外源NO缓解紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫

以津优35号黄瓜为材料,采用根尖悬空气培养的方法,研究了紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫,以及外源NO缓解化感胁迫的效应.结果表明: 1000 mg·L^-1紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根尖有明显的伤害作用,根尖组织结构被破坏,根尖表层细胞脱落,细胞排列混乱且疏松;这些伤害能够被外源NO有效缓解.与对照相比,紫茎泽兰提取物处理黄瓜幼苗根尖根边缘细胞(RBC)的数量和细胞活率被显著抑制,分别降低54.5%和97.2%,细胞凋亡率升高12.3倍,RBC的黏胶层厚度增加31.4%,根边缘细胞根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)活性显著增加.与紫茎泽兰提取物处理相比,提取物胁迫下添加外源NO处理的RBC数量和细胞活率分别增加72.4%和146.0%,细胞凋亡率和RBC黏胶层厚度分别降低30.7%和15.0%,PME活性在处理72 h时降低了14.3%.紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜RBC产生细胞毒性,诱导细胞发生凋亡和死亡,破坏RBC对根尖的保护,提取物进一步对根尖产生胁迫伤害,破坏根尖的组织结构.外源NO可以在一定程度上缓解提取物对黄瓜根尖及RBC的化感胁迫伤害.     

紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆的化感效应

外来入侵植物可以通过淋溶、自然挥发、根系分泌和植株凋落物分解等途径向周围环境释放化感物质,抑制伴生植物的生长、发育。该研究以不同浓度紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)叶片水浸液处理蚕豆(Vicia faba)种子,研究紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核、染色体畸变、细胞凋亡、蚕豆幼苗叶片叶绿素和N含量、光合生理特性、生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液处理显著抑制蚕豆根尖的伸长和细胞的有丝分裂,并诱导蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变和细胞微核的产生,有丝分裂指数随着叶片水浸液浓度增加而减小,根尖细胞微核率随叶片水浸液浓度增加而增大,高浓度叶片水浸液处理对蚕豆根尖细胞的凋亡及坏死有明显影响。(2)紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液处理引起蚕豆幼苗叶片的叶绿素和N含量显著降低,并导致蚕豆幼苗最大净光合速率和生物量的显著下降。总之,紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液可能引起蚕豆根尖的氧化损伤和抑制根尖的伸长,且叶片水浸液的抑制作用呈现一定的剂量效应。紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆根尖的损伤和抑制作用可能影响了植株对氮素的吸收,进而对蚕豆幼苗光合生理表现以及生物量积累产生显著负面效应。     

发育时期对紫茎泽兰化感作用的影响

为探讨紫茎泽兰化感作用与其入侵性的关系,利用生物检测法研究了不同发育时期紫茎泽兰叶片水提液对4种本地草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,高浓度时紫茎泽兰叶片水提液能显著抑制4种本地植物种子发芽率、发芽速度,但低浓度时有时抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用;除狗肝菜胚轴生长外,不同浓度下紫茎泽兰叶水提液均能抑制4种本地植物胚轴和胚根生长,但有时对胚轴生长的抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用。不同植物和同种植物的不同参数对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,拔毒散和狗肝菜的种子萌发参数较敏感,莎草砖子苗的生长参数较敏感,种子发芽速度和胚根生长较敏感。总的看,随发育时间的增加,紫茎泽兰抑制本地植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的最低叶片提取液浓度减小,相同浓度下叶片水提液对本地植物的抑制作用增强,表明紫茎泽兰化感作用增强。化感作用在紫茎泽兰入侵的不同阶段所起的作用可能不同。     

紫茎泽兰土壤种子库特征及其对幼苗的影响

研究紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)土壤种子库特征及其对紫茎泽兰种子的萌发、幼苗命运的影响, 在综合治理紫茎泽兰入侵危害及防止紫茎泽兰的继续扩散等方面有着重要的意义。该文在攀枝花紫茎泽兰入侵严重的地区, 通过采集果园、放牧灌丛以及禁牧灌丛3种不同生境紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的样本, 以说明不同干扰程度下紫茎泽兰种子在土壤中的分布状况。通过野外调查并结合盆栽实验, 初步研究了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库基本特征以及光照和种子在土壤中的埋藏深度等对紫茎泽兰幼苗的影响。结果表明: 1)果园、放牧灌丛和禁牧灌丛等3种干扰程度不同生境的深层种子量占总种子量的比例分别为56.44%、46.96%和24.86% (p=0.006), 这说明土壤深层种子量大小与干扰成正比, 干扰越大, 深层次紫茎泽兰种子量占总种子量的比重越大。2)播种在0、1和5 cm深度的种子萌发率分别为64.67%、22.67%和13.33%, 即种子埋藏越深, 萌发率越低, 不同层次种子萌发率差异极显著(p=0.00); 幼苗死亡率分别为27.95%、0和0, 表层种子萌发的幼苗有较高的死亡率, 而由埋藏在深层的种子萌发的幼苗没有死亡, 土壤表层发芽的幼苗与不同埋藏深度种子萌发的幼苗之间死亡率差异极显著(p=0.00)。3)在无遮蔽、半遮蔽和全遮蔽3种不同情况下, 紫茎泽兰幼苗的死亡率分别为72.15%、30.38%和4.87%, 定居率分别为6.66%、33.99%和46.67%, 即遮蔽程度越高, 死亡率越低, 定居率越高, 不同处理之间死亡率和定居率差异均极显著(p=0.00)。研究结果暗示, 强光可能是导致紫茎泽兰幼苗死亡的重要原因, 人类活动的干扰可能导致更多的紫茎泽兰种子进入土壤深层, 从而改变了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的结构。由于土壤深层种子比表层种子具有更强的抵抗强光照射等不良环境因子影响的能力, 所萌发的幼苗成活率高, 表明其具有更高的繁殖效率, 因此人类活动干扰是紫茎泽兰入侵后难以根除的原因之一。     

紫茎泽兰种子形态特征和萌发特性与其入侵性的关系

利用纸皿法在不同条件下比较研究了紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)和3种同亚族本地植物种子萌发特性,同时比较了种子大小等形态特性,探讨了种子形态特征和萌发特性与紫茎泽兰成功入侵的关系。紫茎泽兰种子重量、长度、宽度以及冠毛长度均小于3种本地植物;在不同的释放高度下,紫茎泽兰种子的沉降速度低于本地植物。紫茎泽兰种子萌发温度范围广,在亚适宜的低温下,萌发率和萌发指数均高于本地植物白头婆和水泽兰。紫茎泽兰种子萌发对水和盐胁迫响应更强烈,但在适宜条件下,紫茎泽兰种子的萌发率和萌发速度均显著高于3种本地植物。这些特性可能与紫茎泽兰的入侵性有关。     

紫茎泽兰叶片化感作用对10种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

化感作用在生物入侵过程中具有重要的意义,紫茎泽兰具有化感物质,它能抑制豌豆等一些对化感物质敏感的植物种子萌发,但它对入侵早期直接与之竞争的植物的影响以及化感作用与其入侵性的关系还知之甚少。以紫茎泽兰入侵早期直接与之竞争的草本植物和为替代控制紫茎泽兰引进的牧草为材料,利用培养皿滤纸法研究紫茎泽兰叶片提取液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,探讨化感作用与其入侵性的关系,并为其替代控制提供依据。紫茎泽兰叶片提取液对10种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均有化感作用,不同浓度的提取液对植物的化感作用强度不同,低浓度时较弱,高浓度时较强。高浓度的提取液能降低种子发芽率、发芽速率、胚轴和胚根长度,增加幼苗丙二醛含量,其中发芽速率更敏感,可能是衡量化感作用的最敏感指标。不同植物对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,无芒虎尾草、白三叶、细叶苦荬和莎草砖子苗对紫茎泽兰化感作用较敏感,紫花苜蓿最不敏感。     

紫茎泽兰化感作用对9种草本植物种子萌发的影响

【背景】紫茎泽兰是一种入侵我国的世界性恶性杂草,给当地的农、林、畜牧业生产造成严重的经济损失,使生态环境面临"绿色灾难"。紫茎泽兰的化感作用是其成功入侵的重要原因,其化感物质对当地植物的生长具有明显的抑制作用。【方法】利用培养皿滤纸法研究了紫茎泽兰叶片水提液对9种草本植物种子萌发的影响,这些植物包括紫茎泽兰入侵早期直接与之竞争的云南草本植物:鲁梅克斯、高丹红、鸭茅(安巴)、苕子、胡枝子,以及为替代控制紫茎泽兰而引进的外来优良牧草:紫花苜蓿(敖汉)、白三叶(海发)、红三叶、黑麦草(速达)。【结果】紫茎泽兰叶片提取液对9种受体植物种子萌发均具有化感作用。低浓度提取液对受体植物的化感作用较弱(对部分植物种子萌发有促进作用);高浓度提取液对受体植物的化感作用较强,且能降低种子发芽率及发芽速率,其中,发芽速率对化感作用更敏感。不同植物对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,鲁梅克斯、鸭茅和苕子对紫茎泽兰的化感作用较敏感;黑麦草、胡枝子和高丹红最不敏感;紫花苜蓿、红三叶和白三叶对低浓度紫茎泽兰叶片水提液不敏感,对高浓度提取液较敏感。【结论与意义】不同植物种子对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感性存在差异,研究结果有利于了解紫茎泽兰成功入侵的机制,并可为筛选具有替代控制潜力的优良牧草奠定基础。     

紫茎泽兰的化学互感潜力（英文）

广布于阑沧江流域的紫茎泽兰是一入浸性极强的外来杂草。研究表明它对其它植物有化学互感作用,其地上部分的石油醚、乙醇和水提取物对豌豆的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用。在２％相对浓度下,紫茎泽兰的石油醚、乙醇和水提取物豆的萌发分别产生１００％、４０％和５０％的抑制。它的化学互感物质主要集中于石油醚提取物及醚提取物吸附于活性炭后的甲解剖 物中。从石油醚提取物分离出的第二,第三和第四组分继主要的活性成分,在     

光和不同打破种子休眠方法对紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗状态的影响

紫茎泽兰是著名的外来入侵植物,作为入侵的第一步,发芽及其幼苗生长应该与其强入侵能力有关.基于此,通过不同光照强度处理和不同打破休眠方法的双因素实验,旨在探讨紫茎泽兰种子是否具有需光萌发特性以及低温、水杨酸、聚乙二醇,硝酸钾等常规打破休眠方法和光照如何共同影响其萌发、幼苗生长等问题.结果表明:在全光照条件下,不同处理的紫茎泽兰种子的萌发率均大于63％,铝箔纸覆盖的遮光条件(0.23％光照)萌发率均大于60％,而在完全黑暗条件下,其萌发率较低(均小于30％),这表明紫茎泽兰种子具有需光萌发的特性.有别于以往对其它植物种子的报道,低温处理、水杨酸处理、聚乙二醇处理和硝酸钾处理不能代替光照打破种子休眠,显示紫茎泽兰种子可能处于一种强迫休眠状态(种子静态).全光照与水杨酸处理、PEG处理对幼苗生长具有交互影响:黑暗下水杨酸处理浓度与幼苗生物量成正相关(P＜0.05),但全光照和加铝箔下不相关(P＞0.05);全光照下PEG处理浓度与根长显著正相关(P＜0.05),而加铝箔和黑暗下不相关(P＞0.05).紫茎泽兰种子需光萌发特征及其幼苗生长特点是人为破坏表土壤、深层土壤种子库地表化导致快速入侵的基础.结果也为通过引入适宜树种造林来控制光照因子对紫茎泽兰进行生态控制提供了理论依据.     

乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的响应

为了解乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的耐受程度及抵御机理,以2—3年生紫茎泽兰叶片为供体材料,用不同浓度的紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液处理白刺花种子及幼苗。结果表明:紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液对白刺花的影响为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。当浓度为0.5%时促进效应最强,当浓度大于2.0%时抑制效应明显增加。白刺花种子萌发速率比萌发率对紫茎泽兰化感作用反应敏感,胚轴比胚根敏感,随着幼苗的生长,其抵御紫茎泽兰化感作用的能力逐渐增强,丙二醛的含量与植株生长响应规律相对应,并且经紫茎泽兰浸提液处理能极大的增加白刺花幼苗菌根率,缩短菌根形成的时间。     

Inhibitory effects of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on germination and growth of Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium glaucum

Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium glaucum L. are two widely distributed destructive weeds. Their strong adaptability and massive seed production make them the hardest weeds to deal with. This present study intended to investigate the effect of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on the growth of these weeds and explore the potential to develop an environmental friendly strategy to use the leachate to control the weeds. Seeds of A. retroflexus L. and C. glaucum L. were soaked in solutions containing 0%, 0.6%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% leachate from E. adenophorum leaves. A. retroflexus and C. glaucum seedlings grown in pots were sprayed with leachate solutions in the same concentration range. The effects of these leachate solutions on membrane permeability and germination of seeds, and growth and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were investigated. The highest concentration of leachate (5%) caused significant damage to the cell membrane of seeds of both weed species, whereas lower concentrations (0.6%) promoted repair of the membrane system, as reflected by higher and lower than control in relative conductivity (RC), respectively. Different concentrations of leachate showed distinct allelopathic inhibitory effects on the two weed species; lower concentrations showed weak inhibitory or even positive effects, whereas higher concentrations showed stronger inhibitory effects. Higher concentrations of leachate (2.5% and 5%) delayed germination and significantly decreased the emergence rate of the seeds, survival rate, and dry matter accumulation of the seedlings. When treated by 5% leachate, the emergence date of A. retroflexus was delayed by 3.6 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 69.1% and 70.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 48.6% less than the control; In the case of C. glaucum, the emergence date was delayed by 2.7 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 45.1% and 58.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 44.7% less than the control. There were significant interactions among the different concentrations of leachate and the length of treatment period with respect to activities of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and chlorophyll contents. Seedlings treated with 0.6%, 1.25%, or 2.5% leachate solution for 24–72 h showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities. When seedlings were treated with leachate solutions for 96 h, antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content decreased in A. retroflexus, but only CAT activity decreased in C. glaucum. When seedlings of the two weed species were treated with 5% leachate solution, CAT activity and chlorophyll content decreased and MDA content gradually increased with longer treatment times (from 24 to 96 h). The two weed species showed different allelopathic responses to E. adenophorum; A. retroflexus was more sensitive than C. glaucum. Based on the investigation, it could be speculated that the delayed germination and low germination rate of the weeds after treatment by leachate could be due to the fact that leachate damaged the membrane system of the seeds. By delaying germination, lowering the germination rate of the weeds and inhibiting seedling growth, leachate from E. adenophorum could provide an effective way of controlling the weeds.     

光质、光强对入侵植物紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗状态的影响

为了探讨紫茎泽兰种子需光萌发特性,对光质（不同颜色、红光/远红光）和光强对种子萌发率及幼苗状态进行了研究。研究发现：不同颜色光对发芽率影响显著,其中黄光、橙光和红光等波长在（591~750 nm）之间的光更有利于提高种子的萌发率（74.3%~83.3%）,而较短波长的光（<570 nm,紫光、蓝光和绿光）促进效果显著降低（62.3%~66.7%）（p<0.05）。光强对紫茎泽兰种子发芽和幼苗影响较光的颜色更具有规律性。黑暗条件下发芽率22%,随着光照提高,发芽率指数增加(r²=0.96),芽长指数下降(r²=0.99)、根长指数增加(r²=0.98),而鲜重呈现线性增加(r²=0.70)。适量红光（630 nm）和远红光（730 nm）照射能够打破和引起休眠,红光照射量与发芽率提高量成线性正相关（r²=0.98）,而远红光照射率与发芽率降低量呈线性正相关（r²=0.92）,说明紫茎泽兰需光萌发是一个光敏色素引起的过程。紫茎泽兰通常在裸地和人为干扰土壤上泛滥,这可能与其种子需光萌发有关。而对其生态学控制可以考虑从光强、特别是光质角度（如人工造林）控制种子萌发来实现。     

Effects of Sowing Date on Phenotypic Plasticity of Fitness-Related Traits in Two Annual Weeds on the Songnen Plain of China

BackgroundPhenotypic plasticity of fitness-related traits is vital for plant species to adapt to variable environments. Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally. Understanding the plasticity in life-history traits, especially in reproductive allocation, within and among these species is important for predicting their success and for managing them in different environments.Conclusions/SignificanceThe fitness of both C. glaucum and A. retroflexus populations have an apparent increase when the period between germination and seed production is much longer. However, C. glaucum appears better adapted to later sowing than A. retroflexus. Controlling seedlings prior to reproduction will alleviate the negative effect not only in the present year but also in future years.     

Allelopathic effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nepeta meyeri</Emphasis> Benth. extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of some crop plants

In order to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Nepeta meyeri Benth., the effects of aqueous extracts (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5%) prepared from roots and leaves of N. meyeri were studied on the seed germination and seedling growth of several economically important crops (barley, wheat, canola, safflower, and sunflower). Both the root and leaf extracts of N. meyeri caused a general phytotoxic effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of barley and sunflower at all concentrations. However, both the root and leaf extracts significantly increased the seedling growth of wheat, especially at the lower concentrations 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%, whereas the higher concentrations had a neutral effect. The seed germination and the seedling growth of canola and safflower were also generally improved by both extracts, especially at lower concentrations. However, these advantages were not observed at higher concentrations, at which the extracts mostly had a phytotoxic effect on canola and safflower. The Allelopathic activity of N. meyeri depended on whether the extract was derived from the leaf or root parts of the plant. The maximum allelopathic effect occurred with leaf extracts. The results demonstrate that the aqueous extracts from N. meyeri have allelopathic potential and should be evaluated as an allelopathic species, presenting a risk or advantage to seed germination and seedling growth of crop or weed plants.     

小麦秸秆水浸提液对五种植物化感作用的研究

该文研究了不同浓度的小麦秸秆水浸提液对徐州地区2种玉米(郑单958和农大108)和3种常见玉米田间杂草(马唐、稗草和反枝苋)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于75、50和25 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于50和37.5 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;但当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度大于37.5 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋幼苗根和芽的生长均受到明显的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度小于75 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108幼苗根与芽的生长受到明显的促进,且郑单958幼苗叶片中叶绿素的含量以及郑单958的POD酶活性均得到提高。该研究结果表明较高浓度的小麦秸秆浸提液(50 g·L~-1)会抑制杂草的生长,有利于玉米郑单958的生长,为小麦秸秆还田和玉米田杂草的生态防治提供了理论基础。     

Allelopathic effect of common weeds on soybean growth and soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis

Water extracts of shoot of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) at 1% level significantly reduced soybean seed germination. Soybean seedlings inoculated with broth culture of nodule bacterium were grown for 25 days in N-free nutrient solution amended with cold water extracts of weed residues at 1 and 2% levels. At both levels extracts from residues of all weeds except that of lambsquarters enhanced growth of soybean. Nodulation was generally stimulated by the extracts of five weeds at 1% level except that of lambsquarters. Extracts from lambsquarters at 2% level completely suppressed and at 1% level reduced nodulation by 60%. Extracts from green foxtail (Setaria viridis), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonium pensylvanicum) and sunflower at 2% level reduced and at 1% level enhanced nodulation. The residues of lambsquarters shoot incorporated with soil at 0.5 and 1% levels caused 85 and 96% reduction respectively in seed germination and those of Pennsylvania smartweed and sunflower at 1% reduced seed germination by 40–70% but not at 0.5% level. The residues of foxtail and smartweed at both levels enhanced growth and nodulation. Under similar conditions nutsedge at 1% level stimulated nodulation but not growth. The residues of lambsquarters at both levels were inhibitory to nodulation but stimulated growth at 0.5% level.