中国农田土壤N2O排放通量分布格局研究

中国作为世界上一个重要农业大国,对全球大气中N2O浓度的影响正在引起人们的普遍关注。该研究采用针对农业土壤痕量气体排放估算建立的,基于N2O的产生、传输和消耗机理的反硝化分解（DNDC）模型,在建立了有关中国气候、农业土壤和农业生产的分县数据库基础上,估计了我国各县农业土壤N2O的排放通量,发现我国农田土壤N2O排放通量有较明显的地区差异,西北地区较低,东南地区较高。还发现无论温度升高,还是施肥量变化,对我国农田土壤N2O排放通量的影响,都存在区域差异,表现为东南地区的变化幅度较西北地区大,这可能与我国气候的干湿变化有较密切的关系。     

不同利用方式对红壤CO2排放的影响

采用静态箱法研究了我国亚热带红壤区农田利用方式 (旱地或水田 )对土壤 CO2 排放及其相关因子的影响 ,并估算了旱地和水田 CO2 的年排放通量。结果表明 ,水田在淹水植稻期 (夏季 ) ,其排放通量明显低于旱地 ,而在非淹水期 (排水落干或休闲期 ) ,其排放通量则显著高于旱地。 CO2 排放通量呈现明显的季节性变异 ,旱地以夏季最高、春秋季次之、冬季最低 ;而水田则以秋季最高、其次是春冬季、夏季最低。土壤温度和湿度分别是影响旱地和水田 CO2 排放的主导因子 ,可将二者与通量的指数关系作为模型 ,分别进行旱地和水田 CO2 排放的估算。经模型估算 ,我国中亚热带旱地和水田红壤 CO2 的年排放通量分别为 1.37和 2 .73kg CO2 / (m2 · a) )。     

淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的主要途径及影响因素研究进展

淡水水生生态系统是全球陆域生态系统的重要组成部分,近年来,关于淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的研究日益增多。基于国内外目前对湖泊、河流、水库及浅水池塘等淡水生态系统开展的最新研究成果,总结分析了淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的3个主要途径及相应观测方法。气泡排放的观测方法有倒置漏斗法、开放式动态箱法和超声探测技术;植物传输的观测方法有密闭箱法和植株切割法;扩散途径的观测方法有静态浮箱法、模型估算法/梯度法、微气象学法、TDLAS吸收光谱法等。从物理因素、化学因素、生物因素、水动力因素和人类活动等角度,深入探讨了淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放通量的影响因素。最后根据当前研究中存在的不足,对今后的研究方向提出了建议,以期为我国进一步深入开展相关研究提供借鉴。     

湿地甲烷排放研究若干问题的探讨

甲烷是大气中最重要的温室气体之一,天然湿地是全球目前已知的最大排放源,每年向大气中排放的CH4约占全球CH4排放量的21％。本文就天然湿地甲烷排放研究的若干问题,包括研究方法、影响因素以及排放通量的时空变异性进行了探讨,最后对有关湿地甲烷排放模型进行了简单介绍,并对今后的研究方向提出了几点建议。     

中国农田土壤N2O排放通量分布格局研究

中国作为世界上一个重要农业大国,对全球大气中N2O浓度的影响正在引起人们的普遍关注.该研究采用针对农业土壤痕量气体排放估算建立的、基于N2O的产生、传输和消耗机理的反硝化分解(DNDC)模型,在建立了有关中国气候、农业土壤和农业生产的分县数据库基础上,估计了我国各县农业土壤N2O的排放通量,发现我国农田土壤N2O排放通量有较明显的地区差异,西北地区较低,东南地区较高.还发现无论温度升高,还是施肥量变化,对我国农田土壤N2O排放通量的影响,都存在区域差异,表现为东南地区的变化幅度较西北地区大,这可能与我国气候的干湿变化有较密切的关系.     

我国重点氟污染行业排放清单与土壤氟浓度估算

工业生产排放和土壤氟高背景值导致我国部分地区氟污染严重,给生态安全和人类健康造成严重威胁.本文基于我国氟排放重点行业的生产产能,估算重点行业生产过程中氟排放量,构建我国重点行业氟排放清单,基于数据集成和融合,分析我国土壤氟背景值、氟地球化学分布和土壤氟浓度分布,并对氟污染典型区域氟污染成因及控制进行系统分析.分析发现,我国氟排放的重点行业有钢铁、磷肥和电解铝.磷肥施用的氟排放量最大,但施用面积大,浓度贡献小;电解铝行业的氟排放强度大;钢铁行业的氟排放总量大,但排放强度较小.我国大部分地区土壤氟背景值不高,环境容量大.但部分地区氟污染严重,主要是由工业氟排放和土壤氟高背景值造成,这些地区应采取相应的防控措施.     

鄱阳湖秋季水-气界面CH4排放通量的区域差异及影响因素

有限的观测点以及空间的异质性已经成为准确估算湖泊水-气界面CH4通量的挑战。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,为了解秋季湖区水-气界面的CH4排放通量,2010年10月利用密闭静态箱-气象色谱法对星子、都昌、南矶山和吴城4个湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量及气象、底泥、水体等因素进行了测定。研究表明,都昌湖区CH4排放通量平均值为0.26mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于星子(0.15mg·m-2·h-1)、吴城(0.13mg·m-2·h-1)和南矶山(0.10mg·m-2·h-1)湖区。鄱阳湖水-气界面秋季CH4排放通量平均为0.17mg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为58.6%。相关分析表明,风速显著影响CH4排放通量(P<0.01)。在排除风速>5m·s-1的数据后,底泥有机碳以及水体铵态氮含量与CH4排放通量显著相关,而水体DOC含量与CH4排放通量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对鄱阳湖CH4排放量的精确估算,依赖于较广区域和较长时间的观测。     

施肥对露地菜地氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为探究施氮量和不同肥料调控措施对露地菜地土壤氨(NH₃)挥发和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响,在华北地区典型露地菜地设置了不同施氮水平和肥料调控措施的田间试验.结果表明: 春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别比常规施氮量降低氨挥发25.7%和48.0%;添加抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂)和生物炭分别比等氮量氮肥处理氨挥发降低10.0%和6.1%;春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别使N₂O排放量比常规施肥处理降低28.8%和61.0%;等氮量条件下添加联合抑制剂使N₂O排放降低58.9%,而添加生物炭处理的N₂O排放增加14.1%;在同样的条施覆土施肥方法下,与纯化学氮肥处理相比,有机肥替代30%氮肥对氨挥发和N₂O减排的作用效果都不显著.对于集约化菜地,合理控制氮肥用量是降低土壤氨挥发及N₂O排放的最有效措施.     

基于GIS技术的1991-2000年中国农田化肥氮源一氧化二氮直接排放量估计

依据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)对农田N₂O排放因子的定义,将气候和种植制度等N₂O排放的主控因素引入到估算方法中,结合GIS技术估计了中国农田化肥氮导致的N₂O直接排放量的空间分布和年际变异.结果表明,在1991—2000年间由于化肥投入量的增加,中国农田化学氮源N₂O排放呈上升趋势.20世纪90年代的平均年排放量为204 Gg N₂O-N,变幅为159～269 Gg N₂O-N,排放量最高的年份出现在1998年,而1992年排放量为最低.估算结果的不确定性约为23％.受施氮量和降水的影响,N₂O排放通量表现出明显的地区差异,东部较高,西北偏低.     

基于车流量的京哈高速公路车辆大气污染物排放

基于高速公路沿线车流量观测数据和车辆单车排放因子, 定量估算了京哈高速公路车辆尾气排放导致的CO、HC 和NOx 排放量, 并分析了上述污染物在不同省(市)和不同车型中的分配状况。结果表明, 京哈高速公路车辆每天的CO、HC 和NOx 排放量分别为745.57 t、90.72 t 和226.40 t。其中, 辽宁境内的路段排放量最大, CO、HC 和NOx 日排放量分别为302.87 t、37.64 t 和107.28 t, 黑龙江境内的CO、HC 排放量最小, 分别只有21.46 t 和2.67 t, 北京境内的NOx 排放量最小, 只有5.43 t。从各种污染物排放的来源车型来看, CO 和HC 排放主要来自小型车, 其次是大型车, 中型车最少, NOx 排放主要来自大型车, 其次是小型车, 中型车最少。     

中国机动车总颗粒物排放时空演变特征及驱动因子

机动车尾气颗粒物排放已成为城市空气污染的主要来源，严重影响环境空气质量和人体健康。研究基于2011-2015年中国市级机动车总颗粒物（total particulate matter，TPM）排放量数据，运用空间分析方法从存量和增量角度探究中国机动车TPM排放的时空演变特征，进而利用地理探测器模型定量评价其主要驱动因素的影响强度。结果表明：中国机动车TPM排放量呈逐年降低趋势，省会和直辖市是中国机动车TPM排放量减少的主要贡献者。省会和直辖市的机动车TPM排放量和减排量最大，其各年均值均超全国市级年均值的2倍。中国机动车TPM排放量和减排量均呈东部沿海至西部内陆地区递减趋势，且呈"低排放，高增加；高排放、高减少"的空间分布特征。"低排放，高增加"区域主要集中在中西部地区，特别是西南各省市；"高排放、高减少"区域为以京津冀为核心的泛华北平原地区。机动车TPM排放量的空间集聚性下降，空间随机分布趋势加强，热点区破碎化的空间分布格局日趋显著。地理探测分析表明，机动车TPM排放量受机动车数量的驱动作用最强，其次是机动车的使用强度，受自然环境条件的驱动作用最弱。年平均气温和海拔等自然因素主要通过与人类活动的共同作用显著增强对机动车TPM排放量的解释力。探究机动车颗粒物排放的时空异质特征和驱动因素，对提高中国机动车尾气治理的精准性具有重大意义。     

中国区域间隐含碳排放转移

利用投入产出模型,对消费视角下碳排放的核算方法及国际贸易中隐含碳排放转移的研究是当前国际学术界碳排放研究的焦点问题之一。在梳理国内外相关研究进展的基础上,利用区域间投入产出模型构建了区域间隐含碳排放转移的核算方法,并计算了1997年和2007年中国8个主要区域间隐含的碳排放转移及其变化。结果显示,不管是在规模还是空间上,中国区域间隐含碳排放转移都发生了很大变化,总体上呈现向西部地区延伸的趋势,尤其是西北地区成为最大的碳排放承接区域。而京津和东南沿海地区始终是主要的碳转出地区,尤其是东南沿海地区因出口而导致的碳排放向中西部地区转移的增加最为明显。因此,调整东部地区的出口结构,优化投资和消费结构,避免落后淘汰产能通过区域转移进一步发展,提高节能技术的应用是我国节能减排工作的重要内容。     

城市植物挥发性有机化合物排放与臭氧相互作用及其机制

近地面臭氧(O₃)已成为继PM_2.5后影响我国空气质量的一种重要二次污染物。随着氮氧化物浓度的持续下降和气候变暖的加剧,城市O₃的形成对挥发性有机化合物的浓度更加敏感。近年来城市绿色空间显著增长,植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放和浓度逐年增加。针对BVOCs与近地面O₃之间复杂的交互作用,从植物BVOCs的特性与作用出发,综述了不同因素尤其是O₃浓度增加对树木生理状态及BVOCs排放速率的影响,定量分析了已有研究中O₃对不同植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率的影响,以及BVOCs对O₃形成的贡献,总结了BVOCs与O₃相互作用研究领域存在的不足。未来亟需加强的研究包括：(1)城市树种BVOCs排放因子的实测,建立物种的排放速率数据库,优化模型参数,提升精细尺度BVOCs排放量估算模型精度;(2)多种环境因子,比如污染物浓度、温湿度等对城市植物BVOCs排放的交互作用和综合影响的研究;(3)植物BVOCs对O     

固定化微生物处理氨氮废水的研究进展

生物方法因其高效、持久及无二次污染已经成为治理水污染的重要方法,固定化微生物不仅加强微生物治理效果,更能保证微生物生存稳定,是现阶段生物方法治理水污染的主要组分.近年来学者们也做了很多固定化微生物处理各类废水的研究,并取得了大量优异成果.文章对固定化微生物技术进行剖析,分析各类固定化载体材料及各种固定化方法优缺点;解析...     

Emission scenario of non-CO2 gases from energy activities and other sources in China

This paper gives a quantitative analysis on the non-CO2 emissions related to energy demand, energy activities and land use change of six scenarios with different development pattern in 2030 and 2050 based on IPAC emission model. The various mitigation technologies and policies are assessed to understand the corresponding non-CO2 emission reduction effect. The research shows that the future non-CO2 emissions of China will grow along with increasing energy demand, in which thermal power and transportation will be the major emission and mitigation sectors. During the cause of future social and economic development, the control and mitigation of non-CO2 emissions is a problem as challenging and pressing as that of CO2 emissions.This study indicates that the energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power generation, fuel cell, coal-fired combined cycle, clean coal and motor vehicle emission control technologies will contribute to non-CO2 emissions control and mitigation.     

Emission scenario of non-CO2 gases from energy activities and other sources in China

This paper gives a quantitative analysis on the non-CO2 emissions related to energy demand, energy activities and land use change of six scenarios with different development pattern in 2030 and 2050 based on IPAC emission model. The various mitigation technologies and policies are assessed to understand the corresponding non-CO2 emission reduction effect. The research shows that the future non-CO2 emissions of China will grow along with increasing energy demand, in which thermal power and transportation will be the major emission and mitigation sectors. During the cause of future social and economic development, the control and mitigation of non-CO2 emissions is a problem as challenging and pressing as that of CO2 emissions. This study indicates that the energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power generation, fuel cell, coal-fired combined cycle, clean coal and motor vehicle emission control technologies will contribute to non-CO2 emissions control and mitigation.     

Cost-effective emission abatement in europe considering interrelations in agriculture

Agriculture is an important source of ammonia (NH3), which contributes to acidification and eutrophication, as well as emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Controlling emissions of one of these pollutants through application of technical measures might have an impact (either beneficial or adverse) on emissions of the others. These side effects are usually ignored in policy making. This study analyses cost-effectiveness of measures to reduce acidification and eutrophication as well as agricultural emissions of N2O and CH4 in Europe, taking into account interrelations between abatement of NH3, N2O, and CH4 in agriculture. The model used is based on the RAINS (Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation) model for air pollution in Europe, which includes emissions, abatement options, and atmospheric source-receptor relationships for pollutants contributing to acidification and eutrophication. We used an optimisation model that is largely based on the RAINS model but that also includes emissions of N2O and CH4 from agriculture and technical measures to reduce these emissions. For abatement options for agricultural emissions we estimated side effects on other emissions. The model determines abatement strategies to meet restrictions on emission and/or deposition levels at the least cost. Cost-effective strategies to reduce acidification and eutrophication in Europe were analysed. We found that NH3 abatement may cause an increase in N2O emissions. If total agricultural N2O and CH4 emissions in Europe were not allowed to increase, cost-effective allocation of emission reductions over countries in Europe changed considerably.     

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector give rise to numerous environmental and societal concerns and represent an economic challenge in crop farming, causing a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. Ammonia emissions from agriculture originate from manure slurry (livestock housing, storage, and fertilization of fields) as well as urea-based mineral fertilizers. Consequently, political attention has been given to ammonia volatilization, and regulations of ammonia emissions have been implemented in several countries. The molecular cause of the emission is the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. Urease is present in many different organisms, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and plants. In agriculture, microorganisms found in animal fecal matter and soil are responsible for urea hydrolysis. One strategy to reduce ammonia emissions is the application of urease inhibitors as additives to urea-based synthetic fertilizers and manure slurry to block the formation of ammonia. However, treatment of the manure slurry with urease inhibitors is associated with increased livestock production costs and has not yet been commercialized. Thus, development of novel, environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for ammonia emission mitigation is important. This mini-review describes the challenges associated with the volatilization of ammonia in agriculture and provides an overview of the molecular processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia emissions. Different technologies and strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are described with a special focus on the use of urease inhibitors. The mechanisms of action and efficiency of the most important urease inhibitors in relation to agriculture will be briefly discussed.     

Emission scenario of non-CO2 gases from energy activities and other sources in China

This paper gives a quantitative analysis on the non-CO₂ emissions related to energy demand, energy activities and land use change of six scenarios with different development pattern in 2030 and 2050 based on IPAC emission model. The various mitigation technologies and policies are assessed to understand the corresponding non-CO₂ emission reduction effect. The research shows that the future non-CO₂ emissions of China will grow along with increasing energy demand, in which thermal power and transportation will be the major emission and mitigation sectors. During the cause of future social and economic development, the control and mitigation of non-CO₂ emissions is a problem as challenging and pressing as that of CO₂ emissions. This study indicates that the energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power generation, fuel cell, coal-fired combined cycle, clean coal and motor vehicle emission control technologies will contribute to non-CO₂ emissions control and mitigation.