张掖湿地旱柳叶水势与中脉性状的关联性

植物叶水势和中脉性状是反映叶片水力特性的主要参数,二者之间的关联性对理解植物水分供需平衡的生态适应策略具有重要意义。选择张掖市黑河干流边缘的洪泛平原湿地为实验地,以河岸为起点沿平行河岸线的方向依次设置近水区(样地Ⅰ)、中水区(样地Ⅱ)和远水区(样地Ⅲ)3个水分梯度样地,采用标准化主轴估计方法(standardized major axis estimation,SMA),研究了对水分影响下旱柳(Salix matsudana)叶水势与中脉性状之间的关系。结果表明:随着土壤含水量减少,旱柳林的高度、密度和郁闭度均持续降低,旱柳叶片的中脉密度、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光合有效辐射(PAR)和叶片温度(Tleaf)逐渐增加,中脉直径、比叶面积及叶水势、叶绿素含量逐渐减少;不同土壤含水量样地旱柳叶水势与中脉性状间的相关性存在差异(P0.05),在样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ叶水势与中脉密度呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),在样地Ⅱ两者之间呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);旱柳叶水势与中脉直径在3个水分梯度样地均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。随着湿地土壤含水量减少,旱柳采取降低叶水势、增加中脉密度并减少中脉直径的资源投资策略,反映了该物种在异质生境中具有较强的叶片性状可塑性,从而有利于其适应特殊的湿地生境。     

张掖湿地芨芨草叶脉密度和叶脉直径的权衡关系对3种生境的响应

植物叶脉性状间的协同进化影响生理活动中水分利用策略和叶片经济谱的形成,对理解叶片在叶脉建成中的碳投入和叶脉功能回报的经济权衡具有重要的意义。该文结合相关性和标准化主轴估计分析(SMA)方法,研究了张掖洪泛平原湿地乔-草群落冠盖区、过渡区和空旷区3种自然生境下芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)叶脉密度和叶脉直径的生长关系。结果表明:从湿地群落的冠盖区到空旷区,植物群落光合有效辐射(PAR)和水汽压亏缺(VPD)逐渐增加,土壤含水量(SM)逐渐减小、土壤电导率逐渐增大;芨芨草的叶片宽度(LW)、叶脉密度(1.28–1.59 mm·mm~(-2))和水分利用效率(WUE)呈逐渐增大的趋势,叶片长度(LL)和叶脉直径(0.21–0.16 mm)呈逐渐减小的趋势,叶性状的平均可塑性值为0.19,株丛密度(BD)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和净光合速率(P_n)呈先增大后减小的倒U形趋势;3种生境中芨芨草的WUE、PAR、T_r、P_n与叶脉密度和叶脉直径呈显著的相关关系;叶脉密度与叶脉直径呈不同程度的负相关关系,在冠盖区,芨芨草叶脉密度和叶脉直径呈极显著的负相关关系,在过渡区和空旷区,二者呈显著的负相关关系,从冠盖区到空旷区,SMA斜率逐渐增大(0.54–1.50),冠盖区和空旷区的SMA斜率与1.0存在显著差异。为适应光照环境条件的变化,芨芨草在空旷区具有大量细脉的叶脉网络性状,在冠盖区生长少量粗脉的细长型叶片,即在某一给定的叶片长度下,阴生环境中芨芨草叶片需要更大的叶脉直径来支撑,反映了湿地植物较强的表型可塑性机制。     

密度制约下尕海湿地黄帚橐吾叶绿素与叶面积、叶厚度间的关系

密度制约下植物叶性状间的关系,对于认识植物叶片的物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要的意义。本研究采用标准化主轴估计分析方法,按黄帚橐吾(Liguaria virgaurea)种群数设置I(171～240株·m~(-2))、II(101～170株·m~(-2))和III(30～100株·m~(-2))3个密度,分析了尕海湿地不同种群密度黄帚橐吾叶绿素含量与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着黄帚橐吾种群密度的降低,湿地群落的密度呈先减小后增大的U型趋势、盖度逐渐降低、高度和土壤水分逐渐增加,黄帚橐吾的叶面积和叶绿素含量逐渐增加、叶厚度和群落内部光合有效辐射逐渐减小、净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈先减小后增大的U型趋势;叶绿素含量与叶面积呈显著负相关(P0.05)、与叶厚度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。生长在高密度湿地的黄帚橐吾选择增加叶绿素含量且构建小而厚的叶片,在低密度湿地选择减少叶绿素含量且构建大而薄的叶片,反映了植物适应光照条件等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

不同土壤水分条件下洪泛平原湿地芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉性状的关系北大核心CSCD

叶片厚度和叶脉性状的关联性影响着叶片水分的动态平衡,对揭示植物叶片水分运输与生长速率耦合的生理生态学机制具有重要的意义。该文选择位于张掖市黑河干流边缘的洪泛平原湿地作为实验地,以河边为起点,沿垂直河岸线的方向依次设置I(50.07%)、II(38.77%)、III(31.5%)、IV(20.4%)4个土壤含水量梯度样地,采用标准化主轴估计(SMA)方法,以叶脉密度和叶脉直径分别表示叶脉性状,研究了不同土壤水分条件下芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)种群的叶片厚度与叶脉性状的生长关系。结果表明:随着湿地群落土壤含水量的逐渐降低,湿地群落的植被密度和高度逐渐降低,土壤电导率逐渐增大;芨芨草的叶脉密度、叶片厚度、水分利用效率和光合有效辐射呈逐渐增加的趋势,叶脉直径、蒸腾速率和分枝数呈逐渐减小的趋势,净光合速率和株高呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着湿地群落土壤含水量的逐渐降低,芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉密度、叶脉直径的相关性在不同样地间存在差异;芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉密度呈显著的正相关关系,SMA的斜率呈逐渐减小的趋势,且在样地I和样地IV与1.0存在显著差异;叶片厚度与叶脉直径呈显著的负相关关系,SMA的斜率呈逐渐增大的趋势,且在样地I和样地IV与–1.0存在显著差异。芨芨草在土壤水分较充足的湿地群落倾向于少量粗脉的薄叶片构建方式,在受土壤水分胁迫时选择大量细脉的厚叶片的生长模式,体现了湿地植物在资源异质性分布的生境中根据其功能需求在自身性状之间进行的资源优化配置。     

不同土壤水分条件下洪泛平原湿地芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉性状的关系

叶片厚度和叶脉性状的关联性影响着叶片水分的动态平衡,对揭示植物叶片水分运输与生长速率耦合的生理生态学机制具有重要的意义。该文选择位于张掖市黑河干流边缘的洪泛平原湿地作为实验地,以河边为起点,沿垂直河岸线的方向依次设置I(50.07%)、II(38.77%)、III(31.5%)、IV(20.4%)4个土壤含水量梯度样地,采用标准化主轴估计(SMA)方法,以叶脉密度和叶脉直径分别表示叶脉性状,研究了不同土壤水分条件下芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)种群的叶片厚度与叶脉性状的生长关系。结果表明:随着湿地群落土壤含水量的逐渐降低,湿地群落的植被密度和高度逐渐降低,土壤电导率逐渐增大;芨芨草的叶脉密度、叶片厚度、水分利用效率和光合有效辐射呈逐渐增加的趋势,叶脉直径、蒸腾速率和分枝数呈逐渐减小的趋势,净光合速率和株高呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着湿地群落土壤含水量的逐渐降低,芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉密度、叶脉直径的相关性在不同样地间存在差异;芨芨草叶片厚度与叶脉密度呈显著的正相关关系,SMA的斜率呈逐渐减小的趋势,且在样地I和样地IV与1.0存在显著差异;叶片厚度与叶脉直径呈显著的负相关关系,SMA的斜率呈逐渐增大的趋势,且在样地I和样地IV与–1.0存在显著差异。芨芨草在土壤水分较充足的湿地群落倾向于少量粗脉的薄叶片构建方式,在受土壤水分胁迫时选择大量细脉的厚叶片的生长模式,体现了湿地植物在资源异质性分布的生境中根据其功能需求在自身性状之间进行的资源优化配置。     

张掖湿地芦苇比叶面积和水分利用效率的关系

密度制约下植物比叶面积与水分利用效率的关系,对于认识土壤-植物-大气的物质循环和能量流动机制具有重要意义。采用样方调查法,研究了3种密度(高密度Ⅰ:210—230株/m~2;中密度Ⅱ:130—150株/m~2;低密度Ⅲ:50—70株/m~2)条件下芦苇种群比叶面积(SLA)和水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明:随着芦苇种群密度的逐渐降低,湿地群落的土壤含水量逐渐减小,芦苇的株高、叶面积、叶干重、SLA和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈逐渐减小的趋势,净光合速率(Pn)、叶厚度和WUE呈逐渐增加的趋势;不同密度条件下湿地植物芦苇比叶面积(SLA)与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系存在显著差异(P0.05),在高密度(Ⅰ)与低密度(Ⅲ)样地,芦苇SLA与WUE呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);在中密度(Ⅱ)样地,二者呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。不同种群密度的湿地生境中,芦苇通过调整叶片形态构造,使比叶面积和水分利用效率形成了相反的变化趋势,反映了植物适应光照条件、土壤含水量等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

闽楠叶形态与叶脉网络性状关系对城市生长环境的响应

植物叶形态与叶脉网络功能性状的协同变异与权衡关系,对深入理解植物叶脉网络功能性状对环境变异的生态适应,以及预测植物物种生活习性对城市化过程的响应具有重要意义。闽楠作为珍贵的常绿阔叶树种,正在城市绿化中逐步推广。针对不同生长环境中（行道与植物园混交林）的闽楠,开展了叶形态与叶脉网络功能性状关系对城市生长环境的响应研究。研究结果表明：闽楠叶性状值基本满足正态分布,各性状变异系数保持在10%-20%之间,群体内性状变异较为丰富,单因素方差分析表明两种环境对叶形态性状的影响比叶脉网络系统的影响更明显;两种生长环境下闽楠叶形态性状组与叶脉网络功能性状组都具有极显著相关性,行道和植物园混交林典型性相关系数分别为0.804和0.795,叶形态性状与叶脉直径呈显著正相关,形态性状、叶脉直径与初级脉密度呈显著负相关;闽楠在响应城市生长环境的过程中呈现出相应的经济权衡机制,行道环境中闽楠以较大的初级脉密度和较小叶面积来确保水分获取和光合之间的平衡,植物园闽楠则采用较低初级叶脉密度、较高叶面积和叶脉直径的叶形态和叶脉网络构建模式。在选择闽楠作为城市绿化树种时,可将叶片形态性状组与叶脉网络功能性状组的协同变化和权衡关系作为选种依据,以提高闽楠在城市环境中的成活率和适应性。     

张掖湿地芦苇蒸腾速率与叶性状关系对土壤水分的响应

了解植物蒸腾速率与叶性状关系对环境因子响应,对于探索植物碳水代谢关系和叶性状构建模式之间耦合的生理生态学机制具有重要的意义。选择张掖国家湿地公园的沼泽湿地为实验地,按湿地中心向边缘土壤水分依次递减的规律设置Ⅰ(95.70%)、Ⅱ(67.50%)、Ⅲ(50.70%)、Ⅳ(30.17%)4个土壤含水量样地,研究了不同土壤水分影响下芦苇(Phragmites australis)的蒸腾速率与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着土壤含水量下降,湿地植被群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,芦苇的叶面积(LA)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而叶厚度呈增加趋势;芦苇的Tr与LA关系在样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅳ存在极显著正相关(P0.01),Tr与叶厚度关系在样地Ⅰ存在极显著正相关(P0.01),而在样地Ⅳ呈极显著负相关(P0.01);在样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ,芦苇的Tr与LA、叶厚度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05)。在土壤水分饱和与土壤水分胁迫的样地,芦苇分别采取了小而薄和小而厚的叶片构建模式,实现了低Tr;而在土壤水分适中的样地芦苇采取了大而薄的叶片资源投资策略,实现了较高的Tr,反映了植物种群适应异质生境的表型可塑性机制。     

张掖湿地芨芨草叶大小和叶脉密度的权衡关系

叶大小-叶脉密度的权衡关系是植物叶经济谱理论的基础, 对理解资源竞争条件下植物叶片的物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要的意义。该文采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation, SMA)的方法, 按芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)株丛密度设置I (>12丛·m^-2)、II (8-12丛·m^-2)、III (4-8丛·m^-2)和IV (<4丛·m^-2) 4个密度梯度, 以叶面积和叶干质量分别表示叶大小, 对张掖洪泛平原湿地不同密度条件下芨芨草种群的叶大小和叶脉密度的关系进行研究。结果表明: 随着芨芨草株丛密度的降低, 湿地群落的土壤含水量逐渐减小、土壤电导率逐渐增加, 芨芨草的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和分枝数呈先增大后减小的趋势, 叶面积、叶干质量、比叶面积和株高呈逐渐减小趋势、光合有效辐射(PAR)和叶脉密度呈逐渐增加趋势; 芨芨草叶大小和叶脉密度在高密度(I)和低密度(IV)样地均呈极显著负相关关系(p < 0.01), 中密度(II、III)样地二者呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.05); 叶大小和叶脉密度回归方程的SMA斜率在不同密度样地均显著小于-1 (p < 0.05), 即芨芨草叶大小和叶脉密度呈“此消彼长”的权衡关系。在高密度湿地群落芨芨草倾向于大叶片低叶脉密度的叶片构建模式, 在低密度湿地群落选择小叶片高叶脉密度的异速生长模式, 体现了密度制约下湿地植物的生物量分配格局和资源利用对策。     

冬小麦品种(系)旗叶叶脉性状及其与气孔性状间的关联性

植物叶脉结构决定着叶水分运输能力,而气孔特性则与水分散失有关,研究二者间的关联性对认识与植物水分利用有关的生理功能间关系及其调控有重要理论价值。本研究以冬小麦为例,系统研究了15个小麦品种(系)旗叶的叶脉性状及其与气孔性状间的关联性。结果表明:在小麦3种类型叶脉中,小纵向脉的密度占叶脉密度的65.8%;小纵向脉间距与大纵向脉间距及横向脉间距均呈显著正相关,大、小纵向脉密度与其间距呈极显著负相关;供试小麦品种(系)叶片上、下表面的气孔大小相差不大,但上表面气孔密度显著高于下表面,上、下表面的气孔长、气孔宽与气孔密度存在显著正相关,但气孔长与气孔密度之间存在显著负相关;3种类型叶脉中,大纵向脉与气孔特征间并无显著相关关系,而小纵向脉、横向脉和气孔特征间存在一定的相关性,小麦品种(系)叶脉密度与下表面气孔密度和总气孔密度呈显著正相关,但与上表面气孔长呈显著负相关,从而揭示了小麦品种(系)水分供给和需求存在协调性的结构基础。     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest

Forest succession following fire in a forest mosaic of northwestern Quebec has been studied in order to: (1) describe the successional pathways using communities of different ages and (2) evaluate convergence of successional pathways and possible effect of fire suppression on the establishment of steady-state communities. As a first step, ordination and classification techniques were used in order to remove changes in forest composition which are related to abiotic conditions. Then, ordinations based on tree diameter distributions were used to study shifts in species composition in relation to time since the last fire.Even under similar abiotic conditions, successional pathways are numerous. However, regardless of forest composition after fire, most stands show convergence toward dominance of Thuja occidentalis and Picea mariana on xeric sites and dominance of Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis on more mesic sites. Stable communities of >300 yr occur on xeric sites while on mesic sites directional succession still occurs after 224 yr. Nearly all species involved in succession are present in the first 50 yr following fire. Only Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis increase significantly in frequency during succession. Following initial establishment, successional processes can generally be explained by species longevity and shade tolerance. Early successional species may be abundant in the canopy for more than 200 yr while the rapid decrease of Picea glauca, a late successional species could be related to spruce budworm outbreaks. Considering the short fire rotation observed (about 150 yr), a steady-state forest is unlikely to occur under natural conditions, though it may be possible if fire is controlled.     

Patterns in the distribution of myctophid fish in the northern Scotia Sea ecosystem

The mesopelagic fish community of the northern Scotia Sea was investigated during the austral autumn using multi-frequency acoustics, opening and closing nets and pelagic trawls fished from the surface to 1,000 m. The Family Myctophidae (15 species in 5 genera) dominated the ichthyofauna, with larval notothenids caught over the South Georgia shelf and bathylagids and stomiids abundant in deeper hauls. The biomass of myctophids was estimated to be 2.93 g wet weight 1,000 m⁻³, with Electrona carlsbergi, E. antarctica, Protomyctophum bolini, P. choriodon, Gymnoscopelus braueri, G. fraseri, G. nicholsi and Krefftichthys anderssoni, being the most abundant species. Analysis of community structure indicated a high level of depth stratification within the myctophids, with evidence of diurnal vertical migration in some, but not all, species. Length-frequencies of G. braueri, G. nicholsi, E. antarctica and K. anderssoni were multimodal, suggesting that all life stages may be present in the northern Scotia Sea. In contrast, P. choriodon, P. bolini, G. fraseri and E. carlsbergi had unimodal distributions despite having multi-year lifecycles, indicating that they probably migrate into the region from warmer areas to the north.     

Determination of the role of polyphosphate in transport-coupled phosphorylation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The role of polyphosphate in 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport was studied in yeast cells, pulse-labeled with [³²P]orthophosphate, by comparing the concentrations and specific activities of polyphosphate, orthophosphate and 2-dGlc-phosphate. When 2-dGlc transport was measured under aerobic conditions, it appeared that polyphosphate replenished the orthophosphate pool, indicating that polyphosphate has, at least mainly, an indirect role in sugar phosphorylation. Also in cells with a reduced respiratory capacity, due to a treatment with antimycin A, no direct role for polyphosphate in 2-dGlc transport could be detected. Under these conditions, only a very limited breakdown of polyphosphate occurred, probably because of the small decrease in the orthophosphate concentration.Abbreviations 2-dGlc 2-deoxy-D-glucose - P_i orthophosphate - P_n polyphosphate - SP sugar phosphate     

Structure and function of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the mucorales

Carotenoids are widely distributed natural pigments which are in an increasing demand by the market, due to their applications in the human food, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Although more than 600 carotenoids have been identified in nature, only a few are industrially important (β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein or lycopene). To date chemical processes manufacture most of the carotenoid production, but the interest for carotenoids of biological origin is growing since there is an increased public concern over the safety of artificial food colorants. Although much interest and effort has been devoted to the use of biological sources for industrially important carotenoids, only the production of biological β-carotene and astaxanthin has been reported. Among fungi, several Mucorales strains, particularlyBlakeslea trispora, have been used to develop fermentation process for the production of β-carotene on almost competitive cost-price levels. Similarly, the basidiomycetous yeastXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (the perfect state ofPhaffia rhodozyma), has been proposed as a promising source of astaxanthin. This paper focuses on recent findings on the fungal pathways for carotenoid production, especially the structure and function of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the Mucorales. An outlook of the possibilities of an increased industrial production of carotenoids, based on metabolic engineering of fungi for carotenoid content and composition, is also discussed.     

Cytotaxonomy of the genusPolystichum in the Western Himalayas

Cytotaxonomical investigations on 11 species from the Western Himalayas show that 8 are diploid and the remaining tetraploid. The numbers for three species are new.P. prescottianum (2x) andP. thomsoni (4x), andP. stimulans (2x) andP. acanthophyllum (4x) are closely related but distinct species pairs.     

New and old problems in the taxonomy of the Gelidiales (Rhodophyta)

The order Gelidiales includes over 140 agar-producing taxa. Many species are taxonomically confused; the boundaries of one family and all but four genera recently have been contested, and the controversy over ordinal status has lasted for over 25 years. This study reviews recent developments in the taxonomy of the group and suggests future areas for studies. The order cannot be defined by a few exclusive characters, as intended in the past, but it shows a unique combination of characters. Additional studies on Gelidiella and Acanthopeltis seem advisable to clarify family limits. The segregation of Onikusa and Pterocladiastrum is doubtful. Only three of six characters discriminate Gelidium from Pterocladia. None allows complete generic segregation and all need variability studies. Analysis of nomenclatural types in the light of morphological variation would permit an understanding of species limits in Gelidium and Pterocladia. Similar studies are needed in Gelidiella and Ptilophora.     

Fungal biodiversity in the air of Turin

The qualitative fungal composition of Turin 's atmospheric environment was surveyed, carrying out a twelve-month study and collecting with a single stage volumetric sieve sampler on Dermasel agar supplemented with 0.4 g l^–1 cycloheximide and 0.05 g l^–1 chloramphenicol. We isolated 165 species and 2 varieties of mesophilic fungi from 58 genera and 26 thermotolerant species from 12 genera. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, Scopulariopsis, Malbranchea, Paecilomyces, Phialophora and Cladosporium were in sequence the genera most rich in mesophilic species; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chrysosporium and Scopulariopsis the most rich in thermotolerant species. Many of the species isolated are rarely or never recorded in the atmospheric environment. Cycloheximide can thus be said to select among airborne fungi, giving a characteristic picture.Abbreviation CH Cycloheximide - cfu colony forming unit     

Activity of pupal parasitoids of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in the stable fly and the house fly Musca domestica in Denmark

A survey was conducted on confined dairy cattle farms and a pig farm from May–October in 1999 to determine the activity and relative abundance of pupal parasitoids and the prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in populations of the haematophagous stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), in Denmark. Four species of pteromalids were found with Spalangia cameroni as the predominant. The other parasitoids were S. nigripes, S. nigra and Phygadeuon fumator (Ichneumonidae). Peak activity of the parasitoids was observed to be late in the summer and the beginning of autumn (August–September) when approximately 10% of the collected stable fly pupae were parasitised. Adult stable flies were infected with four species of entomopathogenic fungi: Entomophthora muscae, E. schizophorae, Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii. All fungi occurred in low percentages (max. 4%) and remained at this level throughout the sampling period. Likewise, adult house flies were infected with B. bassiana and V. lecanii,but Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and V. fusisporum were also recorded. The overall hyphomycete prevalence in house flies was 0.3%, and single species rarely exceeded 0.1%. The prevalence remained low in spite of increasing house fly numbers in August–September.     

Halogenating Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Antibiotics

Using blot hybridization, it has been shown that microorganisms producing halogen-containing antibiotics—Pseudomonas pyrrocinia, P. aureofaciens ACN, P. aureofaciens Pa1, P. fluorescens CHA0, Actinoplanes sp., Kitasatasporia sp., Sacharothrix aerocolonigenes, Actinomadura melliaura, and Streptomyces albogriseolus—contain the genes of the halogenating enzymes related to tryptophan-7-halogenase and monodechloroaminopyrrolnitrin halogenase from P. fluorescens BL 915.