基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化

基于深圳市1988和2003年的TM遥感数据及2004年土地利用变更调查资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化分级方法对深圳市植被覆盖变化及与其相关的自然和社会经济因子之间的响应关系进行了分析.结果表明：1988—2003年间,快速城市化过程对深圳地区地表植被没有产生整体性影响,但平原台地地区的植被退化较明显;深圳市局部地区生态退化的主要原因是建设用地侵占林地和园地、海拔100 m以上区域林地向园地的转移、以及部分建设用地绿化率过低.今后深圳市植被保护和建设工作的重点主要包括：强化植被保护和恢复工作;尽可能避免建设用地侵占林地和园地等植被覆盖较好的区域;尽快纠正海拔100 m以上不合理的园地建设行为;强化城市内部的绿地建设.NDVI指数变化分级方法是揭示大尺度区域植被宏观变化趋势的有效方法,可有效避免数据噪声对NDVI指数的影响.     

北京地区不同地形条件下的土地覆盖动态

利用MSS/TM影像和1∶250 000 高程数据分析了1978~2001年北京地区土地覆盖的变化。为研究人类活动对土地覆盖类型及植被变化的影响,根据植被的分布规律和人类活动影响,利用数字高程模型(DEM)将研究区遥感影像分为不同海拔段,分别建立标志进行解译。通过转移概率矩阵计算、不同地形因子影响下的土地覆盖类型分布的GIS分析,得到如下结果:1) 1978~2001年间北京市土地覆盖变化主要发生在平原和低海拔、小坡度的平缓地区,表现为农业用地向城镇用地的转变;高海拔地区主要为天然植被所覆盖,土地覆盖变化相对较小,主要是灌丛向林地的转变。2) 地形因子显著影响土地覆盖类型的分布及变化。随着海拔的升高和坡度的增大,农业用地和城镇用地减少,林地和灌丛逐渐增加。坡向对植被的分布也有较大影响。     

公益林保护区生态补偿标准与补偿方式

采用问卷调查及条件价值评估法,以贵州省江口县地方重点生态公益林保护区为例,对地方重点公益林保护区生态补偿的标准及方式进行研究.结果表明: 当地林农每年愿意接受的最低补偿金额为314.14～365.15元·hm^-2,其发展的机会成本为9750元×被划入保护区林地的面积(hm²);健康状况、受教育程度、民族及聚居地所在乡镇均不同程度地影响受偿意愿;林农期待的补偿方式呈多样化,主要以现金补偿及技术补偿为主.从制度完善、提高补偿标准、加强宣传、寻求多元化补偿方式等方面提出了政策建议.     

FAST电磁波宁静区植被覆盖度与地形因子的时空关系分析

植被覆盖度对FAST电磁波宁静区的生态系统环境变化有着重要指示作用, 研究选取2008年、2013年和2018年3个时期的Landsat TM/OLI影像, 获取FAST电磁波宁静区的植被覆盖度数据, 并探讨其与海拔、坡度、坡向等因子的时空变化关系。结果表明: (1)近10年来, 植被覆盖度整体呈增加的趋势, 且森林覆盖增加速率远高于退化速率; (2)根据IR-MAD变化检测来看, 植被覆盖变化较剧烈的区域沿道路和居民区分布, 此时受人类活动的影响较大; (3)地形因子不同程度地影响着植被覆盖度的变化, 中低山的植被覆盖度较高, 坡度较缓区域植被覆盖度占比大, 阳坡的植被覆盖度高于阴坡, 平地稀少植被覆盖可忽略不计。研究结果可为FAST电磁波宁静区生态环境保护提供参考价值。     

内蒙古大兴安岭根河森林保护区植被覆盖度变化

基于2000年Landsat-5 TM和2013年GF-1两期遥感影像,利用像元二分模型分别进行了内蒙古大兴安岭根河森林保护区植被覆盖度的估算,并对该区13年间植被覆盖度的变化情况及其与地形因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:利用像元二分法可准确地估算研究区植被覆盖度(决定系数R~2=0.52,相对平方误差RSE=0.54)。两期植被覆盖度与高程正相关性最大,其次为坡度。两期植被覆盖度变化图表明,该地区13年间植被覆盖度总体呈下降趋势,其中高覆盖度的下降最为明显。两期植被覆盖度及其差值随高程的增加而增大,海拔超过1027 m两者均变化缓慢,且植被覆盖度变化主要为正变化。火灾、水系富集、人工抚育频繁等因素对低海拔地区植被覆盖度的下降影响较大。     

北京山区植被动态及生态恢复的遥感监测

基于北京地区1979、1988、1999、2005和2009年5期Landsat数据,利用基于植被指数的像元线性分解模型对植被覆盖度进行反演,分析了北京山区植被覆盖的时空动态,并通过提取植被退化和修复的区域,研究了海拔、坡度和土壤类型对生态修复的影响.结果表明：1979-1988年,北京山区植被覆盖基本稳定,其后由于社会经济的快速发展,1988-2000年北京山区植被严重退化,2000年以后由于采取多种保护措施,大部分区域生态恢复效果明显,2009年平均覆盖度达到72%,比1999年增加了13%.北京山区植被覆盖变化与地理特征密切相关,土壤贫瘠和坡度较大区域在自然状态下的退化比例相对较高,且退化后不易自然恢复,而低海拔区域受人为因素的影响更大.     

基于MODIS NDVI的广西沿海植被动态及其主要驱动因素

归一化植被指数(NDVI)可以表征区域植被状况,目前利用NDVI表征沿海区域植被动态的研究仍相对缺乏。以MODIS NDVI为源数据,分析2000—2014年间,广西沿海区域的植被动态、NDVI动态趋势和持续性,以及NDVI动态的主要驱动因素。结果表明:在海岸线10 km区域范围内,NDVI均值较高(0.71),年际间波动较小(SD为0.02)。空间上,NDVI呈现出陆地高、滨海和河口区域低的分布特征,不同类型植被NDVI差异显著,以广泛分布于陆地的林地最高(0.76),以滨海湿地植被(0.52)和其他类型植被(未利用地等)最低(0.50)。植被动态趋势(斜率k)表明,57%的林地表现为改善趋势(k≥0.002),而52%的滨海湿地则表现为退化趋势(k≤-0.002)。利用Hurst指数对生态持续性进行分析,林地、旱地表现为持续改善,滨海湿地呈现持续退化的趋势。驱动因素分析表明,气象因素对植被NDVI的影响均不显著,NDVI的动态主要受地形特征和人为因素的影响,NDVI及其动态趋势与复合地形指数和距河流的距离多呈负相关,与坡度、高程、距交通线路和城镇的距离多为正相关。总体上,区域内NDVI动态趋势以良性发展为主,但滨海湿地等呈现持续退化的区域需持续关注。     

近10年来蒙古高原植被覆盖变化对气候的响应

基于东亚干旱半干旱地区内蒙古和蒙古国67个气象站的观测资料和SPOTVEGETATION归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,借助线性趋势、MK趋势性检验、最大化合成法和相关分析等常用数理统计方法,研究了内蒙古和蒙古国地区的植被覆盖变化和气候变化及其响应关系。结果表明:①近49年内蒙古和蒙古国地区年均气温显著上升,降水变化不明显。年均气温在空间上呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局,降水量表现出由西向东递增趋势。②空间分布上,内蒙的植被覆盖状况好于蒙古国。时间变化上,该地区植被覆盖变化分为2个阶段,1998—2001年NDVI呈整体退化趋势,2002—2012年波动上升,其中2009—2012年连续3a上升。空间变化上,内蒙古境内植被退化的区域主要集中在锡林郭勒盟周边地区,蒙古国境内退化的区域分布在中西部地区。③蒙古国境内荒漠和草原植被NDVI与降水呈正相关关系,与气温呈负相关。而对于内蒙古而言荒漠和草原植被的NDVI也与降水呈正相关关系,森林植被与气温呈正相关。就政策层面:内蒙古区域近年来受国家重大生态政策退耕还林、退牧还草的影响,大部分东部和西部植被恢复较快。在今后如果增强两国的文化和政策交流学习,将会对未来的游牧民族文化的保留和发展提供契机。     

南昌市植被覆盖度时空演变及其对非气候因素的响应

植被是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,植被覆盖在空间上的差异是气候和人类活动交互作用的结果。随着城市扩张,人类活动的加剧及不合理的土地利用方式导致了很多生态问题,对植被覆盖有重大影响。基于地形调节植被指数的像元二分模型,利用3期landsat-5 TM影像图分析南昌市植被覆盖度时空演变特征,并结合DEM数据分析植被覆盖度及变化的地形梯度分异规律,利用3期土地利用图量化植被覆盖度变化对土地利用方式转变的响应。结果显示:1)研究区2001—2010年植被覆盖度从0.54下降为0.42,总体上呈退化趋势,2005年之后植被退化有所减缓;2)植被覆盖度的地形梯度变化显著。植被覆盖度与高程呈高度的正相关性,在坡度0—22°梯度带呈现较高的正相关,在坡度22—40°梯度带呈现较高的负相关。80%以上植被覆盖变化集中在海拔30 m以下、坡度4°以下的区域;3)植被覆盖度变化是地形与土地利用综合作用的结果。在平原低丘区,土地利用行为是植被覆盖变化的主导因素。城市的建设和扩张导致占用耕地、林地和草地,以及大面积的撂荒、伐林等土地活动对植被覆盖退化的贡献率为50%以上,是植被覆盖退化的主要原因,而退耕还林还草、废弃地复垦、后备资源开发为植被覆盖增加的主要原因。可为平原低丘区生态环境监测和构建环境友好型土地利用模式提供科学依据。     

差异化的生态公益林生态补偿标准——以北京市为例

生态补偿本质是生态系统服务的购买,因此生态补偿标准的制定必须基于生态系统所提供的生态服务价值。2004年开始,北京市逐步对生态公益林进行生态补偿,但补偿项目仍然采用了一刀切的标准制定模式。森林生态系统因树种和林龄的不同,提供的生态系统服务存在较大差异。另外,生态公益林所处的区域位置也决定着其生态系统服务价值发挥的稳定性和相对重要性,是生态补偿标准的制定中必须要考虑的因素。因而,有必要基于生态系统的生态服务价值量核算,并综合考虑生态系统的立地环境、区域定位和资源稀缺度因素,构建差异化的生态公益林生态补偿方案。依据该方案计算的北京生态公益林补偿标准范围在176元/hm~2到2168元/hm~2,其中延庆区和怀柔区的生态公益林补偿标准较高,中心城区和房山区的补偿标准较低。补偿标准的全市平均值为1265元/hm~2,与北京现行山区生态林生态补偿项目的补偿标准相当。构建的公益林生态补偿标准,体现了生态系统的生态服务价值以及生态服务的区位相对重要性差异,为动态化、多元化的公益林生态补偿方案建立提供了可能。     

Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and its determinants in the National Key Ecological Function Area on Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2015

China defined 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 and adopted various measures to support ecosystem restoration in these areas. During the process of environment policymaking, it is important to observe the variation of vegetation and its driving factors. In this paper, we chose the National Key Ecological Function Area (NKEFA) on Loess Plateau as the study area. Based on MODIS‐NDVI data between 2000 and 2015, the trend analysis was used to depict the change in NDVI and the stepwise regression analysis method was used to quantitatively assess its determinants. The results show that: (a) The vegetation coverage in study area was low in the northwest and high in the southeast, corresponding to the distribution of precipitation and temperature. (b) NDVI in the growing season increased remarkably from 0.2841 in 2000 to 0.4199 in 2015 with a linear tendency of 0.085/10a. About 71.22% of the study area experienced an extremely significant increasing of NDVI, while only 0.03% of the total area suffered from significant decreasing of NDVI. (c) Compared to climatic factors, ecosystem conservation policies, and labor transfer contributed more to the vegetation changes in the study area. In order to ensure ecological security and sustainable development in these areas, it is necessary to maintain the continuity of ecological compensation policy. Moreover, developing targeted eco‐compensation policies and encouraging farmers to participate in nonfarm employment are effective ways to reach a win–win outcome of reducing the ecosystem pressure and improving the welfare of rural households.     

中国不同植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化和人类活动的响应

不同植被类型对外界干扰和环境变化的敏感性不同。为厘清中国不同类型植被的动态变化特征及其对外界环境变化的响应,综合利用趋势分析、残差分析和情景模拟方法,在明确2000-2015年间我国不同植被类型归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化基础上,对气候变化和人类活动两大驱动要素在不同植被类型NDVI变化中的相对贡献进行了定量评估和归因。研究结果表明:(1)2000-2015年,我国植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,且其空间占比高达84.1%。其中,森林植被的改善状况最佳,显著增加的面积占到了森林总面积的82.4%;而荒漠植被的改善状况相对较差,仅有22.3%的区域呈显著增加趋势。(2)人类活动在我国植被变化中占主导地位。植被改善区和植被退化区人类活动的相对贡献分别为76.4%和60.0%,且人类活动对植被的影响更多与管理方式而非土地利用类型转变有关。(3)不同类型植被对气候变化和人类活动的响应差异显著。对于植被改善区,除沼泽外,人类活动对各类型植被NDVI变化的贡献率均在70%以上,尤其是对农作物的贡献率最高,达到80.7%;对于植被退化区,人类活动影响较大的植被类型为沼泽和农作物,表明2000-2015年间我国沼泽受到了更强烈人类活动的负面影响。研究有助于增强对不同植被类型对全球变化响应机制的理解,并为促进生态建设和植被恢复工作的有效实施提供科学参考。     

基于土地利用/覆盖变化的中国大陆沿海地区生态状况评价

研究沿海地区土地利用变化及其对生态状况的影响,对于了解区域生态状况演变乃至全球变化具有重要意义.本研究以中国大陆沿海地区1980、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年7期土地利用/覆盖、高程及基础地理信息数据为关键数据源,利用生态等级指数法,对10个省级行政单位56个城市的生态状况进行综合评价,分析其时间动态演变和空间分异特征,深入探讨了高程分异及海陆梯度对我国大陆沿海地区生态状况的影响.结果表明:1980—2015年间,我国大陆沿海地区生态状况基本稳定,呈现逐步恶化、局部改善的特征.我国大陆沿海地区生态状况大致以杭州湾为界,呈南高北低的空间分异特征.大陆沿海地区生态等级指数高程分异显著,海拔<10 m的地区生态状况相对较差,海拔<30 m的区域在研究时段内生态状况的恶化趋势最为明显;研究区生态状况随着海拔的升高而增加,且海拔>400 m区域的生态状况在研究时段内呈现逐步好转的趋势.大陆沿海地区生态等级指数在海陆方向上亦存在梯度特征,自陆向海呈现高-低-高模式,距海10 km处生态状况变化最为显著,且随着距海距离的增加而降低.     

Land cover dynamics of different topographic conditions in Beijing,China

Topographic conditions play an important role in controlling land cover dynamic processes.In this study,remotely sensed data and the geographic information system were applied to analyze the changes in land cover along topographic gradients from 1978 to 2001 in Beijing,a rapidly urbanized mega city in China.The study was based on five periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed data:Landsat MSS for 1978,Landsat TM for 1984,"1992,1996 and 2001,and the digital elevation model (DEM) derived from 1:250,000 topographic map.The whole area was divided into ten land cover types:conifer forest,broadleaf forest,mixed forest,shrub,brushwood,meadow,farmland,built-up,water body and bare land.The results are summarized as follows.(1) Shrub,forest,farmland and builtup consist of the main land cover types of the Beijing area.The most significant land cover change from 1978 to 2001 was the decrease of the farmland and expansion of the builtup area.Farmland decreased from 6354 to 3813 km2 in the 23 years,while the built-up area increased from 421 to 2642 km2.Meanwhile,the coverage of forest increased from 17.2% to 24.7% of the total area.The conversion matrix analysis indicated that the transformation of farmland to the built-up area was the most significant process and afforestation was the primary cause of the replacement of shrub to forest.(2) Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land cover types and the process of land cover changes.Elevation has an intensive impact on the distribution of land cover types.The area below 100 m mostly consists of farmland and built-up areas,while the area above 100 m is mainly covered by shrub and forest.Shrub has the maximum frequency in areas between 100 and 1000 m,while forest has dominance in areas above 800 m.According to the analysis of land cover changes in different ranges of elevation,the greatest change below 100 m was the process of urbanization.The process of the main land cover change occurred above 100 m was the transformation from shrub to forest.This result was consistent with the vertical change of natural vegetation distribution in Beijing.(3) Slope has a great influence on the distribution of land cover.Farmland and built-up areas are mostly distributed in fiat areas,while shrub and forest occupy steeper areas compared with other land cover types.Forest frequency increased with the increasing slope.Land cover changes differed from the slope gradients.In the plain area,the land cover change occurred as the result of urbanization.With the increasing of the slope gradient,afforestation,which converts shrub to forest,was the process of the primary land cover change.     

Landscape Patterns of Tropical Forest Recovery in the Republic of Palau1

A GIS (geographic information systems) database was constructed from aerial photographs, a vegetation map, and topographic map data of the Ngeremeduu Bay Drainage Area (NBDA), Palau, to examine relationships between upland land cover dynamics, environmental variables, and past land use. In 1992, 82.9 percent of the NBDA was forest, 16.6 percent was grassland, and 0.5 percent consisted of village areas. Between 1947 and 1992, there was a 11.2 percent reduction of grassland area primarily due to a 10.9 percent increase in forest cover. These land cover changes led to larger, more continuous stretches of forest and numerous, highly fragmented grassland patches. Significant relationships (P 0.001) were found between the spatial distribution of forest and grassland cover and slope, elevation, soil pH, and percent soil organic matter. These patterns, however, may have resulted from past farm site selection rather than from ecological relationships. Our results indicate that areas of forest expansion were significantly (P 0.001) associated with the location of abandoned agricultural communities. In addition, over 92 percent of areas of forest expansion occurred within 100 m of established forest. These results suggest that the proximity of established forest facilitate forest recovery following human disturbance.     

基于MODIS卫星火点的浙江省林火季节变化及驱动因子

研究林火变化趋势和驱动因子,可为林火预防和管理提供科学依据。本研究基于MODIS卫星火点数据,结合气象(日平均风速、日平均温度、日相对湿度、气温日较差、日累计降水)、人为(到公路距离、到铁路距离、到居民点距离、人口密度、人均GDP)、地形和植被因素(高程、坡度、植被覆盖度),运用趋势分析法、Logistic回归模型,对浙江省2001—2016年林火变化趋势和驱动因子进行研究。结果表明: 浙江省春、夏季林火呈显著上升趋势,秋、冬季林火呈先上升后下降趋势,秋季下降趋势显著。浙江省各季节林火预测模型拟合度均较高,模型预测准确率分别为75.8%(春季)、79.1%(夏季)、74.7%(秋季)和79.6%(冬季)。浙江省春、夏季林火发生与变化受气象、人为、地形和植被因素的显著影响;秋、冬季林火发生与变化主要受气象因素影响。在影响因素复杂、高火险区域分散的春、夏季,林火管理应重点加强人为活动管理和防火宣传教育;在秋、冬季,可通过在高火险区集中分布的西南地区增设瞭望塔和监控设备进行监测和管理。     

Land cover dynamics of different topographic conditions in Beijing, China

Topographic conditions play an important role in controlling land cover dynamic processes. In this study, remotely sensed data and the geographic information system were applied to analyze the changes in land cover along topographic gradients from 1978 to 2001 in Beijing, a rapidly urbanized mega city in China. The study was based on five periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed data: Landsat MSS for 1978, Landsat TM for 1984, 1992, 1996 and 2001, and the digital elevation model (DEM) derived from 1:250,000 topographic map. The whole area was divided into ten land cover types: conifer forest, broadleaf forest, mixed forest, shrub, brushwood, meadow, farmland, built-up, water body and bare land. The results are summarized as follows. (1) Shrub, forest, farmland and builtup consist of the main land cover types of the Beijing area. The most significant land cover change from 1978 to 2001 was the decrease of the farmland and expansion of the builtup area. Farmland decreased from 6354 to 3813 km2 in the 23 years, while the built-up area increased from 421 to 2642 km2. Meanwhile, the coverage of forest increased from 17.2% to 24.7% of the total area. The conversion matrix analysis indicated that the transformation of farmland to the built-up area was the most significant process and afforestation was the primary cause of the replacement of shrub to forest. (2) Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land cover types and the process of land cover changes. Elevation has an intensive impact on the distribution of land cover types. The area below 100 m mostly consists of farmland and built-up areas, while the area above 100 m is mainly covered by shrub and forest. Shrub has the maximum frequency in areas between 100 and 1000 m, while forest has dominance in areas above 800 m. According to the analysis of land cover changes in different ranges of elevation, the greatest change below 100 m was the process of urbanization. The process of the main land cover change occurred above 100 m was the transformation from shrub to forest. This result was consistent with the vertical change of natural vegetation distribution in Beijing. (3) Slope has a great influence on the distribution of land cover. Farmland and built-up areas are mostly distributed in flat areas, while shrub and forest occupy steeper areas compared with other land cover types. Forest frequency increased with the increasing slope. Land cover changes differed from the slope gradients. In the plain area, the land cover change occurred as the result of urbanization. With the increasing of the slope gradient, afforestation, which converts shrub to forest, was the process of the primary land cover change. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(2): 239–251 [译自: 植物生态学报]