丰容对圈养赤斑羚活动时间分配的影响

2010年11月—2013年2月,以上海动物园繁殖场内的10只赤斑羚(Naemorhedus cranbrooki)为研究对象,分别进行了2次环境丰容和食物丰容,分析了丰容前后对圈养赤斑羚活动时间分配的影响。结果表明:在加入丰容设施后,赤斑羚的卧息和刻板行为明显减少,摄食、移动和修饰行为明显增加,与预期结果一致;进一步增加丰容设施的复杂性后,卧息行为明显减少,移动和修饰行为明显增加,但其他几种行为变化不明显,未达到预期效果。在食物丰容阶段,卧息和其他行为有所减少,站立行为有所增加,但以上3种行为变化都不明显,未达到预期效果。在对丰容设施的利用上,进行食物丰容和增加丰容设施的复杂性有效地促进了赤斑羚对丰容设施的利用,分别使赤斑羚在丰容设施上活动的时间百分比由2.07%和1.44%提高到12.17%和10.83%。首次加入丰容设施后,赤斑羚在丰容设施上主要以站立行为为主;进一步增加环境复杂度后,赤斑羚在此设施上主要行为变为卧息行为。食物丰容前,赤斑羚在丰容设施上主要行为是站立行为;在食物丰容阶段,赤斑羚主要的行为变成了摄食行为。     

不同饲养条件下海南坡鹿幼体春季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2003 年2 月至4 月间, 在海南甘什岭自然保护区采用瞬时扫描取样法对10 头海南坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配和活动节律进行了初步研究。结果表明: 坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配中摄食、卧息和反刍占有较大的比例;人工圈养和半散放条件下摄食、卧息、反刍、站立和运动行为的昼间时间分配差异性显著( P < 0.01), 半散放条件下幼鹿每天用于摄食和运动的时间比人工圈养的多, 而用于卧息、反刍和站立的时间较少, 其余行为时间比较接近; 在昼间活动节律方面, 圈养条件下摄食有3 个高峰期(09:00～10:00, 11:00～12:00, 16:00～18:00) , 卧息有2 个高峰期(10:00～11:00, 13:00～16: 00) ; 半散放条件下没有明显的摄食高峰期, 主要原因是大部分时间花费在食物的搜索和处理上, 而其卧息高峰出现在14:00 以后。     

半散放梅花鹿昼间行为节律的初步研究

2007年4月至8月,以江苏省扬州市瘦西湖景区茱萸湾公园梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)为研究对象,采用扫描取样法(Scansampling)和全事件记录方法(All-occurrence recording),研究了28只梅花鹿昼间行为节律。结果表明:梅花鹿昼间取食、卧息、观望、反刍、移动、修饰行为频次依次减少,取食和卧息行为频次占昼间行为的80%。昼活动节律中,取食和反刍行为频次有两个高峰期,分别在7:30和17:30左右。而卧息行为频次高峰期在11:00～14:00之间。对公鹿、母鹿和幼鹿群体取食和卧息行为频次分析表明,在9:30～11:30时间段和12:30～17:30连续时间段内,公鹿及母鹿取食频次与幼鹿取食频次差异显著,在7:30～8:30和9:30～10:30及12:30～17:30连续时间段内,公鹿的卧息行为频次与母鹿和幼鹿卧息行为频次差异显著。本结论可为梅花鹿饲养管理和遗传保护提供基础理论依据。     

竹巴笼矮岩羊昼间行为节律和时间分配

2008年11月中旬至2009年1月中旬和2009年3月至8月,采用瞬时扫描取样法和目标取样法在竹巴笼自然保护区对矮岩羊的昼间行为节律和时间分配进行了研究,结果表明:矮岩羊的昼间行为活动有明显的节律性,活动高峰出现的时间与矮岩羊昼间取食高峰时间基本一致。取食和卧息是最主要的行为方式,分别占总观察频次的53.83%和27.76%,频次较少的是站立和移动,分别占总观察频次的9.93%和8.24%,其它行为所占频次最少,只有0.24%,昼间2个取食高峰(9:00-11:00, 17:00-19:00)和1个卧息高峰(11:00-16:00),呈现出取食-休息-取食的规律。Kruskal-Wallis H 检验表明,季节因素对矮岩羊取食(P <0.05)、卧息(P <0.05)和其它行为(P <0.05)所占时间影响显著,而对移动(P >0.05)和站立(P >0.05)行为影响不显著。各年龄段之间其它行为所占的时间比例差异显著(P<0.05),而取食(P>0.05)、移动(P>0.05)、卧息(P>0.05)和站立(P>0.05)所占时间比例差异不显著;对比分析不同性别矮岩羊昼间行为时间分配差异,雌性的取食、移动和卧息的时间略高于雄性,而站立和其他行为时间低于雄性;Mann-Whitney U 检验对不同性别矮岩羊昼间的各种行为差异进行分析表明:性别因素对矮岩羊昼间时间分配和行为节律产生一定程度的影响,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

蒙古野驴昼间行为的时间分配

2005年3月至2006年6月,研究了内蒙古中部中蒙边境地区蒙古野驴(Eqqus hemionus hemionus)的昼间行为及时间分配,并建立了蒙古野驴的昼间行为谱。统计分析表明,蒙古野驴用于取食的时间最多,平均超过50%,其次是站立。蒙古野驴在冬春季节(11月至次年4月)取食时间明显长于夏秋季(5～10月)。蒙古野驴一天中7:00～10:00时和16:00～18:00时为取食高峰期,11:00～14:00时为其站立和休息高峰,蒙古野驴的其他行为没有明显的高峰期。雌雄蒙古野驴昼间行为时间分配的统计分析表明,取食、运动、卧息和站立凝视无显著的性别差异,而争斗和其他行为两性的差异显著。蒙古野驴昼间用于取食的时间最长,冬春季取食时间(53·95%)多于夏秋季(48·92%)。冬春季,蒙古野驴减少了运动和站立的时间,用于卧息的时间略有增加,中午前后两个取食高峰的间隔时间明显短于夏秋季。蒙古野驴通常在草原的开阔区域取食和移动,在背风和较为隐蔽处卧息。作者进行野外观察时,蒙古野驴对观察者表现出高度的警惕。     

基于红外相机技术的贺兰山同域分布阿拉善马鹿和岩羊活动规律研究

为了探究同域分布的阿拉善马鹿(Cervur alashanicus)与岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的日活动节律,及两者在时间生态位上的分化情况。于2014.10—2015.10,在贺兰山利用红外相机技术,对两者进行野外监测。相关监测数据,在R软件中利用"overlap"统计包,采取核密度估计(Kernel density estimation)、重叠指数(Coefficient of overlap):■进行分析。结果表明,马鹿日活动节律模式属于晨昏活动类型(日活动高峰期:5:00—10:00、16:00—21:00),存在季节性变化(冷暖季日活动节律重叠指数■=0.77),由暖季到冷季晨昏活动高峰期均向中午移动(暖季:4:00—8:00、16:00—22:00,冷季:6:00—11:00、15:00—20:00),昼间活动强度大于暖季,而夜间低于暖季。岩羊日活动节律为主要在昼间活动的模式,其活动高峰期在8:00—10:00、13:00—15:00两个时间段。由暖季到冷季存在季节性变化特征(■=0.74),昼间活动高峰期向后推迟(暖季7:00—9:00、12:00—14:00,冷季9:00—11:00、13:00—17:00),夜间活动降低。两者在日活动节律模式上的相似度较高(■=0.67),存在冷季(■=0.66)高于暖季(■=0.61)的季节变化。在日活动节律模式分离特征为:马鹿为晨昏活动模式,岩羊为昼间活动模式;前者昼间活动强度低于后者,而夜间强于后者;两者活动在高峰期上大体错开。本研究不仅提供了马鹿与岩羊的日活动节律模式,而且还分析了两者在时间生态位上的分化方式和共存机制,并为两者行为生态学研究的深入提供必要的科学依据。     

不同丰容方式对圈养成年山魈行为影响的试验

于2011年对成都动物园饲养的8只成年圈养山魈进行3种食物丰容、2种环境丰容及5种食物与环境丰容试验,考察不同形式丰容方式对圈养山魈行为的影响.结果表明,第一期丰容试验(B)后,山魈的休息行为、运动行为和玩耍行为增加极显著(P＜0.01),而交往行为和取食行为减少极显著(P＜0.01);第二期丰容(D)后,休息行为减少极显著,交往行为增加显著,运动行为、采食行为和玩耍行为增加极显著.山魈对纯轮胎丰容方式的接触次数最少,而对食物丰容方式接触次数更多.有两种丰容方式(纯轮胎丰容和纯轮胎+纯麻袋丰容)仅持续很短的时间即失去作用,其余的丰容方式一般在第8d出现兴趣下降的现象,因此建议每种丰容方式的持续使用时间不超过8d.     

哺乳期圈养雌獐昼夜行为时间分配及活动节律

2014年7—8月,在浙江省富阳市獐养殖场采用瞬时扫描取样法对圈养条件下哺乳期雌獐昼夜行为时间分配及活动节律进行了调查研究。结果表明:1雌獐的日活动行为时间分配依次为卧息(59.01±2.93)%、走动(13.91±2.39)%、采食(10.60±0.74)%、梳理(7.76±1.10)%、反刍(2.84±0.66)%、站立(2.72±1.01)%、警戒(1.53±0.59)%、社会行为(1.26±0.54)%、排遗(0.36±0.22)%。2雌獐的昼间卧息时间极显著低于夜间(P<0.01),梳理时间显著低于夜间(P<0.05),而走动、采食、反刍、警戒和社会行为的时间极显著高于夜间(P<0.01),站立行为差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3一天中,雌獐的采食行为和反刍行为呈现双峰型的节律特征,走动、站立和梳理行为出现了3个高峰期,卧息和社会行为则呈多峰型,其中取食高峰后延迟1~2 h为反刍高峰。4卧息行为分别与采食行为和走动行为呈极显著的负相关关系,而采食行为与走动行为之间呈显著的正相关关系。总之,哺乳期圈养雌獐的日活动行为体现出明显的节律性,且大多数行为时间具有明显的昼夜差异。     

环境丰容对笼养葵花凤头鹦鹉（Cacatua galerita）行为的影响

2009年7月-8月对上海动物园3只葵花凤头鹦鹉进行展区环境丰容试验,包括悬挂玩具、制作道具及增加取食难度等,采用瞬时扫描法记录并分析丰容前后葵花凤头鹦鹉的行为节律及对环境空间的利用特征.研究结果表明：葵花凤头鹦鹉的警戒、休息和走动行为在不同个体间存在显著差异（Kruskal Wallis test,P＜0.01）;环境丰容对葵花凤头鹗鹉的日常行为在时间分配和空间分布上均存在显著影响（Goodness of Fit test,P＜0.05）.主要表现为休息行为减少,活动增加;丰容区域利用增多,非丰容区域利用减少.环境丰容有利于减少动物的刻板行为、增加行为多样性,提高动物福利,同时应基于不同个体的特征和习性,有针对性的开展相应的丰容措施.     

圈养灵长动物丰容方法研究

圈养灵长类动物处在区别于野外的生境和游客压力等因素下,其行为和生理上都会发生一系列的变化。其中最为显著的是表现出一些异常行为,包括刻板行为、自残和过度修饰等。这些行为的出现通常和圈养条件较差有关。一般可以通过环境丰容的方法减少异常行为的发生．提高圈养灵长类动物的福利。在灵长类动物的环境丰容方法中,最为普遍的方法包括改善圈养环境条件、取食丰容、感官丰容、运动刺激和社群丰容。这些丰容手段被证明能有效减少刻板行为的发生,增加行为的多样性,可在灵长类动物圈养中广泛推广。     

Improving the Welfare of a Zoo-Housed Male Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) Aggressive Toward Visitors

Improving the welfare of nonhuman animals in captivity and maintaining behavioral competence for future conservation purposes is of the highest priority for zoos. The behavior of an aggressive male drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) was assessed in Barcelona Zoo. The 2-year study presented in this article examined the effects of introducing changes in the exhibit of the drill to improve his welfare by analyzing scan behaviors. First, a partial visual barrier was applied and proved to be insufficient to decrease the long-term stress indicators assessed. Next, a feeding enrichment program was implemented. The results supported the hypothesis that feeding and explorative activities would increase, whereas apathetic and stereotypic behaviors would decrease. However, visitor-directed aggression did not vary, indicating that more profound structural modifications were needed to reduce the negative impact of the agonistic interactions between the drill and the public. The study emphasized the usefulness of environmental enrichment evaluations in assessing captive animal welfare.     

Environmental influences on stereotypy and the activity budget of Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India

To eliminate abnormal behaviors in leopards (Panthera pardus), such as stereotypic pacing, by utilizing environmental enrichment techniques, a proper understanding of their behavior in captive environments is required. Hence there is a need for animal welfare studies in Indian zoos. The activity budgets of 16 leopards were recorded across four southern Indian zoos: Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Shri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, and the Guindy Children's Park. Of the 16 study animals, 14 were studied on‐exhibit on zoo holidays as well as on days with visitors present, and all 16 individuals were studied off‐exhibit on other days with visitors present. The 11 behaviors recorded were categorized into active, resting, and stereotypic behaviors. Leopards exhibited higher levels of activity in the on‐exhibit enclosures on days with no visitors. Feeding time influenced the behavioral repertoire of all 14 leopards studied on‐exhibit. Lower proportions of resting were exhibited during the hours before feeding. The proportion of active behaviors differed significantly across zoos. Stereotypic pacing levels were not influenced by the presence of visitors or by feeding time, but was significantly influenced by enclosure features. Higher levels of stereotypic pacing were exhibited in off‐exhibit than on‐exhibit enclosures. Our study shows that the behavior of captive leopards is influenced by enclosure type, feeding regime, and the presence of visitors. Zoo Biol 21:585–595, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Case Study of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) Husbandry Practice Across 10 Zoological Collections

The Malayan, or Asian, tapir (Tapirus indicus) has a diminishing wild population and is becoming more common in captivity as zoos attempt to manage sustainable ex situ populations. Tapirs can be relatively easy to maintain and breed, but captive animals appear to suffer from reduced activity budgets, obesity, and poor public image. A questionnaire‐based survey was designed and sent specifically to 10 collections around the world that exhibit Malayan tapirs, with the aim of assessing husbandry regimes to determine prevalence of standardized practices as well as highlighting any key differences, and to showcase good practice, thus providing information beneficial to those maintaining this species in their zoo. Twenty‐five animals were included in the survey from collections across four continents. The research's major conclusions show differing dietary make‐up, with a lack of forage provision, contrasting with a diverse array of enrichment protocols used. Significant differences were noted between zoos for total amount of food offered (P = 0.000) as well as ratios of forage to concentrate pellet offered (P = 0.004). Comparing food offered to male and female tapirs with published requirements for an “average” of either gender shows not all zoos providing the amount suggested in husbandry guidelines. Intelligently designed and original enrichment was provided to all animals but differences between zoos were noted in the application and “usefulness” of enrichment for individual tapir. Overall, animals are benefiting from enrichment but welfare could be further improved via consistent feeding of ad libitum forage and regular use of browse as a constituent part of daily rations. Zoo Biol. 32:347–356, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

圈养马来熊行为节律和时间分配的季节变化

2009年3－12月,分春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,采用人工观察和红外摄像记录观察2种方式,对上海动物园的圈养马来熊进行行为学研究。建立的行为谱包括休息、走动、踱步、乞食、采食、爬树、探寻、擦痒、玩耍、追逐、嗅闻、示警、打斗、爬跨、舔阴、交配和排泄,将相关行为合并后归纳成6类,即休息、运动、乞食、刻板、社群和其他行为。马来熊用于休息的时间最多,其次是运动和乞食行为。各行为具有不同程度的季节性差异,运动行为（F=62.748,P<0.001）和社群行为（F=26.041,P<0.001）季节性差异极显著,刻板行为（F=4.667,P<0.05）差异显著,休息行为（F=1.857,P>0.05）和乞食行为（F=1.180,P>0.05）差异不显著。圈养马来熊具有明显的日活动节律,00:00－5:00和20:00－24:00是马来熊的休息高峰,6:00开始活动量增大,8:00－9:00是马来熊的正常进食高峰,同时,运动、乞食、社群等行为逐渐增多,乞食行为集中在运动场10:00－15:00游客多的时段。18:00之后运动逐渐减少,进入休息状态。春夏昼间行为比较,运动和刻板行为（P<0.05）差异显著。年龄因素,春季对休息、运动和刻板行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,社群和乞食行为的影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季对乞食行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,运动、刻板和社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。性别因素,春季对社群行为影响极显著（P<0.001）,休息、乞食和其他行为影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季只对社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。秋冬间各行为差异不显著,室内和运动场的行为对比表明,刻板和休息多在室内,运动行为多在运动场,室内和运动场秋季的运动行为和社群行为差异显著（P<0.05）,冬季的刻板行为差异极显著（P<0.001）。     

Behavioral and physiologic responses to environmental enrichment in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

The ex situ population of maned wolves is not self‐sustaining due to poor reproduction, caused primarily by parental incompetence. Studies have shown that environmental enrichment can promote natural parental behaviors in zoo animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral and physiological responses of maned wolves. During an 8‐week experimental period, daily behavior observations and fecal sample collection were conducted on four adult wolves (2.2) individually housed in environments without enrichment. After 2 weeks, the wolves were chronologically provided with 2‐week intervals of hiding dead mice around the exhibit, no enrichment, and introduction of boomer balls. Responses of the wolves to enrichment were assessed based on activity levels and exploratory rates, as well as the level of corticoid metabolites in fecal samples collected daily throughout the study period. Providing wolves with environmental enrichment significantly increased exploratory behaviors (P<0.05), especially when mice were hidden in the enclosure. Fecal corticoid concentrations were increased during periods of enrichment in males (P<0.05), but not in females. Overall, there were no correlations between behavioral responses to enrichment and fecal corticoid levels. Behavioral results suggest that environmental enrichment elicits positive effects on the behavior of captive maned wolves. There is evidence suggesting that providing animals with ability to forage for food is a more effective enrichment strategy than introducing objects. There is need for a longer term study to determine the impact of environmental enrichment in this species. Zoo Biol 26:331–343, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

狒狒圈舍废弃栖杠的嗅觉丰容对圈养食肉动物行为的影响

单调的饲养环境是导致圈养食肉动物表现刻板行为的主要原因之一。为减少圈养动物刻板行为的发生,探索便于操作、经济且有效的丰容方式是动物饲养管理者面临的一个挑战。本研究以狒狒圈舍废弃栖杠作为嗅觉丰容材料,对北京动物园小型(9种)、中型(4种)和大型(7种)食肉动物进行嗅觉丰容实验。在非投喂时段,采用扫描动物取样和瞬时记录法,分别对28只动物在丰容前后的5种行为进行观察和比较分析。结果显示,小型和中型食肉动物在丰容后对旧设施的使用频次显著下降(小型：P=0.026;中型：P=0.038),而大型食肉动物无显著变化(P> 0.05)。仅小型食肉动物的刻板性走动、休息和观望行为频次显著下降(走动：P=0.023;休息：P=0.023;观望：P=0.017),其他类群的各类行为均无显著变化(P> 0.05)。同时,丰容后小型食肉动物的行为多样性指数显著降低(P=0.008),主要表现为动物花费较多的时间探究新的丰容设施;中型和大型食肉动物的行为多样性指数变化不显著。结果表明,使用带有狒狒身体气味的栖杠进行嗅觉丰容,仅对小型食肉动物有效,对中型和大型食肉动物无效。研究认为,以其他动物圈舍的...     

Environmental enrichment to address behavioral differences between wild and captive black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)

I compared the behaviors of wild Varecia variegata living in a Malagasy rain forest with those of caged groups living in zoos in the United Kingdom in order to design environmental enrichment to encourage more natural behaviors. Comparisons were made between wild and captive animals in terms of activity budgets (instantaneously sampled at 1-min intervals) and social and solitary behaviors, which were continuously recorded for focal individuals. I followed the same sampling protocol during behavioral enrichment experiments, with additional monitoring of the amount and type of food consumed, and with more detailed observations of feeding behavior. No significant differences were found in resting or moving between wild and captive V. variegata. However, captive V. variegata spent more time on self-grooming and social behaviors, and less time feeding than wild V. variegata. There was also a lack of manual manipulation of food items. Behavioral enrichment experiments were carried out in which whole rather than chopped fruit was provided and presented in a more naturalistic manner. With this method of dietary presentation, manual manipulation of dietary items increased. Time spent feeding also increased significantly. Captive conservation breeding programs should not be wholly concerned with maintaining a diverse gene pool-they should also be concerned with conserving species-typical behaviors, especially if they are to produce behaviorally intact captive animals that can be reintroduced to the wild with minimal training, financial resources, and loss of individuals.     

To hunt or not to hunt? A feeding enrichment experiment with captive large felids

It is often difficult to promote the successful performance of feeding behaviors in zoos, especially for carnivores. Feeding enrichment provides these opportunities and often improves behavioral indications of an animal's well‐being and the experience of the zoo visitor. The effectiveness of two different feeding enrichment techniques was evaluated on five subjects in two species of felids: African lions and Sumatran tigers. The activity budgets of each cat were compared before, during, and after enrichment, focusing on activity levels, frequency and variety of feeding behaviors, and occurrence of stereotypic behaviors. The presentation of live fish increased the variety and frequency of feeding behaviors, while presentation of horse leg bones increased the frequency of these behaviors. Fish reduced the tigers' stereotypic behavior from 60% of scans to 30% of scans on the day of presentation, and this change was maintained for 2 days following enrichment. Bone presentation also reduced stereotypic behavior and increased nonstereotypic activity in both species. Both of these techniques appear to have sustained effects on behavior lasting at least 2 days after presentation, which may indicate their ability to alter the animals' underlying activity patterns. Zoo Biol 22:189–198, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.