量高于其它类型,反映了围垦前湿地土壤有机碳累积的残留影响。土壤呼吸强度的顺序则为鱼塘撂荒地农田桔园苗圃栾树林水杉林带。农耕地在前作小麦收割种植水稻后,土壤CO2通量显著下降,不及旱作时的10%。除农田和撂荒地以外,土壤表层5 cm深处温度可以很好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化,但在高温高湿季节呼吸速率较为离散。研究表明:在有机质含量较低的土壤中,水-旱轮作可增加土壤有机碳的储量;受人类活动干扰较小的林地土壤,有机碳含量反而有可能低于农田土壤。在中国南方湿润亚热带地区,水旱轮作可较好地协调农业土壤的碳固持和释放过程的矛盾,可能具有相当大的农业减排潜力。     

互花米草盐沼土壤有机碳库组分及结构特征

在江苏盐城互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼建立以下样地:光滩(Mudflat)、互花米草建群1a(S.alterniflora flat 2011)、5a(S.alterniflora flat 2007)、12a(S.alterniflora flat 2000)、23a(S.alterniflora flat 1989)以及碱蓬(Suaeda salsa flat 1989),采集表层土壤样品,分析土壤中的活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳)特征,并利用核磁共振波谱法测定土壤总有机碳的结构图谱,研究互花米草盐沼土壤有机碳库组分及结构特征。结果表明:(1)互花米草建群后,盐沼表层土壤有机碳含量显著增加(P0.05),在0.82—7.6 g/kg之间,各样地表层土壤有机碳含量为:互花米草滩(5.57 g/kg)碱蓬滩(2.4 g/kg)光滩(1.05 g/kg);可溶性有机碳含量为:互花米草滩(36.08 mg/kg)碱蓬滩(17.43 mg/kg)光滩(6.92 mg/kg);微生物量碳含量为:互花米草滩(52.51 mg/kg)碱蓬滩(18.27 mg/kg)光滩(13.56 mg/kg)。互花米草建群后,土壤中活性碳库含量显著增加(P0.05)。(2)土壤有机碳结构以烷氧碳和芳香碳为主,其中芳香碳的平均比例(35.85%)最高,其次为烷氧碳(32.83%)和羧基碳(20.62%),烷基碳的平均比例(10.36%)最低,其中建群5a的互花米草样地(SAF2007)土壤芳香碳、烷氧碳、烷基碳含量最高,建群23a的互花米草样地(SAF1989)土壤羧基碳含量最高。(3)互花米草盐沼土壤中烷基碳/烷氧碳为:SAF2007(0.44)SSF1989(0.43)SAF2000(0.28)SAF2011(0.27)SAF1989(0.22);疏水碳/亲水碳为:SAF2007(0.97)SSF1989(0.87)SAF2000(0.85)SAF2011(0.83)SAF1989(0.81)。烷基碳/烷氧碳在建群5a后达到最高值0.44,烷基化程度最高;疏水碳/亲水碳达到最高值0.97,土壤碳库稳定性高于其它样地。     

子午岭林区生态系统转换对土壤有机碳特征的影响

生态系统转换影响土壤有机碳的动态、循环及环境质量.本研究分析了子午岭林区农田、草地、灌丛和森林不同生态系统土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳和稳定性有机碳含量.结果显示:各生态系统中,表层(0~10 cm)土壤总有机碳含量显著高于深层土壤(40~70 cm).与农田生态系统表层土壤相比,草地、灌丛、森林生态系统土壤总有机碳含量分别增加82.07%、121.67%和183.16%,深层土壤有机碳含量也有类似的趋势;从增加的绝对值来看,表层土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加2.24、4.13和5.43 g/kg,土壤稳定性有机碳含量分别增加4.76、6.23和10.18g/kg.表明农田生态系统转换为林、草生态系统,有利于土壤有机碳的积累.而且,土壤作为碳“汇”的功能增强,更有利于CO2固定和生态环境改善.     

Carbon sequestration in freshwater wetlands in Costa Rica and Botswana

Tropical wetlands are typically productive ecosystems that can introduce large amounts of carbon into the soil. However, high temperatures and seasonal water availability can hinder the ability of wetland soils to sequester carbon efficiently. We determined the carbon sequestration rate of 12 wetland communities in four different tropical wetlands—an isolated depressional wetland in a rainforest, and a slow flowing rainforest swamp, a riverine flow-through wetland with a marked wet and dry season, a seasonal floodplain of an inland delta—with the intention of finding conditions that favor soil carbon accumulation in tropical wetlands. Triplicate soil cores were extracted in these communities and analyzed for total carbon content to determine the wetland soil carbon pool. We found that the humid tropic wetlands had greater carbon content (P ≤ 0.05) than the tropical dry ones (96.5 and 34.8 g C kg^?1, respectively). While the dry tropic wetlands had similar sequestration rates (63 ± 10 g Cm^?2 y^?1 on average), the humid tropic ones differed significantly (P < 0.001), with high rates in a slow-flowing slough (306 ± 77 g Cm^?2 y^?1) and low rates in a tropical rain forest depressional wetland (84 ± 23 g Cm^?2 y^?1). The carbon accumulating in all of these wetlands was mostly organic (92–100%). These results suggest the importance of differentiating between types of wetland communities and their hydrology when estimating overall rates at which tropical wetlands sequester carbon, and the need to include tropical wetland carbon sequestration in global carbon budgets.     

白洋淀湿地区土壤有机碳密度及储量的空间分布特征

湿地生态系统碳储量是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,提供重要的生态系统服务功能。白洋淀湿地是国家重要生态湿地和华北平原最大的淡水湿地,同时是雄安新区的核心水系,湿地区土壤碳储量的估算研究将为湿地生态系统服务评估和湿地生态恢复提供数据支撑。研究通过对白洋淀湿地7种不同地类的105个土壤剖面进行分层取样,揭示了其湿地土壤有机碳密度及储量的空间分布特征,结果表明：（1）白洋淀湿地区土壤有机碳含量整体偏低,在各层土壤中,淹水芦苇湿地的有机碳含量均显著高于其他植被类型,约为其他类型土壤碳含量的3倍左右。（2）在各植被类型中土壤有机碳含量均以表层（0-20 cm）最高,其分配比例均集中在30%左右,随着土壤剖面深度的增加,湿地土壤的有机碳含量逐渐减少。（3）不同植被类型土壤有机碳含量与土壤有机碳密度的差异显著,具体表现为：乔木园地 < 旱地 < 常绿针叶林 < 落叶阔叶林 < 水田 < 台田芦苇 < 淹水芦苇。（4）根据估算,白洋淀湿地区的土壤有机碳储量约为5816.77×10³Mg。随着雄安新区环境治理工作的推进,白洋淀湿地区生态系统固碳将呈现持续向好态势,结合生态恢复和土地布局优化,尽量减少雄安新区建设中土地流转带来的碳排放影响,对提高区域生态效益具有重要意义。     

Nitrate removal from groundwater using constructed wetlands under various hydraulic loading rates

This study set up two flow-through pilot-scale constructed wetlands with the same size but various flow patterns (free water surface flow (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF)) to receive a nitrate-contaminated groundwater. The effects of hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on nitrate removal as well as the difference in performance between the various types of wetlands were investigated. Nitrate removal rates of both wetlands increased with increasing HLR until a maximum value was reached. The maximum removal rates, occurred at HLR of 0.12 and 0.07 m d(-1), were 0.910 and 1.161 g N m(-2)d(-1) for the FWS and SSF wetland, respectively. After the maximum values were reached, further increasing HLR led to a considerable decrease in nitrate removal rate. Nitrate removal efficiencies remained high (>85%) and effluent nitrate concentrations always satisfied drinking water standard (<10mg NO3-NL(-1)) when HLR did not exceed 0.04 m d(-1) for both FWS and SSF wetlands. The first-order nitrate removal rate constant tends to decrease with increasing HLRs. The FWS wetland provided significantly higher (p<0.05) organic carbon in effluent than the SSF wetland, while the SSF wetland exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower effluent DO than the FWS wetland. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in nitrate removal performance between the two types of constructed wetlands in this study except in one trial operating at HLR of 0.06-0.07 m d(-1).     

Comparing carbon sequestration in temperate freshwater wetland communities

High productivity and waterlogged conditions make many freshwater wetlands significant carbon sinks. Most wetland carbon studies focus on boreal peatlands, however, with less attention paid to other climates and to the effects of hydrogeomorphic settings and the importance of wetland vegetation communities on carbon sequestration. This study compares six temperate wetland communities in Ohio that belong to two distinct hydrogeomorphic types: an isolated depressional wetland site connected to the groundwater table, and a riverine flow‐through wetland site that receives water from an agricultural watershed. Three cores were extracted in each community and analyzed for total carbon content to determine the soil carbon pool. Sequestration rates were determined by radiometric dating with ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb on a set of composite cores extracted in each of the six communities. Cores were also extracted in uplands adjacent to the wetlands at each site. Wetland communities had accretion rates ranging from 3.0 to 6.2 mm yr^?1. The depressional wetland sites had higher (P < 0.001) organic content (146 ± 4.2 gC kg^?1) and lower (P < 0.001) bulk density (0.55 ± 0.01 Mg m^?3) than the riverine ones (50.1 ± 6.9 gC kg^?1 and 0.74 ± 0.06 Mg m^?3). The soil carbon was 98–99% organic in the isolated depressional wetland communities and 85–98% organic in the riverine ones. The depressional wetland communities sequestered 317 ± 93 gC m^?2 yr^?1, more (P < 0.01) than the riverine communities that sequestered 140 ± 16 gC m^?2 yr^?1. The highest sequestration rate was found in the Quercus palustris forested wetland community (473 gC m^?2 yr^?1), while the wetland community dominated by water lotus (Nelumbo lutea) was the most efficient of the riverine communities, sequestering 160 gC m^?2 yr^?1. These differences in sequestration suggest the importance of addressing wetland types and communities in more detail when assessing the role of wetlands as carbon sequestering systems in global carbon budgets.     

Carbon storage dynamics of temperate freshwater wetlands in Pennsylvania

Healthy wetlands play a significant role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon that would otherwise contribute to global warming, leading to the reduction of water and food resources as well as more extreme weather phenomena. Investigating the magnitude of carbon storage potential of different freshwater wetland systems using multiple ecological indicators at varying spatial scales provides insight and justification for selective wetland restoration and conservation initiatives. We provide a holistic accounting of total carbon values for 193 wetland sites, integrating existing carbon algorithms to rapidly assess each of the following carbon pools: above-ground, below-ground, soil, woody debris, shrub cover, and herbaceous cover. Aspects of soil, vegetation, and ecosystem characteristics and stressors were measured to obtain an overall understanding of the ecosystems ability to store carbon (long-term) along a gradient of human disturbance. Based on a review of the literature, methods were prioritized based on the initial data available from field measurements as well as their practicality and ease in replicating the process in the future. Lacustrine human impounded (88.7?±?18.0 tC/ha), riverine beaver impounded (116.2?±?29.4 tC/ha), riverine upper perennial (163.3?±?11.8 tC/ha), riverine lower perennial (199.2?±?24.7 tC/ha), riverine headwater complex (159.5?±?22.2 tC/ha), perennial/seasonal depression (269.6?±?42.4 tC/ha), and slope (162.2?±?14.6 tC/ha) wetland types were compared. Overall results showed moderate variability (9.33–835.95 tC/ha) for total carbon storage values across the wetland types, with an average total carbon storage of 174.6?±?8.8 tC/ha for all wetlands. Results show that carbon storage was significantly higher (p?=?0.002) in least disturbed wetland sites. Apart from perennial/seasonal depression wetlands, all reference standard wetlands had greater carbon storage, less disturbance impact, and a greater extent of forest cover than non-reference wetlands. Carbon storage values calculated were comparable to published literature.     

Variation of soil nutrients and particle size under different vegetation types in the Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta wetland, located at the southern coast of Bohai Gulf, provides important ecosystem services such as flood control, water purification, biodiversity conservation, nutrient removal and carbon sequestration, shoreline stabilization, tourism attraction and wetland products maintains in the Yellow River Delta. This study assessed how agricultural activities in a reclamation wetland changed soil pH, soil electric conductivity, soil nutrient and soil particle size as compared to natural vegetation by using a combination of field experiments and lab analysis. The vegetation type included adjacent alfalfa field (Medicago sativa), cotton field (Gossypium spp.), Chinese tamarisk shrub (Tamarix chinensis), and reed marsh (Phragmites sage). The results indicated that the soil pH was higher (pH > 8) in alfalfa field and cotton field, and alfalfa field and reed marsh had significant function in reducing soil salt content, soil electric conductivity of alfalfa field at 0–30 cm were 140.38 ± 14.36, 114.48 ± 14.36, 125.30 ± 11.37 μs/cm. The effect of different vegetation types on soil nutrient was significant (P < 0.05). Soil organic matter at 0–10 cm in Chinese tamarisk shrub and reed marsh was 21.66 ± 3.82 g/kg and 16.51 ± 4.60 g/kg, which was higher than that of alfalfa field (10.47 ± 2.36 g/kg) and cotton field (9.82 ± 1.27 g/kg), but soil total nitrogen content in alfalfa field was the highest, which is significantly higher than that of cotton field, Chinese tamarisk shrub and reed marsh(P < 0.05), the content of soil total nitrogen at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm was 7.67 ± 0.38 g/kg and 5.97 ± 0.51 g/kg, respectively, while the content of available P and available K was reversed. The difference of soil particle size between layers was not significant (P > 0.05), the sand content of Chinese tamarisk shrub soils in 0–10 cm was the highest, the next was alfalfa field and cotton field, and the content of silt and clay in reed marsh was higher than the others. The correlation and significant degree between soil particle size and soil nutrient was related with vegetation types, and soil organic matter was significantly positively correlated with soil silt and clay content on the alfalfa field. The results demonstrated that wetland cultivation was one of the most important factors influencing on the nutrient fate and reserves in soil, which could lead to rapid nutrient release and slow restoration through abandon cultivation. Consequently, compared with cotton field, alfalfa field is more favorable to sustainable management of wetland cultivation in the Yellow River Delta. It should be considered in wetland restoration projects planning.     

祁连山青海云杉林斑表层土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素

以祁连山青海云杉林斑为研究对象,调查获得林斑的水文、土壤、植被数据,分析了表层(0~20cm)土壤有机碳特征及其与地形、植被和土壤特性的关系。结果表明:青海云杉林斑表层土壤有机碳含量的平均值为(84·9±26·7)g/kg,变异系数31·5%。有机碳含量与土壤含水量、海拔、土壤容重和灌木生物量呈显著正相关关系,而与林木郁闭度呈显著负相关关系。此外,人工采伐形成的林窗斑块(面积0·02~0·12hm2)和半阴坡小斑块林地(面积0·17~0·89hm2),其斑块面积大小并未明显影响土壤有机碳含量的变化。经主成分分析表明,海拔和土壤含水量是影响土壤有机碳含量的第一主成分,林木郁闭度是第二主成分,灌木生物量是第三主成分,累计解释率为83·8%。     

不同类型土壤中分枝杆菌噬菌体分离率的比较

为了解分枝杆菌噬菌体在自然界的生存环境,深入研究噬菌体在微生态环境中的作用奠定基础。以含柠檬酸和磷酸氢二钠的溶液为提取剂,从50份不同性质土壤中分离、纯化分枝杆菌噬菌体,电镜观察初步确定其分类;统计分析土壤类型、酸碱度、含水量、阳离子交换量、有机碳含量对噬菌体分离率的影响。共分离纯化到13株尾病毒目肌尾病毒科的分枝杆菌噬菌体。3种类型土壤的分枝杆菌噬菌体分离率分别为暗棕壤(41.2%)>黄棕壤(25.0%)>褐土(16.7%);土壤pH值、含水量、阳离子交换量对分离率影响呈规律性:pH值和含水量分别在7.45—7.95和13.7%—21.7%时分离率最高;当阳离子交换量为20.8—28.6 cmol/kg时,分离率随之升高而升高;未见有机碳含量对分离率的影响有明显规律。     

四川森林土壤有机碳储量的空间分布特征

利用森林土壤实测数据与GIS相结合的研究方法估算了四川森林土壤有机碳密度和碳储量,研究了四川森林土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征.四川森林土壤有机碳储量为(2394.26 ±514.15) TgC,平均碳密度为190.45 Mg·hm-2;四川不同森林类型土壤有机碳储量和碳密度差异较大,分别介于(5.05±0.37)～(1101.74±205.40) TgC、(102.69±21.09)～(264.41±49.24) Mg·hm-2之间,其有机碳含量、碳密度和碳储量都随土层厚度的增加而降低.四川森林土壤有机碳密度空间分布特征明显,总体上表现出随纬度、海拔高度的增加而增加,随经度的增加而减小.从森林土壤生态系统水平监测森林土壤有机碳储量有助于提高其估算精度.