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1.
龟纹瓢虫在棉株上对棉蚜的搜索与捕食行为   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
研究了龟纹瓢虫在棉花上对不同密度、不同空间分布、不同来源棉蚜的搜索与捕食行为.结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜的搜索活动随棉蚜密度增加而下降;当棉花上有充足的棉蚜时,瓢虫主要搜索和捕食棉花上部的棉蚜,很少捕食棉花中部的棉蚜,极少捕食下部的棉蚜;瓢虫对棉花不同部位上分布的2种不同来源的棉蚜捕食量没有差异;但当棉花上部主要为美9101棉花棉蚜时,瓢虫的搜索活动明显下降.龟纹瓢虫的捕食行为与蚜虫密度和空间分布密切相关.  相似文献   

2.
《环境昆虫学报》2013,35(5):688-693
本研究比较了瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover 5种主要寄主植物对多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegta(Goeze)捕食功能反应的影响。结果表明,瓜蚜寄主植物对多异瓢虫功能反应有显著的影响。在大多数猎物密度下, 1~3龄幼虫对南瓜和黄瓜上瓜蚜的捕食量较瓢葫芦和哈密瓜上的高;在蚜虫密度较低时(≤ 50头/皿),4龄幼虫和成虫对南瓜和黄瓜上瓜蚜的捕食量较高,而蚜虫密度≥ 70头/皿时,对瓢葫芦和搅瓜上瓜蚜的捕食量较高。多异瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫对5种寄主植物上瓜蚜的功能反应均符合Holling II反应。随着瓢虫龄期的增大,猎物处理时间缩短,瞬时攻击率增大,最大捕食量增加。多异瓢虫成虫处理猎物的时间较长于4龄幼虫,而瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量小于4龄幼虫。多异瓢虫捕食不同寄主植物上饲养的瓜蚜时,猎物处理时间、瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量不同。  相似文献   

3.
六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食作用   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18       下载免费PDF全文
段金花  张润杰 《昆虫学报》2004,47(2):213-218
六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程。功能反应受到温度、容器大小和捕食者密度的影响。在同一温度下,六斑月瓢虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。在15℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,捕食的菊小长管蚜高龄若蚜头数增多,而在25℃~35℃有相反的趋势,以25℃下的捕食数量最大,平均达95头/天,捕食上限达392.1头。相同猎物密度条件下,温度与六斑月瓢虫捕食作用的关系可用二次曲线拟合,捕食的最适温度(25℃左右)与菊小长管蚜发生高峰季节的温度相吻合。六斑月瓢虫的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应地降低,搜索常数Q为0.9003,干扰系数m为0.9816,E=0.9003P-0.9816。实际应用时,要充分考虑气象因子、瓢蚜密度比等对防效的影响,以期获得最佳防治效果。  相似文献   

4.
十一星瓢虫Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus是青海省柴达木地区的一种重要捕食性天敌。为明确其对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和枸杞木虱Poratrioza sinica Yang et Li.两种主要枸杞害虫的嗜好性,开展了捕食选择性试验,发现当两种害虫共存时,瓢虫成虫更喜食棉蚜。为进一步探究十一星瓢虫对枸杞棉蚜的捕食能力,测定了瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫在不同棉蚜密度下的捕食量、寻找效应以及种内干扰、自身密度对捕食作用的影响。结果表明:十一星瓢虫各虫态对棉蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ功能反应模型,种内干扰、自身密度对捕食量的影响分别符合Hassell干扰效应模型和Watt模型。十一星瓢虫1~4龄幼虫及成虫对枸杞棉蚜的日最大理论捕食量分别为18.94、44.29、81.57、145.27和126.48头;在一定空间、相同瓢蚜比条件下,瓢虫同一虫态个体间存在种内干扰效应,以1龄幼虫受干扰最大,干扰常数为1.1803。此外,瓢虫自身密度对其捕食作用产生一定影响,以4龄幼虫和成虫尤甚,竞争参数分别为0.7948、0.6848。本研究可为今后更高效地利用青海高原本地十一星瓢虫资源提供理论依据。  相似文献   

5.
棉蚜与其天敌种群分布格局的关系   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7  
对棉蚜与其多种天敌在数、时、空方面关系的研究表明,龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜种群数量极相关,两者发生数量高峰期和低谷期均是同步的,龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜种群有明显的控制作用,龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑株及棉蚜种群的三维空间格乙为聚集型,棉蚜和草间小黑蚜个体间互相吸引,龟纹瓢虫个体间互相排斥。  相似文献   

6.
为明确天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对3种害虫莲缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae、紫薇长斑蚜Sarucallis kahawaluokalani和红带滑胸针蓟马Selenothrips rubrocinctus的捕食效应,分别在室内测定了龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜3~4龄若蚜、紫薇长斑蚜3~4龄若蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食作用。结果表明:龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的捕食效果可用Holling-Ⅱ模型进行拟合,对红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食能力最强,为192.14,对莲缢管蚜的捕食能力最弱,为91.12。龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马的寻找效应呈线性相关,猎物密度越大寻找效应越低。龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的最佳搜寻密度分别为48.35、23.48和36.48头。由此可知,龟纹瓢虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马具有一定的控害作用。  相似文献   

7.
捕食性瓢虫是农田生态系中一类重要的天敌昆虫,种内自残和集团内捕食现象在捕食性瓢虫中普遍存在。本研究在室内通过选择性和非选择性试验比较分析了异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫及龟纹瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残和集团内捕食作用以及卵表面的化学物质对集团内捕食作用的影响。结果表明:在非选择性试验中,3种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵表现出相似的取食现象,即对龟纹瓢虫卵取食最多,其次为七星瓢虫卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食相对较少;在选择性试验中,七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫较偏好取食同种卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食均较少;而异色瓢虫喜欢取食异种卵,对同种卵取食相对较少。3种瓢虫卵经正己烷漂洗后,异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫成虫却未对卵表现出取食偏好性。本研究可为捕食性瓢虫组合释放与协调利用、田间集团内捕食作用评定及其在生物防治中的应用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
研究不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)捕食功能的影响。结果表明:不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应类型没有影响,与对照组瓢虫一样均符合HollingⅡ型模型;添加蔗糖的饲料2组的a’/Th(瞬间攻击率/处理时间)要高于其他人工饲料组,表明其对棉蚜的捕食效应较强;各人工饲料组喂养的龟纹瓢虫在捕食功能上要明显劣于野生型龟纹瓢虫。  相似文献   

9.
本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜却h/sgossypiiGlover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1—4龄幼虫功能反应的影响。结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大。在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量。龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingII型。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P.japonica2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫A.gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单伊棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量。  相似文献   

10.
七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。  相似文献   

11.
The lady beetle Propylaea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important predator of aphids in agroecosystems. The inundative release of coccinellid beetles can be an effective biological control strategy. An understanding of how biological control agents perceive and use stimuli from host plants is the key to successfully implement commercially produced predators. Here, we studied the relative role of visual and volatile cues. Dual‐choice assays using foraging‐naïve and foraging‐experienced P. japonica adults were conducted using cotton plants [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)] with or without infestation by the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Overall, experienced beetles were more attracted than naïve beetles toward cues associated with aphid‐infested plants. Experienced beetles were also more responsive to olfactory cues compared with naïve beetles. Both foraging‐naïve and ‐experienced lady beetles integrate olfactory and visual cues from plants infested with aphids, with an apparently greater reliance on olfactory cues. The results suggest that foraging experience may increase prey location in P. japonica.  相似文献   

12.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, predation rate of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin‐Meneville, was determined by assigning a single predator randomly to each of four prey density treatments in the laboratory. Prey densities included 25, 50, 100, and 200 aphids per Petri dish arena. Predation response was recorded at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after assigning predators to their prey treatments. Rate of consumption increased through time, with all 25 aphids consumed during the first 4 h of the experiment. At the highest density, adult lady beetle consumed on average 49, 99, 131, 163, 183, and 200 aphids within 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Predators showed a curvilinear feeding response in relation to total available time, indicating that convergent lady beetles have the potential to suppress larger populations of aphids through continuous feeding by regulating their predation efficiency during feeding. The analysis of age‐specific mortality in absence of prey revealed that lady beetles could survive for an extended period of time (more than 2 weeks) without prey. The ability of a predator to survive without prey delays or prevents the rebound of pest populations that is a significant factor in natural biological control. A two‐year field sampling of 10 cotton arthropod predator species showed that spiders (27%) were the most dominant foliage dwelling predators in the Texas High Plains cotton followed by convergent lady beetles (23.5%), hooded beetles (13.5%), minute pirate bugs (11%), green lacewings (9.5%), bigeyed bugs (7.5%), scymnus beetles (3%), soft‐winged flower beetles (2%), damsel bugs (1.5%), and assassin bugs (1.5%). A field cage study showed that one H. convergens adult per plant released at prey density of one aphid per leaf kept the aphid population below economic threshold for the entire growing season.  相似文献   

13.
Non-trophic interactions, driven by one species changing the behavior but not density of another species, appear to be as pervasive as those involving consumption. However, ecologists have only begun to explore non-trophic interactions in species-rich communities. We investigated interactions within a community including two predator–prey linkages separated in space: ground-active predatory beetles and their fly egg prey on the ground, and lady beetles and their aphid prey in plant foliage. In field and greenhouse experiments we found that ground-active predators preyed heavily on fly eggs except when both aphids and lady beetles were present. The aphids drop from the foliage to escape foraging lady beetles, and once on the ground apparently triggered ground-active predators to switch from attacking fly eggs to attacking aphids. This suggests that the first non-trophic interaction in the foliage, mediated by aphid antipredator behavior, in turn initiated and accentuated a second non-trophic interaction on the ground, mediated by prey-switching behavior by ground predators. Our results demonstrate that successive non-trophic interactions can be propagated along chains of more than three species, and can serve to link species that are otherwise spatially isolated.  相似文献   

14.
Novel predator–prey interactions can contribute to the invasion success of non‐native predators. For example, native prey can fail to recognize and avoid non‐native predators due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history and cue dissimilarity with native predators. This might result in a competitive advantage for non‐native predators. Numerous lady beetle species were globally redistributed as biological control agents against aphids, resulting in novel predator–prey interactions. Here, we investigated the strength of avoidance behavior of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) toward chemical cues of native lady beetles and non‐native Asian Harmonia axyridis and European Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata in North America, hypothesizing that cues of non‐native lady beetles induce weaker avoidance behavior than cues of co‐evolved native lady beetles. Additionally, we compared aphid consumption of lady beetles, examining potential predation advantages of non‐native lady beetles. Finally, we compared cue avoidance behavior between North American and European pea aphid populations and aphid consumption of native and non‐native lady beetles in North America and Europe. In North America, pea aphids avoided chemical cues of all ladybeetle species tested, regardless of their origin. In contrast to pea aphids in North America, European pea aphids did not avoid cues of the non‐native H. axyridis. The non‐native H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were among the largest and most voracious lady beetle species tested, on both continents. Consequently, in North America non‐native lady beetle species might have a competitive advantage on shared food resources due to their relatively large body size, compared to several native American lady beetle species. In Europe, however, non‐native H. axyridis might benefit from missing aphid cue avoidance as well as a large body size. The co‐evolutionary time gap between the European and North American invasion of H. axyridis likely explains the intercontinental differences in cue avoidance behavior and might indicate evolution in aphids toward non‐native predators.  相似文献   

15.
Populations of cotton aphid on Hibiscus syriacus increased rapidly from 17 to 24 May 2007, and then decreased as its predator, the lady beetle Hamonia axyridis, increased in number. There was a 10 day time lag between peak populations of aphids and lady beetles. The infestation of aphids on H. syriacus produced some damage, but H. syriacus recovered soon after the lady beetles arrived. Cotton aphid clones from H. syriacus were transferred to other summer host plants: to five different vegetables on two dates, and to cucumber on three dates. Apart from one case where reproduction occurred on eggplant, most H. syriacus aphid clones did not survive on the vegetables. The cotton aphid on H. syriancus was prey and a food source for H. axyridis and acted to conserve natural enemies.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract.  1. Habitat management to enhance natural enemy populations in agricultural systems may help regulate levels of crop pests, but little research addresses the behaviour of immigrating beneficial insects.
2. Stable carbon isotopes were used in complementary laboratory and field studies to examine colonisation behaviour of an ephemeral agricultural habitat by the lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville.
3. Under laboratory conditions, H. convergens carbon isotope ratios, δ13C, changed after its food supply was shifted from a C4- to a C3-based diet of aphids produced on grain sorghum or cotton respectively. Final isotope ratios of adult H. convergens were closer to that of the new C3-based diet, with most change in δ13C occurring within 3 days after the diet shift.
4. The carbon isotope ratios of lady beetle adults collected in cotton fields suggested that grain sorghum was a continuous source for H. convergens until many nearby sorghum fields matured and senesced.
5. When cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii Glover) prey were absent, carbon isotope ratios of beetle populations did not change over time and virtually no egg production by H. convergens was detected. This indicates that beetles were feeding little on non-aphid resources originating in cotton.
6. With cotton aphids present, beetle isotope ratios decreased towards the carbon isotope ratio of cotton, indicating adult feeding in cotton. As a result, egg masses produced had carbon isotope ratios in the C3 range of values.
7. The results suggest that some predator species may be retained in habitats without large prey populations, a quality essential in controlling pests in agricultural systems.  相似文献   

17.
Introduced species have been linked to declines of native species through mechanisms including intraguild predation and exploitative competition. However, coexistence among species may be promoted by niche partitioning if native species can use resources that the invasive species cannot. Previous research has shown that some strains of the aphid Aphis craccivora are toxic to a competitively dominant invasive lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Our objective was to investigate whether these aphids might be an exploitable resource for other, subdominant, lady beetle species. We compared larval development rate, survival, and adult weight of five lady beetle species in no‐choice experiments with two different strains of A. craccivora, one of which is toxic to H. axyridis and one that is nontoxic. Two lady beetle species, Cycloneda munda and Coleomegilla maculata, were able to complete larval development when feeding on the aphid strain that is toxic to H. axyridis, experiencing only slight developmental delays relative to beetles feeding on the other aphid strain. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, also was able to complete larval development, but experienced a slight reduction in adult weight. The other two lady beetle species, Hippodamia convergens and Anatis labiculata, demonstrated generally low survivorship when consuming A. craccivora, regardless of aphid strain. All five species showed increased survival and/or development relative to H. axyridis on the “toxic” aphid strain. Our results suggest that this toxic trait may act as a narrow‐spectrum defense for the aphids, providing protection against only some lady beetle enemies. For other less‐susceptible lady beetles, these aphids have the potential to provide competitive release from the otherwise dominant H. axyridis.  相似文献   

18.
Information on the effects of enriched CO2 on both the chemical composition of plants and the consequences of such changes for performance of a herbivore and its predator is an important first step in understanding the responses of plants and insects to global environmental change. We examined interactions across three trophic levels, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, an aphid herbivore, Aphis gossypii Glover, and a coccinellid predator, Propylaea japonica (Thunberg), as affected by elevated CO2 concentrations and crop cultivars. Plant carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios, condensed tannin, and gossypol content were significantly higher, and nitrogen content was significantly lower in plants exposed to elevated CO2 levels compared with that in plants exposed to ambient CO2. Cotton aphid survivorship significantly increased and free fatty acid content decreased with increased CO2 concentrations. No significant differences in survival and lifetime fecundity of P. japonica were observed between cultivars and CO2 concentration treatments. However, stage-specific larval durations of the lady beetle were significantly longer when fed aphids from elevated CO2 concentrations. Our results indicate that high gossypol in the cotton host plant had an antibiotic effect on A. gossypii and produced a positive effect on growth and development of P. japonica at the third trophic level. However, elevated CO2 concentrations showed a negative effect on P. japonica. We speculate that A. gossypii may become a more serious pest under an environment with elevated CO2 concentrations because of increased survivorship of aphid and longer development time of lady beetle.  相似文献   

19.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is an important cotton pest in northern China, especially in the seedling stage of cotton. After large scale commercial use of transgenic Bt cotton, cotton aphids became one of the most important cotton pests. A 2‐year study was conducted to evaluate the role of four winter wheat varieties that were resistant or susceptible to wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae), in conserving arthropod natural enemies and suppressing cotton aphids in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system in northern China. The results indicated that wheat–cotton intercropping preserved and augmented natural enemies more than a monoculture of cotton. The density of natural enemies in cotton was significantly different among relay‐intercropping fields with different wheat varieties. The highest density of natural enemies and low cotton aphid populations were found in the treatment of cotton in relay intercropped with the wheat variety Lovrin10, which is susceptible to wheat aphid. The lowest density of predators and parasitoids associated with high cotton aphid populations were found with the wheat variety KOK1679, which is resistant to wheat aphid. The results showed that wheat varieties that are susceptible or moderately resistant to wheat aphid might reduce cotton aphids more effectively than an aphid‐resistant variety in the intercropping system by enhancing predators to suppress cotton aphids during the cotton seedling stage.  相似文献   

20.
The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) are economically important pests with a worldwide distribution. We evaluated the efficacy of releasing a flightless adult strain of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) as a control measure against these aphids on green pepper plants in open fields. Flightless H. axyridis adults were observed on the green pepper plants in the releasing plots throughout the experimental period and were found to be effective biocontrol agents, markedly decreasing the numbers of aphids. These results suggest that adults of this flightless strain of H. axyridis are effective in controlling aphids on green pepper plants in open fields.  相似文献   

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