盐度、光照和营养盐对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)光合作用的影响

通过测定光合作用产氧速率研究了孔石莼Ulvapertusa不育性变种在不同盐度、光强度和营养盐水平下的光合作用特性.结果表明,盐度可影响光合作用速率,在2710lx光强下孔石莼在盐度20‰左右有最大光合作用速率;光合作用参数Pm为79.62O2,μg/cm2*h,Is为191.08μE/m2*s,IC为10.12μE/m2*s;对营养盐(NH4+-N,NO2--N,PO43--P)的吸收特征可用Michaelis-Menten方程描述,低光强(106lx)下氨氮超过0.07mmol/L时可抑制孔石莼的光合作用.     

营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种氮、磷吸收速率的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种的氮、磷吸收速率的影响。分别进行了营养盐浓度与温度双因子试验,氮磷比与荧 浓度双因子试验肽不同化合态氮比例单因子试验。（1）氮、磷的吸收速率随营养盐浓度的升高而增大,氮的吸收速率在21℃,总氮浓度为100μmol/L时最大,达2.58μmol/(g.h);磷的吸收速率在31℃,总磷为6．3μmol/L时最大,达0.17μmol/(g.h),温度与营养盐浓度有显著的交互作用效应。（2）当氮浓度一定时,环境氮磷比对氮的吸收率无显著影响,但对磷的吸收速率有显著影响,藻中收的氮磷比随环境氮磷比的不同而变化,（3）对3种不同化合态氮的吸收速率与培养液中各种氮占总无机氮的比例呈正相关,当三比例相同时,对NH4^ -N、NO3^--N格NO2^-析吸收分别占总吸收氮的40．7％、28．5％和30．8％。     

龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的生长、光合作用及其对扇贝排泄氮磷的吸收

研究了不同温度、光照条件下大型藻类龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的生长和光合作用特性,及其对扇贝排泄氮、磷的吸收作用。结果表明温度与龙须菜的生长和光合作用显著相关,在本实验条件下,15~25℃都适宜龙须菜生长,其中20℃龙须菜具有较高的生长率(SGR),为2·8%/d;光合作用速率随温度升高和光照的增加而升高,30℃和120μmol/(m2·s)时最高,最大光合作用速率(Pmax)为5·0mg O2/(g dw·h)。龙须菜对扇贝排泄氮、磷有较强的吸收作用,其吸收率和去除效率与放养密度和养殖时间有关。对NH4-N和PO4-P的最大去除效率分别为83·7%和70·4%,最大吸收率分别为9·9μmol/(g ww·h)和4·3μmol/(g ww·h)。实验证明龙须菜生长温度范围和光照范围适合中国北方海区养殖,并且能有效吸收和去除扇贝排泄氮、磷,可以作为生物滤器与贝类及其他养殖动物进行综合养殖。     

海水中藻菌共培养体系对碳氮磷的吸收转化

海洋环境中,细菌和微藻之间的物质交换是生源要素在自然界中迁移转化的重要方式。为进一步了解生源要素的生物地球化学循环,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了共培养体系中营养盐和有机物在细菌和微藻之间的转换。通过纯培养中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、天然海水中的细菌以及藻菌混合培养,分析了营养盐和有机物随藻菌生物量的变化情况,并计算了溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的浓度比值[(DOC/DON)a]。结果发现,在共培养体系中,细菌对中肋骨条藻的生长有抑制作用,对东海原甲藻影响不明显;中肋骨条藻有利于细菌生长,东海原甲藻抑制细菌生长,这种不同可能与微藻的粒径有关。海洋细菌在2种藻的指数生长均期均会促进微藻吸收氨氮(NH_4-N),但在生长末期NH_4-N以释放为主。硝氮(NO_3-N)的浓度与藻的生长呈负相关,但在衰亡期NO_3-N略有增加,表明NO_3-N再生所需时间较长。细菌对硝氮的吸收量较少,但对其再生有贡献。细菌和中肋骨条藻对磷酸盐(PO_4-P)的吸收存在竞争,但与东海原甲藻的竞争关系不明显。不同培养体系中DOC浓度变化不同,在藻菌共培养体系中增加较快,纯藻培养体系中增加缓慢,在纯菌培养体系中缓慢减少。通过对DOC与DON浓度比值的分析,发现用判断颗粒有机碳(POC)来源的方法可以分析DOC的来源。     

川西亚高山针叶林主要树种对土壤中不同形态氮素的吸收差异

在陆地生态系统中,植物对土壤有机氮(主要指氨基酸)的获取是一个普遍的生态学现象,然而植物对土壤有机氮的吸收速率及土壤有机氮在植物养分供应中所占比例仍不清楚。为探究土壤无机氮和有机氮对西南高寒森林植物氮源的贡献效应,以川西亚高山针叶林两个主要树种云杉(Picea asperata)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)的幼苗为研究对象,采用稳定同位素标记法对K~(15)NO_3、~(15)NH_4Cl和(U-~(13)C_2/~(15)N)甘氨酸3种氮素进行示踪,分析了两个树种对无机氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N)和有机氮(甘氨酸)的吸收速率及其差异。结果显示:(1)云杉和红桦幼苗在施加同位素标记物2 h后,两种幼苗细根的13C和~(15)N均出现明显的富集现象,表明两种树种幼苗均能吸收甘氨酸。(2)与甘氨酸和NH_4~+-N相比,云杉和红桦幼苗对NO_3~--N有显著的偏好吸收,其吸收速率为NH_4~+-N和甘氨酸吸收速率的5–10倍。(3)两个树种的幼苗对甘氨酸也有较高的吸收速率,其吸收速率高于对NH_4~+-N的吸收速率,表明土壤有机氮(如氨基酸)也是亚高山针叶林植物养分获取的重要氮源。     

阳光紫外辐射对褐藻羊栖菜生长和光合作用的影响

为探讨经济褐藻羊栖菜对阳光紫外辐射变化的响应,我们在全波段阳光辐射(280－700 nm),去除UV-B辐射(320－700 nm)以及光合有效辐射PAR (400－700 nm)三种辐射条件下对其进行培养,测定了其光合作用与生长的变化。羊栖菜的生长是通过每两天测量一次藻体的湿重来测定的,光合放氧是用Clark型氧电极测定的,为了测定藻体叶绿素a和紫外吸收物质的含量,从250 nm到750 nm对羊栖菜的甲醇提取液进行扫描,叶绿素a的浓度用Porra的公式计算,紫外吸收物质的计算是根据Dunlap的方法先计算紫外吸收物质和叶绿素a的比率,然后乘以每单位藻体叶绿素a的含量。结果表明,当藻体接收较多的日辐射量时有较高的相对生长速率,当滤除UVR后,较高的太阳辐射也导致了较高的光合放氧。然而太阳紫外辐射能够抑制藻体的光合放氧和生长速率,降低叶绿素a的浓度,并且这种抑制作用随着辐射水平的升高而增强。此外,阳光紫外辐射也诱导产生了一定量的紫外吸收物质,但并不足以抵抗紫外辐射对藻体的伤害作用。     

长茎葡萄蕨藻在模拟工厂化循环水养殖环境中的脱氮研究

为优化工厂化循环水养殖尾水处理效果, 探究长茎葡萄蕨藻在工厂化循环水养殖条件下对含氮污染物的去除效果。采用模拟养殖尾水, 考察了长茎葡萄蕨藻对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的吸收效果, 进而讨论了不同水力停留时间对长茎葡萄蕨藻吸收去除三氮的影响。结果表明, 长茎葡萄蕨藻在单一含氮污染物中硝酸盐氮吸收速率最快; 在混合含氮污染物中, 氨氮吸收速率最快, 吸收去除效率最高, 其次为硝酸盐氮。长茎葡萄蕨藻在实验条件下养殖密度为16 g·L-1时生长较快, 氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的去除率为92.63%、61.91%和66.08%。在水流动状态下, 水力停留时间越短, 对三氮的综合去除效果较好, 水力停留时间为4 h时氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮去除率为55.79%、56.37%、58.50%。     

大叶藻对氮磷营养盐的吸收动力学特征

营养盐是影响海草生长的关键因子, 目前有关海草不同组织对不同形式氮和磷的吸收特征尚不明确。该研究通过利用海草地上和地下组织分隔培养装置, 设置不同的氨态氮、硝态氮和磷酸盐浓度, 探究了大叶藻(Zostera marina)植株及其地上和地下组织对氮磷营养盐的吸收动力学特征。结果显示: (1)大叶藻对氮磷的吸收符合饱和吸收动力学特征, 吸收速率和水体氮磷浓度可用米式方程描述; (2)大叶藻植株对NH₄⁺-N的最大吸收速率(V_max, 52 μmol·g^-1·h^-1)显著高于其对NO₃^--N的V_max (39 μmol·g^-1·h^-1); (3)大叶藻地上组织和地下组织均可吸收氮磷, 但地上组织对氨态氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐的V_max分别为43.1、30.5和15.6 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 为地下组织的2.6、1.2和6倍。结果表明, 大叶藻对氨态氮的吸收能力高于硝态氮, 且对氮磷的吸收可能主要依赖地上组织(叶片)。结果为查明大叶藻对氮磷的吸收利用机制及评估大叶藻的海洋生态效应提供了理论依据。     

九龙江河口区养虾塘沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量特征

通过对九龙江河口区陆基养虾塘水样和沉积物样品采集分析及结合室内模拟实验,探讨了虾塘在不同养殖阶段沉积物-水界面营养盐通量时间变化特征及其主要影响因素。虾塘沉积物向上覆水体释放NO_x~--N(NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N)、NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P能力均呈现随养殖时间推移而降低的特征。沉积物在养殖中期和后期分别呈现对上覆水体NO_x~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的吸收现象,但总体表现为释放(平均通量分别为(1.87±1.15)、(1.58±0.52)mg m~(-2)h~(-1)和(1.22±0.62)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮交换以NH_4~+-N为主(沉积物平均释放通量为(46.18±13.82)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物间隙水与上覆水间的营养盐浓度差(梯度)及温度对上述交换通量的时间动态特征具有重要调控作用。研究结果表明养殖初期或中期沉积物较高的无机氮(尤其是NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N)释放是养殖塘水质恶化的一个极具潜力的污染内源,可能会对虾的健康生长产生负面效应,控制沉积物无机氮释放是养虾塘养殖初期和中期重要的日常管理活动之一。     

从光合作用特性看铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的竞争优势

通过测定净光合放氧速率,研究了温度、光照和pH对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和玫瑰拟衣藻(Chloromonas rosae)光合作用的影响。两种藻的光合放氧速率都随着温度的升高而加快,在10~35℃范围内,铜绿微囊藻净光合放氧速率随温度升高而直线上升,其最适温度高于35℃,而当温度高于30℃后玫瑰拟衣藻的净光合放氧速率迅速下降;两种微藻的光合放氧速率-光强变化曲线有所不同,铜绿微囊藻光饱和点在500μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近,光强达到900μmol·m^-2·s^-1时仍无光抑制现象发生,玫瑰拟衣藻光饱和点在630μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近,当光强进一步升高,光合放氧速率开始下降;铜绿微囊藻最适pH值是10.0,在pH值6.5~11.5范围内,光合放氧都很活跃,变化幅度不大,玫瑰拟衣藻最适pH值7.0,偏酸或偏碱光合放氧都迅速地下降,pH高于10.0出现了负值。比较两种藻的光合作用特性,铜绿微囊藻光合作用具有3个特点:(1)适应温度范围宽,对高温具有良好的适应性,并且光合作用随温度的升高显著提高;(2)光饱和点低,光合作用活性高,能在弱光环境中高效地进行光合作用,并且抗强光伤害;(3)对pH变化具有超强的适应能力,在中性和碱性环境中,都能进行活跃的光合作用。铜绿微囊藻在光能利用、温度和pH适应性方面的特点,可以使其快速生长繁殖,积累大量的生物量,在与其它藻类的竞争中占据显著的优势。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and device-related nosocomial infections: implications, trends, and potential approaches for control

For many years, device-associated infections and particularly device-associated nosocomial infections have been of considerable concern. Recently, this concern was heightened as a result of increased antibiotic resistance among the common causal agents of nosocomial infections, the appearance of new strains which are intrinsically resistant to the antibiotics of choice, and the emerging understanding of the role biofilms may play in device-associated infections and the development of increased antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are consistently identified as some of the more important agents of nosocomial infections. In light of the recent information regarding device-associated nosocomial infections, understanding the nature of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans infections is increasingly important. These two microorganisms demonstrate: (1) an ability to form biofilms on the majority of devices employed currently, (2) increased resistance/tolerance to antibiotics when associated with biofilms, (3) documented infections noted for virtually all indwelling devices, (4) opportunistic pathogenicity, and (5) persistence in the hospital environment. To these five demonstrated characteristics, two additional areas of interest are emerging: (a) the as yet unclear relationship of these two microorganisms to those species of highly resistant Pseudomonas spp and Candida spp that are of increasing concern with device-related infections, and (b) the recent research showing the dynamic interaction of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in patients with cystic fibrosis. An understanding of these two opportunistic pathogens in the context of their ecosystems/biofilms also has significant potential for the development of novel and effective approaches for the control and treatment of device-associated infections.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Novel glycopeptides,containing desmosine and isodesmosine,isolated from porcine aorta

Intima-media of porcine thoracic aorta were digested with pronase, after extraction of the saline-soluble matters and fat. A glycopeptide fraction was precipitated with 90% (vol/vol) ethanol from the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction of the trichloroacetic acid (7%)-soluble fraction of the pronase digest. The glycopeptide fraction was fractionated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose 4B, yielding 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC and FD). The most carbohydrate-rich fraction (FB) was further purified to a homogeneous state. The purified FB (FB-0.1) and all other fractions contained desmosine and isodesmosine. The major sugars in the fractions without or with low affinity for Con A (FA, FB, and FB-0.1) were glucosamine, galactose, mannose and sialic acid, while those in the fractions with high affinity for this lectin (FC and FD) were glucosamine, glucose and mannose. All the fractions contained glycine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), serine, proline, threonine, glutamic acid (and/or glutamine) and alanine as the major amino acids, amounting to approximately 80% of the total.     

Species-specific albumin in fossil bones from Orce, Granada, Spain

A skull fragment (VM-0) from Orce, Granada, Spain, dated palaeomagnetically at about 1.6 Myr, is thought by some palaeontologist to be hominid, while others maintain it is equid. If hominid, it would be by far the oldest evidence ofHomo in Europe. Immunological studies on residual albumin in this fossil were carried out independently, and with different immunological methods, at the University of California, San Francisco (radioimmunoassay), and at the University of Granada, Spain (enzyme immunoassay). Other fossils attributed to hominids also studied wereVM1960 from Venta Micena, andCV-1 from Cueva Victoria, Murcia, Spain. Undisputed equid and bovid fossils from the same deposits and dated to a similar period as the Orce skull were also analyzed. Our results showed that species-specific albumin can be detected in 1.6 Myr-old hominid, equid and bovid fossils. The albumin from the Orce skull fragment and fromVM-1960 was immunologically closer to human albumin. These findings support the contention that theVM-0 andVM-1960 are hominid and that members of the genusHomo occupied southern Spain 1.6 Myr ago.