共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
气候变化受到全球关注,大气中CO2含量与气候变化息息相关。海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,在气候变化中扮演着举足轻重的作用。定量估算海洋中碳元素的吸收、转移、埋藏速率在全球碳循环及全球气候变化研究中有重要意义。目前,海洋固碳能力估算研究包括:利用海-气界面CO2分压差法估算海洋海-气界面CO2交换通量,根据海水中叶绿素含量建立的生态学数理模型法估算真光层浮游生物的初级生产力,234Th—238U不平衡法估算POC输出通量,210Pb定年法估算有机碳沉积通量。但迄今为止的研究工作尚有一定局限性,碳在大气—海水—沉积物3种介质间交换通量间相互影响的研究较少,海洋中碳垂直传输过程的主要影响因素和关键控制因子尚不明确,在海洋生态系统固碳能力估算方法方面国内外还没有统一的规范和标准。为进一步完善海洋生态系统固碳能力的估算方法,今后的工作应注重海洋固碳整套观测技术、分析和估算方法研究,并建立海洋碳汇估算指标体系、指标标准体系、以及评价标准体系,为我国的碳\"减排\"、\"增汇\"国家需求提供技术支持。 相似文献
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森林生态价值估算方法研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
森林生态效益的重要性日益显现,科学家和各国政府都在关注森林生态价值估算,促进了森林生态价值估算方法的日渐成熟。本文总结了近年来国内外森林生态价值的估算方法,将目前常用的估算方法分为市场类估算法、能值估算法、软件模型法3大类,同时分析了前2种常用方法中存在的替代法的合理性有待验证、忽略多重标准的森林管理策略、欠缺考虑周围影响因素、多种生态价值重复计算以及估算中欠缺考虑稀缺性的局限;其次,重点介绍了能较好解决以上问题的GUMBO、CITYgreen和Invest等软件的特点和优势;最后,在总结当前估算方法研究的基础上,提出中国森林生态估算工作未来的研究方向是深化对森林生态结构和功能关系的认识,提高国外估算方法的适用性,加强生态补偿工作对估算方法的反馈。 相似文献
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昼夜不对称增温是全球气候变化的主要特征之一,有关夜间增温对稻田甲烷(CH_4)排放影响的报道尚不多见。通过田间模拟试验,研究了被动式夜间增温下水稻田CH_4排放及高光谱的特征,并用高光谱数据对稻田甲烷排放进行定量模拟。田间试验设夜间增温(NW)和对照处理(CK),夜间增温即在整个水稻生育期的夜间(19:00—6:00)用铝箔反射膜覆盖水稻冠层。结果表明,夜间增温显著促进水稻拔节期和抽穗期-灌浆期CH_4排放。水稻冠层近红外光谱反射率表现为,在分蘖期和拔节期时,NWCK;而在抽穗-灌浆期和成熟期时,CKNW。水稻冠层光谱反射率、一阶导数光谱及光谱特征值均与CH_4排放通量显著相关,相关系数最大可达0.8(P0.01),其中以\"蓝边面积\"(SD_b)构成的二次多项式模型模拟精度和检验精度综合最佳,决定系数R~2分别为0.70和0.72。研究结果对稻田CH_4排放通量遥感监测的可行性提供了理论依据和技术支持。 相似文献
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由amoA基因编码的氨单加氧酶(AMO)所调控的氨氧化作用,是硝化作用的限速步骤和中心环节,而含有amoA基因的氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)多样性与环境因子关系密切,对缓解河口生态系统因人类活动造成的富营养化等环境问题具有特别重要的意义。水、陆和海交汇形成高度变异的具环境因子梯度的河口生态系统,是研究AOA和AOB生态学的天然实验室。河口AOA与AOB的群落组成、丰富度特征和生物有效性,与河口主要环境因子盐度、富营养化程度、植被、温度、碳、氮、硫、铁等,尤其是对盐度和富营养化有着较为强烈的响应。AOA和AOB多样性变化规律及其与河口特有的环境因子之间的相关性,应当是今后我国河口氨氧化菌研究的方向和重点。包括:(1)建立有效的氨氧化菌活性评价方法;(2)研究AOA的同化作用方式;(3)依据氨氧化菌分类和组成对河口环境变化的适应进化机制,建议可作为指示河口环境质量变化的生物标记;(4)将传统的分离培养方法与现代分子生物学研究方法相结合,筛选我国河口高效的氨氧化菌,并将其应用于生产。 相似文献
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长白山阔叶红松林树木N2O排放及总量初步估算 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大气中主要温室气体N2 O的部分来源尚不清楚。以往国内外对森林生态系统N2 O排放通量的测定中 ,只测土壤通量而把树木排除在外。如果树木在自然状态下能排放N2 O ,那么森林生态系统的N2 O排放可能被低估。本文旨在证明自然状态下森林生态系统中树木也是N2 O的主要排放源。采用封闭罩法 ,在树木生长的主要季节 (7～ 9月 )对长白山阔叶红松林的几个主要树种———水曲柳、红松和椴树的连体枝叶释放N2 O的速率进行了原位测定。并在此基础上 ,初步估算出森林树木N2 O年排放量是土壤N2 O年排放量的 0 8～ 1 0 3倍 ,相当于甚至超过了土壤的N2 O排放量。 相似文献
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为探究施氮量和不同肥料调控措施对露地菜地土壤氨(NH3)挥发和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响,在华北地区典型露地菜地设置了不同施氮水平和肥料调控措施的田间试验.结果表明: 春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别比常规施氮量降低氨挥发25.7%和48.0%;添加抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂)和生物炭分别比等氮量氮肥处理氨挥发降低10.0%和6.1%;春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别使N2O排放量比常规施肥处理降低28.8%和61.0%;等氮量条件下添加联合抑制剂使N2O排放降低58.9%,而添加生物炭处理的N2O排放增加14.1%;在同样的条施覆土施肥方法下,与纯化学氮肥处理相比,有机肥替代30%氮肥对氨挥发和N2O减排的作用效果都不显著.对于集约化菜地,合理控制氮肥用量是降低土壤氨挥发及N2O排放的最有效措施. 相似文献
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动物活动区,领域及其估算方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
动物活动区、领域及其估算方法石建斌（国家环境保护局对外经济合作办公室北京１０００３５）１活动区（家域）、领域的概念英文中的ｈｏｍｅｒａｎｇｅ或ｈｏｍｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ一词是动物生态学中一个最基本的概念。由于人们的看法和理解不一而译成家域、家区或巢区等。实... 相似文献
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人类活动使得大量的氮素进入流域生态系统,大量氮的盈余导致了一系列生态环境问题的出现。为了评估人类活动对流域生态系统的影响,Howarth等于1996年提出了人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的概念。综述了当前人类活动净氮输入的估算方法、不确定性及影响因素,并得到以下结论:导致NANI估算结果的不确定性原因主要有:内涵分歧、数据来源、尺度转换、估算方法的分歧。影响NANI的主要因素包括:各输入项、人口密度、土地利用组成;对于各输入项而言,化肥施用是最主要的氮素输入来源,占人类活动净氮输入总量的79.0%,其次为作物固氮,占17.6%,食品/饲料氮净输入量占-14.5%,大气沉降占15.7%;对于人口密度,NANI随着人口密度的增大而增大,当人口密度高于100人/km2,人口密度对NANI的影响趋于稳定,其他因素起主导作用。对于土地利用组成:NANI与森林面积比例成负相关,而与耕地面积比例成正相关。 相似文献
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畜禽粪便是我国N2O两个最大排放源之一.为建立我国畜禽粪便N2O高分辨率排放清单,选择2008年县域尺度活动数据、具有空间分异性的本土排放因子和参数来评估其排放规模、组分结构、空间格局及不确定性.与基于IPCC、EDGAR等研究结果相比,该排放清单具有更好的可靠性和全面性.我国畜禽粪便2008年N2O排放总量为572 Gg,其中除了牧场草地粪便之外的畜禽粪便为322 Gg(56.3%),牧场草地畜禽粪便为180 Gg(31.5%),挥发沉降和淋溶径流造成的间接排放分别为45.8 Gg(8.0%)和1.23 Gg(0.2%);排放格局非常集中,主要分布在东北三省、山东、四川、湖南和河南,其累积规模为全国总量的52.4%,其中近50%贡献源于占全国县域数<3%的84个县(区、市、旗);所建立排放清单具有较高的空间分辨率和准确度.与此相比,IPCC对直接排放存在低估,对间接排放存在高估,对排放总量高值区存在低估(-1.5%～-6.0%),低值区存在高估(1.6%～13%);对于贡献最大的排放途径,EDGAR在高值区低估达到-18.8%～-50.0%,在大部分低值区高估达到25%～54.1%. 相似文献
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Rongting Xu Hanqin Tian Shufen Pan Stephen A. Prior Yucheng Feng William D. Batchelor Jian Chen Jia Yang 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(1):314-326
Excessive ammonia (NH3) emitted from nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in global croplands plays an important role in atmospheric aerosol production, resulting in visibility reduction and regional haze. However, large uncertainty exists in the estimates of NH3 emissions from global and regional croplands, which utilize different data and methods. In this study, we have coupled a process‐based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) with the bidirectional NH3 exchange module in the Community Multiscale Air‐Quality (CMAQ) model (DLEM‐Bi‐NH3) to quantify NH3 emissions at the global and regional scale, and crop‐specific NH3 emissions globally at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° during 1961–2010. Results indicate that global NH3 emissions from N fertilizer use have increased from 1.9 ± 0.03 to 16.7 ± 0.5 Tg N/year between 1961 and 2010. The annual increase of NH3 emissions shows large spatial variations across the global land surface. Southern Asia, including China and India, has accounted for more than 50% of total global NH3 emissions since the 1980s, followed by North America and Europe. Rice cultivation has been the largest contributor to total global NH3 emissions since the 1990s, followed by corn and wheat. In addition, results show that empirical methods without considering environmental factors (constant emission factor in the IPCC Tier 1 guideline) could underestimate NH3 emissions in context of climate change, with the highest difference (i.e., 6.9 Tg N/year) occurring in 2010. This study provides a robust estimate on global and regional NH3 emissions over the past 50 years, which offers a reference for assessing air quality consequences of future nitrogen enrichment as well as nitrogen use efficiency improvement. 相似文献
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基于排放因子法构建了包含种植业和牲畜养殖业的农业系统温室气体排放核算体系,系统核算了1980-2020年我国全国尺度上的农业系统温室气体排放总量和变化趋势,并在区县级尺度下对1980、2000、2011年的中国农业系统的温室气体排放量进行核算,对比不同阶段农业系统温室气体排放变化的时空异质性规律。研究发现：1980-2020年我国农业系统温室气体排放量呈波动增长趋势,增长了近46%。CH4是农业系统排放贡献最大的温室气体,占总排放量的47.33%。我国农业系统温室气体排放与不同地区农业生产方式有关,CH4排放量高的地区主要位于我国主要水稻产区以及旱地作物产区。CO2排放量高的地区主要位于东北、西北等地区以及华东地区。N2O排放量较高地区主要位于西北的主要畜牧养殖地区,以及我国农业经济发展水平高的中南部地区。研究有助于揭示我国农业温室气体排放的动态特征,现状规律,以及空间差异性特征,从农业减排角度为实现双碳目标提供科学参考。 相似文献
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Estimation of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from croplands in East, Southeast and South Asia 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
Agricultural activities have greatly altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle and produced nitrogenous gases of environmental significance. More than half of all chemical N fertilizer produced globally is used in crop production in East, Southeast and South Asia, where rice is central to nutrition. Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) from croplands in this region were estimated by considering background emission and emissions resulting from N added to croplands, including chemical N, animal manure, biologically fixed N and N in crop residues returned to fields. Background emission fluxes of N2O and NO from croplands were estimated to be 1.22 and 0.57 kg N ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Separate fertilizer‐induced emission factors were estimated for upland fields and rice fields. Total N2O emission from croplands in the study region was estimated to be 1.19 Tg N yr?1, with 43% contributed by background emissions. The average fertilizer‐induced N2O emission, however, accounts for only 0.93% of the applied N, which is less than the default IPCC value of 1.25%, because of the low emission factor from paddy fields. Total NO emission was 591 Gg N yr?1 in the study region, with 40% from background emissions. The average fertilizer‐induced NO emission factor was 0.48%. Total NH3 emission was estimated to be 11.8 Tg N yr?1. The use of urea and ammonium bicarbonate and the cultivation of rice led to a high average NH3 loss rate from chemical N fertilizer in the study region. Emissions were displayed at a 0.5° × 0.5° resolution with the use of a global landuse database. 相似文献
14.
人口增长和城市化进程促使粮食和肉禽奶类食品需求不断增加,由此带来的农业生产活性氮(Nr)大量排放对生态环境及人类健康的影响日益加剧。黄河流域作为中国的粮食主产区,农业生产活动强度高,为研究其Nr排放规律,采用排放因子法估算2000、2005及2010年黄河流域内9省(区)农业生产不同形态Nr的排放源。结果表明：(1)黄河流域9省(区)中,农业生产Nr排放量最大的为河南省,最小的为四川省,河南省Nr排放量是四川的8倍。(2)4种形态Nr排放量从大到小依次为Nr-wp(排放到水体的Nr)、NH3、N2O和NOx。化学氮肥施用和畜禽散养是NH3排放的最主要贡献源,其次是规模化养殖和放牧饲养,四者贡献率达85%以上。农田作物系统径流、淋洗以及畜禽养殖流失淋洗对Nr-wp排放的贡献率各占1/3左右。四季非蔬菜旱地和畜禽养殖是N2O排放的主要来源,其贡献率之和大于66%。(3)黄河流域内9省(区)单位农业GDP、单位耕地面积、单位农村人口Nr排放强度最大的均为青海省,单位农业GDP和单位农... 相似文献
15.
We revisit the assumptions associated with the derivation and application of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Our questions are (1) Do SSDs clarify or obscure the setting of ecological effects thresholds for risk assessment? and (2) Do SSDs reduce or introduce uncertainty into risk assessment? Our conclusions are that if we could determine a community sensitivity distribution, this would provide a better estimate of an ecologically relevant effects threshold and therefore be an improvement for risk assessment. However, the distributions generated are typically based on haphazard collections of species and endpoints and by adjusting these to reflect more realistic trophic structures we show that effects thresholds can be shifted but in a direction and to an extent that is not predictable. Despite claims that the SSD approach uses all available data to assess effects, we demonstrate that in certain frequently used applications only a small fraction of the species going into the SSD determine the effects threshold. If the SSD approach is to lead to better risk assessments, improvements are needed in how the theory is put into practice. This requires careful definition of the risk assessment targets and of the species and endpoints selected for use in generating SSDs. 相似文献
16.
Quantifying continental scale carbon emissions from the oxidation of above‐ground plant biomass following land‐use change (LUC) is made difficult by the lack of information on how much biomass was present prior to vegetation clearing and on the timing and location of historical LUC. The considerable spatial variability of vegetation and the uncertainty of this variability leads to difficulties in predicting biomass C density (tC ha?1) prior to LUC. The issue of quantifying uncertainties in the estimation of land based sources and sinks of CO2, and the feasibility of reducing these uncertainties by further sampling, is critical information required by governments world‐wide for public policy development on climate change issues. A quantitative statistical approach is required to calculate confidence intervals (the level of certainty) of estimated cleared above‐ground biomass. In this study, a set of high‐quality observations of steady state above‐ground biomass from relatively undisturbed ecological sites across the Australian continent was combined with vegetation, topographic, climatic and edaphic data sets within a Geographical Information System. A statistical model was developed from the data set of observations to predict potential biomass and the standard error of potential biomass for all 0.05° (approximately 5 × 5 km) land grid cells of the continent. In addition, the spatial autocorrelation of observations and residuals from the statistical model was examined. Finally, total C emissions due to historic LUC to cultivation and cropping were estimated by combining the statistical model with a data set of fractional cropland area per land grid cell, fAc (Ramankutty & Foley 1998). Total C emissions from loss of above‐ground biomass due to cropping since European colonization of Australia was estimated to be 757 MtC. These estimates are an upper limit because the predicted steady state biomass may be less than the above‐ground biomass immediately prior to LUC because of disturbance. The estimated standard error of total C emissions was calculated from the standard error of predicted biomass, the standard error of fAc and the spatial autocorrelation of biomass. However, quantitative estimates of the standard error of fAc were unavailable. Thus, two scenarios were developed to examine the effect of error in fAc on the error in total C emissions. In the first scenario, in which fAc was regarded as accurate (i.e. a coefficient of variation, CV, of fAc = 0.0), the 95% confidence interval of the continental C emissions was 379–1135 MtC. In the second scenario, a 50% error in estimated cropland area was assumed (a CV of fAc = 0.50) and the estimated confidence interval increased to between 350 and 1294 MtC. The CV of C emissions for these two scenarios was 25% and 29%. Thus, while accurate maps of land‐use change contribute to decreasing uncertainty in C emissions from LUC, the major source of this uncertainty arises from the prediction accuracy of biomass C density. It is argued that, even with large sample numbers, the high cost of sampling biomass carbon may limit the uncertainty of above‐ground biomass to about a CV of 25%. 相似文献
17.
A plant uptake model is applied to describe free cyanide and ferrocyanide transport and fate in willow (Salix eriocephala var. Michaux) grown in hydroponics. The model is applied to experimental data to determine best-fit parameter values, their associated uncertainty, and their relative importance to field-scale phytoremediation applications. The fitted model results, using least-squares optimization of the observed log concentrations, indicate that free cyanide volatilization from leaf tissue and free cyanide cell wall adsorption were negligible. The free cyanide maximum uptake rate and assimilate (noncyanide 15N) first-order leaf loss rate were the only coefficients that significantly affected the model goodness of fit and were concurrently sensitive to data uncertainty in the parameter optimization. Saturation kinetics may be applicable for free cyanide uptake into plants, but not for ferrocyanide uptake, which may occur via preferential protein-mediated or inefficient transpiration stream uptake. Within the free cyanide system, the relative magnitudes of the saturation uptake parameters and the demonstration of an active role for plants in uptake relative to transpiration suggest the potential importance of preferential diffusion through the cell membranes as reported in the literature, rather than protein-mediated uptake. The fitted 13-parameter model matched the observed data well except for the predicted stem and leaf tissue assimilate concentrations, which were significantly underestimated, particularly in the free cyanide system. These low predicted values, combined with the slightly underestimated solution free cyanide removal, suggest that noncyanide 15N redistribution in phloem should be considered. 相似文献
18.
Risk assessment of exposure to chemicals having a toxic end point routinely uses the reference dose (RfD) approach based on uncertainty factors of 10. RfD model can be used with widely different databases. However, the quality of individual risk assessment is unequal among chemicals, often resulting in either an over‐ or underestimation of adverse health risk. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether the magnitude of the 10X uncertainty factors has scientific merit against data from recent human and animal experimental studies. Although we assessed the use of uncertainty factors for representative chemicals from various classes of compounds, such as volatile organics, alcohols, gasoline components, and pesticides, we are presenting our findings for 24 chemicals.
A compilation and comparison of ratios between LOAEL/NOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level/No Observed Adverse Effect Level), and subchronic/chronic values were made. Although a 10X uncertainty factor is most commonly used in the risk assessment processes, an examination of the datasets which have been used to calculate RfDs suggests different values which are scientifically justifiable. 相似文献
19.
Guillermo Pardo Raúl Moral Eduardo Aguilera Agustín del Prado 《Global Change Biology》2015,21(3):1313-1327
The establishment of sustainable soil waste management practices implies minimizing their environmental losses associated with climate change (greenhouse gases: GHGs) and ecosystems acidification (ammonia: NH3). Although a number of management strategies for solid waste management have been investigated to quantify nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) losses in relation to varied environmental and operational conditions, their overall effect is still uncertain. In this context, we have analyzed the current scientific information through a systematic review. We quantified the response of GHG emissions, NH3 emissions, and total N losses to different solid waste management strategies (conventional solid storage, turned composting, forced aerated composting, covering, compaction, addition/substitution of bulking agents and the use of additives). Our study is based on a meta‐analysis of 50 research articles involving 304 observations. Our results indicated that improving the structure of the pile (waste or manure heap) via addition or substitution of certain bulking agents significantly reduced nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions by 53% and 71%, respectively. Turned composting systems, unlike forced aerated composted systems, showed potential for reducing GHGs (N2O: 50% and CH4: 71%). Bulking agents and both composting systems involved a certain degree of pollution swapping as they significantly promoted NH3 emissions by 35%, 54%, and 121% for bulking agents, turned and forced aerated composting, respectively. Strategies based on the restriction of O2 supply, such as covering or compaction, did not show significant effects on reducing GHGs but substantially decreased NH3 emissions by 61% and 54% for covering and compaction, respectively. The use of specific additives significantly reduced NH3 losses by 69%. Our meta‐analysis suggested that there is enough evidence to refine future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies from solid waste, especially for solid waste composting practices. More holistic and integrated approaches are therefore required to develop more sustainable solid waste management systems. 相似文献