扁蓿豆和苜蓿种子萌发期抗旱性和耐盐性比较

为明晰扁蓿豆[Medicago ruthenica(Linn.)Trautv.]和苜蓿(Medicago varia Martin.)种子萌发期的抗旱性和耐盐性强弱,以不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)和Na Cl溶液模拟干旱和盐胁迫,研究了不同程度干旱和盐浓度对采自甘肃景泰的扁蓿豆和苜蓿品种阿尔冈金(M.varia Martin.cv.\"Algonquin\")种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫和盐胁迫降低了扁蓿豆和苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长。-0.3~-0.9 MPa和-1.5 MPa的PEG处理下苜蓿和扁蓿豆种子的相对发芽率间无显著差异,-1.2 MPa的PEG胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽率显著高于扁蓿豆。-0.3~-1.2MPa的PEG胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽指数均显著高于扁蓿豆,其相对芽长无显著差异。Na Cl渗透势为-0.9~-1.5 MPa时,苜蓿种子的相对发芽率显著高于扁蓿豆;-0.3~-1.2 MPa的Na Cl胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽指数和相对活力指数均显著高于扁蓿豆。通过种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对胚根长和相对胚芽长5项指标,应用隶属函数法对参试材料种子萌发期抗旱性和耐盐性进行综合评价的结果表明,苜蓿品种阿尔冈金种子萌发期的抗旱性、耐盐性均强于来自景泰的扁蓿豆。此结果和人们以往对扁蓿豆和苜蓿的认识\"扁蓿豆的抗旱性和耐盐性优于苜蓿\"不一致。     

NaCl胁迫对红花种子萌发特性的影响

盐分是影响植物种子萌发和生长的重要因素。为探究NaCl胁迫对红花种子萌发及生长的影响,采用0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的NaCl溶液处理不同品种红花种子,在盐胁迫条件下测定供试红花品种种子萌发期的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、根长、芽长、干重及鲜重等指标,比较分析7个红花品种种子萌发期对盐胁迫的耐受性。结果表明：盐胁迫下7个红花品种的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率和相对发芽势整体呈下降趋势,盐浓度小于等于0.4%时,3-10和云南红花种子的4个指标均在89.44%以上,种子生活力较强,新疆红花种子活力明显低于其他6个品种。盐胁迫下新疆红花种子萌发的相对盐害率最高,盐浓度大于等于0.4%时,相对盐害率在50%以上,而3-10、BH-1、H-7、四川红花和云南红花5个品种的相对盐害率在-2.34%~3.91%之间,红花种子受伤害程度较轻。3-10和H-7红花品种在盐浓度为0.4%时的根长和芽长的表现优于其他品种;当盐浓度大于等于0.6%时,与其他品种相比,BH-1在根长和芽长方面表现出较强的耐盐性。盐胁迫下7个红花品种的鲜重整体均呈下降趋势,同一处理下新疆红花的鲜重均低于其他品种,0.2%盐处理下,H-7和四川红花的鲜重为2.83 g和2.90 g,与对照相差不大,并且高于同浓度下其他红花品种的鲜重,0.8%盐处理下,BH-1的鲜重高于同浓度下其他红花品种的鲜重;与鲜重相比,盐胁迫对红花幼苗干重的抑制作用小,甚至对干物质的积累有促进作用。综合比较,7个红花品种种子萌发期间耐盐性表现较强的为河南新乡当地红花3-10、BH-1和应举以及云南红花,最弱的为新疆红花。     

ABA对黑黄檀种子萌发的抑制作用以及其他植物激素对ABA的拮抗作用

以云南特有濒危树种黑黄檀(Dalbergia fusca)的种子为材料,研究了脱落酸(ABA)对种子萌发的抑制作用,以及种子萌发过程中吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉酸(GA_3)、6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)和乙烯利对ABA的拮抗作用.黑黄檀种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃.交替光照(14 h光照和10 h黑暗)以及黑暗对种子萌发没有明显的影响.0.001～0.1 mmol/L ABA不影响种子的萌发率,但降低种子的萌发进程;1 mmol/L和2.5mmol/L ABA显著地抑制种子的萌发率和萌发进程.种子的萌发率不被0.0001～1 mmol/L IAA和GA3、0.0001～0.1 mmol/L 6-BA、以及0.001～10 mmol/L 乙烯利(乙烯供体)的影响,但被1 mmol/L 6-BA抑制.1mmol/L ABA对种子萌发的抑制作用能被0.01～1 mmol/L IAA、0.01～1 mmol/L GA3、0.001～0.1 mmol/L 6-BA和0.1～10 mmol/L乙烯利所拮抗,而且这种拈扰作用与植物激素的类型和浓度有关.0.01 mmol/L 6-BA和0.1 mmol/L乙烯利对l mmol/L ABA抑制作用的拈抗不能被添加0.001 mmol/L IAA或者O.001 mmol/L GA3加成.但0.1 mmol/L 乙烯利对1 mmol/L ABA抑制作用的拮抗能够被添加O.01 mmol/L 6-BA或者0.1 mmol/L 6-BA加成,导致更高的萌发率和幼苗生长.     

ABA 对黑黄檀种子萌发的抑制作用以及其他植物激素对ABA 的拮抗作用

以云南特有濒危树种黑黄檀( Dalbergia fusca) 的种子为材料, 研究了脱落酸(ABA) 对种子萌发的抑制作用, 以及种子萌发过程中吲哚乙酸( IAA) 、赤霉酸(GA3 )、6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA) 和乙烯利对ABA的拮抗作用。黑黄檀种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃。交替光照(14 h 光照和10 h 黑暗) 以及黑暗对种子萌发没有明显的影响。0 . 001～0 . 1 mmol/L ABA 不影响种子的萌发率, 但降低种子的萌发进程; 1 mmol􊄯L 和2 . 5mmo􊄯l L ABA 显著地抑制种子的萌发率和萌发进程。种子的萌发率不被0 . 0001 ～ 1 mmo􊄯l L IAA 和GA3 、0 . 0001～0 . 1 mmol/L 6-BA、以及0 . 001～10 mmol/L 乙烯利( 乙烯供体) 的影响,但被1 mmol􊄯L 6-BA 抑制。1mmol/L ABA 对种子萌发的抑制作用能被0 . 01～1 mmol/L IAA、0 . 01～1 mmol/L GA3 、0 . 001～0 .1 mmol/L 6-BA 和0 . 1～10 mmol􊄯L 乙烯利所拮抗, 而且这种拮抗作用与植物激素的类型和浓度有关。0. 01 mmol/L 6-BA 和0 . 1 mmol/L 乙烯利对1mmol/L ABA 抑制作用的拮抗不能被添加0 . 001 mmol/L IAA 或者0 .001 mmol/L GA3 加成。但0 . 1mmol/L 乙烯利对1 mmol/L ABA 抑制作用的拮抗能够被添加0 . 01 mmol/L 6-BA 或者0 .1 mmol/L 6-BA 加成, 导致更高的萌发率和幼苗生长。     

镉对不同品种苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过培养皿滤纸萌发实验,研究了不同Cd2+浓度(0、5、10、20、50、100、200mg·L-1)对7种苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果 表明,5～20 mg·L-1的Cd2+处理对不同品种苜蓿的萌发指标有不同程度的促进效应,10 mg·L-1的处理显著增加了甘农1号和阿尔冈金的鲜重.Cd2+对不同品种苜蓿萌发指...     

NaCl胁迫对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长的伤害

采用盐化土壤盆栽方法,选择耐盐性较强品种枝棉３号和耐盐性较弱品种泗棉２号,研究了盐分对棉花（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ Ｌ．）种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的伤害。结果表明,在－０．５５和－１．１０ＭＰａ盐分胁迫下,对棉花伤害起决定性作用的因子是Ｎａ＾＋。２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ胁迫下,枝棉３号种子萌发时电导率上升幅度和子叶ＣＡＴ下降幅度均显著小于泗棉２号。１００和２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｎａ     

不同苜蓿品种种子萌发期耐盐性的研究

用0．3％、0．7％和1．0％的Nacl溶液分别对19个苜蓿品种种子进行处理,通过发芽势、发芽率,幼根长和幼苗高对各品种种子萌发期耐盐性进行了研究。结果表明：用0．7％或1．0％NaCl溶液进行苜蓿种子萌发期耐盐性鉴定较为合理;0．7％NaCl溶液处理苜蓿种子,其幼根长及其幼苗高可作为苜蓿品种种子耐盐性鉴定的指标;在0．7％、1．0％NaCl溶液处理下,通过测定第4天和第6天各品种种子的发芽势,可以鉴定出苜蓿品种间耐盐力的大小。对19个苜蓿品种种子的发芽率、相对发芽势、幼根长和幼苗高4个耐盐鉴定指标进行综合分析,结果表明：超级13R和中苜1号种子耐盐性最强,其次为射手和牧野,全能 Z和牧歌401 Z最弱。     

种子萌发和幼苗生长的抗逆能力与乙烯产生及组织对乙烯敏感性的变化

种子萌发和幼苗生长的抗逆能力与乙烯产生及组织对乙烯敏感性的变化黄学林（中山大学生物学系,广州５１０２７５）ＳＥＥＤＧＥＲＭＩＮＡＴＩＯＮ,ＳＥＥＤＬＩＮＧＧＮＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＥＴＨＹＬＥＮＥＰＲＯＤＵＥＴＩＯＮＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＲＳＥＮＳＩ...     

Synthesis and Degradation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid by Penicillium citrinum

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is a precursor of ethylene in plants, has never been known to occur in microorganisms. We describe the synthesis of ACC by Penicillium citrinum, purification of ACC synthase [EC 4.4.1.14] and ACC deaminase [EC 4.1.99.4], and their properties. Analyses of P. citrinum culture showed occurrence of ACC in the culture broth and in the cell extract. ACC synthase was purified from cells grown in a medium containing 0.05% L-methionine and ACC deaminase was done from cells incubated in a medium containing 1% 2-aminoisobutyrate. The purified ACC synthase, with a specific activity of 327 milliunit/mg protein, showed a single band of M _r 48,000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the native enzyme by gel filtration was 96,000 Da. The ACC synthase had the K _m for S-adenosyl-L-methionine of 1.74 mM and k _cat of 0.56 s^-1 per monomer. The purified ACC deaminase, with a specific activity of 4.7 unit/mg protein, showed one band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of M _r 41,000. The molecular mass of the native ACC deaminase was 68,000 Da by gel filtration. The enzyme had a K _m for ACC of 4.8 mM and k _cat of 3.52 s^-1. The presence of 7 mM Cu²⁺ in alkaline buffer solution was effective for increasing the stability of the ACC deaminase in the process of purification.     

Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence

Ethylene production and expression patterns of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (CARAO1) and of two ACC synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) genes (CARACC3 and CARAS1) were studied in floral organs of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. White Sim. During the vase life and after treatment of fresh flowers with ethylene, production of ethylene and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes first started in the ovary followed by the styles and the petals. ACC oxidase was expressed in all the floral organs whereas, during the vase life, tissue-specific expression of the two ACC synthase genes was observed. After treatment with a high ethylene concentration, tissue specificity of the two ACC synthase genes was lost and only a temporal difference in expression remained. In styles, poor correlation between ethylene production and ACC synthase (CARAS1) gene expression was observed suggesting that either activity is regulated at the translational level or that the CARAS1 gene product requires an additional factor for activity.Isolated petals showed no increase in ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes when excised from the flower before the increase in petal ethylene production (before day 7); showed rapid cessation of ethylene production and gene expression when excised during the early phase of petal ethylene production (day 7) and showed a pattern of ethylene production and gene expression similar to the pattern observed in the attached petals when isolated at day 8. The interorgan regulation of gene expression and ethylene as a signal molecule in flower senescence are discussed.     

Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination

The role of ethylene in the release of primary and secondary dormancy and the germination of non-dormant seeds under normal and stressed conditions is considered. In many species, exogenous ethylene, or ethephon – an ethylene-releasing compound - stimulates seed germination that may be inhibited because of embryo or coat dormancy, adverse environmental conditions or inhibitors (e.g. abscisic acid, jasmonate). Ethylene can either act alone, or synergistically or additively with other factors. The immediate precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), may also improve seed germination, but usually less effectively. Dormant or non-dormant inhibited seeds have a lower ethylene production ability, and ACC and ACC oxidase activity than non-dormant, uninhibited seeds. Aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine (AVG) partially or markedly inhibits ethylene biosynthesis in dormant or non-dormant seeds, but does not affect seed germination. Ethylene binding is required in seeds of many species for dormancy release or germination under optimal or adverse conditions. There are examples where induction of seed germination by some stimulators requires ethylene action. However, the mechanism of ethylene action is almost unknown.
The evidence presented here shows that ethylene performs a relatively vital role in dormancy release and seed germination of most plant species studied.     

Exogenous ethylene influences flower opening of cut roses (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Rosa hybrida</Emphasis>) by regulating the genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process is inhibited by ethylene. Ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and oxidase activities were determined first. After ethylene treatment, ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in petals increased and peaked at the earlier stage (stage 3) in ‘Samantha’, and they were much more dramatically enhanced and peaked at the later stage (stage 4) in ‘Kardinal’ than control during vasing. cDNA fragments of three Rh-ACSs and one Rh-ACO genes were cloned and designated as Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2, Rh-ACS3 and Rh-ACO1 respectively. Northern blotting analysis revealed that, among three genes of ACS, ethylene-induced expression patterns of Rh-ACS3 gene corresponded to ACS activity and ethylene production in both cultivars. A more dramatic accumulation of Rh-ACS3 mRNA was induced by ethylene in ‘Kardinal’ than that of ‘Samantha’. As an ethylene action inhibitor, STS at concentration of 0.2 mmol/L generally inhibited the expression of Rh-ACSs and Rh-ACO in both cultivars, although it induced the expression of Rh-ACS3 transiently in ‘Kardinal’. Our results suggests that ‘Kardinal’ is more sensitive to ethylene than ‘Samantha’; and the changes of Rh-ACS3 expression caused by ethylene might be related to the acceleration of flower opening in ‘Samantha’ and the inhibition in ‘Kardinal’. Additional results indicated that three Rh-ACSs genes were differentially associated with flower opening and senescence as well as wounding.     

乙烯与水浮莲(Pistia stratiotes)种子需光性休眠的关系

水浮莲种子是一种奇特的需光种子。在黑暗中,GA_2或BA均不能代替光照诱导萌发,可是0.1μl/l乙烯却能引起部分种子萌发,在1000μ1/1乙烯的作用下,发芽率可达80％,接近全光照处理的萌发水平(91％发芽率)。ACC也能诱导水浮莲种子的萌发,0.1 mM浓度可获30％发芽率。在较短光照下,ACC对种子萌发有增效作用。在光照前应用ACC,其诱导效应大于两者同时施用。在照光萌发中,种子的内源ACC含量及乙烯释放量均显著增加。CoCl_2和AOA均能抑制光的诱导萌发。推论光打破休眠诱导萌发的作用是与乙烯的生成密切相关。     

接触二氧化硫后小麦叶片中逆境乙烯的生物合成

AVG和AOA强烈抑制二氧化硫处理小麦叶片中乙烯产生和ACC合成,对MACC的形成也有一定的抑制作用。CoGl_2明显抑制乙烯产生,而ACC大量积累,MACC含量则未因ACC增加而相应增加。DNP和CCCP也抑制乙烯产生,但前者引起ACC大量积累,后者引起ACC含量下降。CHI对乙烯产生和ACC形成均显示强烈的抑制作用,同时也明显抑制MACC形成。这表明小麦叶片接触SO_2引起的逆境乙烯也是循蛋氨酸→SAM→ACC→乙烯途径。