江苏省三种归化植物新记录

通过野外植物调查，结合文献分析，报道了江苏省3种归化植物新记录。在南京市将军山风景区，发现原产于北美洲的北美黄亚麻〔Linum medium （Planchon） Britton〕种群；在南京市六合区，发现原产于南美洲的柳叶马鞭草（Verbena bonariensis Linnaeus）种群；在南京市老山，发现原产于南美洲的狭叶马鞭草（V. brasiliensis Vellozo）种群。实地拍摄了三种归化植物的形态及生境照片，补充描述了北美黄亚麻的形态特征，并分析穗状花序形态特征可作为柳叶马鞭草与狭叶马鞭草的种间鉴别特征。     

中国菱属(菱科)植物的分类研究

菱科(Trapaceae)仅菱属(Trapa L.)1属,该属是典型的水生多型植物,中国乃至全球以往的分类处理分歧很大。基于文献查阅、野外采集、标本鉴定和栽培观察,对菱属植物分类的主要形态性状作了系统评价。果体大小和果冠变异稳定,可以用于属内种的划分,果喙大小和角的数目则可以用于种下变种的划分。在此基础上,对中国菱属作了分类处理,承认了细果野菱(T. incisa)和欧菱(T. natans)2个种,并将欧菱划分为6个变种,对其中4个变种作了新的组合。将10个种名和12个变种名处理为异名,并对5个名称(Trapa amurensis,T. bispinosa,T. dimorphocarpa,T. japonica,T. manchurica)作了后选模式标定。     

四川重楼属植物2新记录变种

报道了四川重楼属植物2新分布变种,分别是宽瓣球药隔重楼(Paris fargesii var. latipetala H. Li et V. G. Soukup)和红果五指莲(Paris axialis H. Li var. rubra H. H. Zhou, K. Y. Wu et R. Tao)。其中红果五指莲为贵州特有类群,且为孤点分布。四川新分布的发现对于重楼属植物的系统分类和迁徙演化研究具有重要意义。     

阿尔泰山两河源国家级自然保护区鼓藻类中国新记录

分别于2016年7月和2017年8月在阿尔泰山两河源国家级自然保护区采集鼓藻类植物标本,经显微镜观察,发现鼓藻类（绿藻门）中国新记录植物5个分类单位,隶属于4个属,包括4种1变种：膨大新月藻（新拟）（Closterium tumidulum Gay）、钝齿宽带鼓藻（新拟）［Pleurotaenium crenulatum (Ralfs) Rabenhorst］、克塞凹顶鼓藻（新拟）（Euastrum coeselii Kouwets）、圆齿状鼓藻（新拟）（Cosmarium crenulatum Ngeli）和肾形鼓藻收缩变种（新拟）（Cosmarium reniforme var. compressum Nordstedt）。对这些新记录植物的形态学特征进行了详细的描述,并提供了光镜照片及手绘图。     

白花猫儿菊和黄果龙葵——中国大陆两种新归化植物

该文报道了中国大陆新发现的两种归化植物:菊科的白花猫儿菊 [Hypochaeris albiflora (Kuntze)Azevêdo-Gonç. & Matzenb.]和茄科的黄果龙葵(Solanum diphyllum Linn.)。白花猫儿菊原产于南美洲,在中国的云南省昆明市盘龙区发现归化,其与同属种类的区别在于基生叶全缘或有尖齿,有时羽状浅裂至深裂,茎生叶线形,头状花序圆筒形或狭钟状,小花白色,瘦果有4棱。黄果龙葵原产于墨西哥和中美洲,在中国的云南省勐腊县发现归化,其主要识别特征为多年生常绿小灌木,上部叶常双生,大小显著不相等,成熟浆果呈亮黄色。此外,该文还简要评估了这两种归化植物的危害和入侵风险。     

湖南南部植物区系新资料

本文报道了湖南双子叶植物1个新记录属、2个新记录种以及1个新记录变种,即中华青牛胆 ［Tinospora sinensis (Loureiro) Merrill］、柳叶润楠(Machilus salicina Hance)、广西白背叶(Mallotus apelta var. kwangsiensis F. P. Metcalf)、赛葵 ［Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linnaeus) Garcke］,赛葵对应的赛葵属(Malvastrum A. Gray)为湖南植物新记录属。入侵植物赛葵可能会对当地的农业生产和生态造成破坏。     

桥弯藻科和异极藻科（硅藻门）植物中国7种新记录

对采自黑龙江省东南部兴凯湖湿地的100余号硅藻标本进行分类研究,共发现桥弯藻科、异极藻科（硅藻门）中国新记录植物5种2变种,分别为亚粗糙桥弯藻（Cymbella peraspera Krammer）、尖头弯肋藻［Cymbopleura cuspidata (Kützing) Krammer］、不显内丝藻高山变种（Encyonema obscurum var.alpina Krammer）、西里西亚内丝藻翼形变种（Encyonema silesiacum var.lata Krammer）、耳状异极藻（Gomphonema auritum Braun & Kützing）、棍棒异极藻（Gomphonema clava Reichardt）、极细异极藻［Gomphonema exilissimum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt］。对其分类学特征进行了详细的描述,与同属中相似的种类进行了比较与讨论,为今后该区域的藻类研究提供了基础的资料。     

丹霞山竹类一新变种及小麻竹补充描述

描述了产自丹霞山国家级自然保护区竹类一新变种——丹霞单枝竹(Bonia saxatilis var. danxiaensis X. Li, J. B. Ni & Y. H. Tong),该变种与单枝竹原变种(B. saxatilis var. saxatilis)的区别在于箨舌和叶舌的边缘不具长纤毛。本文编制了单枝竹及其变种的检索表,还对新近描述的产自丹霞山的另外一种竹类——小麻竹(Dendrocalamus pulverulentoides N. H. Xia, J. B. Ni, Y. H. Tong & Z. Y. Niu)的部分营养体特征进行了修正,并补充描述了其花部形态。     

新疆紫萼藓属(Grimmia Hedw.)植物4个新记录种

作者在研究新疆紫萼藓科植物时,发现了紫萼藓属(Grimmia Hedw.)植物4个新记录种,包括Grimmia capillata,紫萼藓(G. plagiopodia),贺兰山紫萼藓(G. crassiuscula)和卷叶紫萼藓(G. incurva),其中G. capillata为中国新分布。该研究对新记录种的形态特征、地理分布进行了详细描述,将其与属内相似种进行了比较分析。     

新疆粉衣科地衣分类学研究

该研究以采自新疆的100余份粉衣科地衣标本为研究材料,通过形态解剖学、地衣化学以及分子生物学的方法鉴定出6个种和1个变种,分别为中央黑瘤衣 (Buellia centralis)、丽黑瘤衣 (B. elegans)、蒙古黑瘤衣 (B. mongolica)、鳞饼衣(Dimelaena oreina)、鳞饼衣白磷变种(D. oreina var. exalbescens)、海登氏多瘤胞 (Diplotomma hedinii)和绿色四孢黑瘤衣(Tetramelas chloroleucus),其中丽黑瘤衣、蒙古黑瘤衣和绿色四孢黑瘤衣为新疆新增粉衣科地衣新记录,至此新疆粉衣科地衣共有6属13种1变种;并提供了新疆粉衣科地衣的分种检索表、物种描述、系统发育分析以及形态解剖结构照片。     

nrDNA internal transcribed spacer data reveal that Rhodoplagiochila R.M. Schust. (Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniales) is a member of Plagiochila sect. Arrectae Carl

The monospecific genus Rhodoplagiochila, previously known only from the type collected in the Venezuelan Andes, has been collected at a second site close to the type locality. Up to now, generic status of Rhodoplagiochila has been accepted by most authors, but the taxon had been alternately assigned to Plagiochilaceae or Lophoziaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences from Rhodoplagiochila and other representatives of the Plagiochilaceae clearly reveal the former to be in a clade with members of the Neotropical–Atlantic European Plagiochila sect. Arrectae. Within the Arrectae, Rhodoplagiochila is positioned in a robust clade made up of several accessions of Plagiochila bifaria. Morphologically, Rhodoplagiochila differs from other phenotypes of P. bifaria by the papillose leaf surface and a leaf margin which is ciliately toothed all-around. As an outcome of the molecular and morphological investigations, Rhodoplagiochila rosea is treated as a variety of P. bifaria, and the new combination P. bifaria var. rosea comb. et stat. nov. is proposed. In tropical America the family Plagiochilaceae seems to be represented only by Plagiochila.     

Insecticidal action of Bauhinia monandra leaf lectin (BmoLL) against Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Bruchid beetle larvae cause major losses in grain legume crops throughout the world. Some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) and the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus), are pests that damage stored seeds. The Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella) is of major economic importance as a flour and grain feeder; it is often a severe pest in flour mills. Plant lectins have been implicated as antibiosis factors against insects. Bauhinia monandra leaf lectin (BmoLL) was tested for anti-insect activity against C. maculatus, Z. subfasciatus and A. kuehniella larvae. BmoLL produced ca. 50% mortality to Z. subfaciatus and C. maculatus when incorporated into an artificial diet at a level of 0.5% and 0.3% (w/w), respectively. BmooLL up to 1% did not significantly decrease the survival of A. kuehniella larvae, but produced a decrease of 40% in weight. Affinity chromatography showed that BmoLL bound to midgut proteins of the insect C. maculatus. 33 kDa subunit BmoLL was not digested by midgut preparations of these bruchids. BmoLL-fed C. maculatus larvae increased the digestion of potato starch by 25% compared with the control. The transformation of the genes coding for this lectin could be useful in the development of insect resistance in important agricultural crops.     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

金花小檗与滇小檗的名实问题

Léveillé在1911年发表了小檗科滇小檗(Berberis bodinieri Lévl.)(新拟),但在原始文献中未说明其模式标本收藏处,并且在之后的一个世纪里,世界小檗属主要分类学文献都未收载该种。2014年,作者在英国皇家爱丁堡植物园标本馆(E)找到了滇小檗模式标本。之后,通过比较滇小檗和古宗金花小檗的模式标本及其原始文献,发现在枝条具棱,叶片为匙形或倒卵状匙形,花序为总状花序或近伞形花序,果实近球形或扁球形、红色、顶端具明显宿存花柱等主要分类学特征上,滇小檗与古宗金花小檗基本一致。因此,将滇小檗归并入古宗金花小檗。     

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)

In the present study phylogenetic relationships of the genus Stereocaulon (lichenized ascomycetes) were examined using DNA sequences from the ITS1–5.8 S–ITS2 rDNA gene cluster and from the protein-coding β-tubulin gene. In addition to the fruticose species traditionally classified in Stereocaulon, representatives of the crustose species that have recently been transferred to the genus were included. Muhria, a monotypic genus that is morphologically similar to Stereocaulon, differing only in apothecia ontogeny, was also incorporated. The analyses included 101 specimens from the ingroup representing 49 taxa. Sequences from both DNA regions were analysed simultaneously using direct optimization under the parsimony optimality criterion. The results support the inclusion of the crustose species and Muhria in Stereocaulon, while the current infrageneric classification is not supported. As Muhria is securely nested within Stereocaulon the new combination Stereocaulon urceolatum comb. nov. (syn. Muhria urceolata) is made. Further, species concepts need to be re-examined, as some species do not appear as monophyletic entities in the phylogeny.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.